19.1,多态的基本概念
多态是C++面向对象三大特性之一
多态分为两类
静态多态:函数重载和运算符重载属于静态多态,复用函数名
动态多态:派生类(子类)和虚函数实现运行时多态
静态多态和动态多态区别:
静态多态的函数地址早绑定----编译阶段确定函数地址
动态多态的函数地址晚绑定----运行阶段确定函数地址
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
//多态
//动物类
class Animal
{
public:
//虚函数(加virtual后变为虚函数)
virtual void speak()
{
cout << "动物在说话" << endl;
}
};
//猫类
class Cat :public Animal
{
public:
//重写:函数返回值类型 函数名 参数列表完全相同
virtual void speak()//此处virtual可加可不加
{
cout << "小猫在说话" << endl;
}
};
//执行说话的函数
//地址早绑定 在编译阶段确定函数地址
//如果想执行让猫说话,那么这个函数地址就不能提前绑定,需要在运行阶段进行绑定也就是地址晚绑定,加viratual
//动态多态满足添加
//1,有继承关系
//2,子类重写父类的虚函数
//动态多态的使用
//父类的指针或者引用指向子类对象
void doSpeak(Animal& animal)//Animal & animal=cat
{
animal.speak();//在Animal称为虚函数后speak变为多种形态
}
void test01()
{
Cat cat;
doSpeak(cat);
}
int main()
{
test01();
system("pause");
return 0;
}
总结:
动态满足条件
有继承对象
子类重写父类中的虚函数
多态使用条件
父类指针或引用指向子类对象
重写:函数返回值类型 函数名 参数列表 完全一致为重写
19.2多态原理
19.2.1多态原理剖析
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class Animal
{
public:
virtual void Speak()
{
cout << "动物叫" << endl;
}
};
class Cat :public Animal
{
public:
void Speak()
{
cout << "猫叫" << endl;
}
};
class Dog :public Animal
{
public:
void Speak()
{
cout << "狗叫" << endl;
}
};
void doSpeak(Animal& animal)
{
animal.Speak();
}
void test01()
{
Cat cat;
doSpeak(cat);
Dog dog;
doSpeak(dog);
}
void test02()
{
cout << "sizeof Animal=" << sizeof(Animal) << endl;
}
int main()
{
test01();
test02();//输出结果:无virtual时为1,有virtual时为4
//虚函数大小为4
system("pause");
return 0;
}
无重写时(无void Speak() { cout << "猫叫" << endl; }时)
19.2.2,多态案例---计算器类
案例描述:
分别利用普通写法和多态技术,设计实现两个操作数进行运算的计算器类
多态的优点:
代码组织结构清晰
可读性强
利于前期和后期的扩展以及维护
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
#include<string>
//分别利用普通写法和多态技术实现计算器
//普通写法
class Calculator
{
public:
int getResult(string oper)
{
if (oper == "+")
{
return m_Num1 + m_Num2;
}
else if (oper == "-")
{
return m_Num1 - m_Num2;
}
else if (oper == "*")
{
return m_Num1 * m_Num2;
}
else if (oper == "/")
{
return m_Num1 / m_Num2;
}
//如果想拓展新的功能,需求修改源码
//在真实开发中提倡开闭原则
//开闭原则:对拓展进行开放,对修改进行关闭
}
int m_Num1;
int m_Num2;
};
void test01()
{
Calculator num;
cout << "请输入第一个数字" << endl;
cin >> num.m_Num1;
cout << "请输入第二个数字" << endl;
cin >> num.m_Num2;
cout << num.m_Num1 << "+" << num.m_Num2 << "=" << num.getResult("+") << endl;
cout << num.m_Num1 << "-" << num.m_Num2 << "=" << num.getResult("-") << endl;
cout << num.m_Num1 << "*" << num.m_Num2 << "=" << num.getResult("*") << endl;
cout << num.m_Num1 << "/" << num.m_Num2 << "=" << num.getResult("/") << endl;
}
//利用多态实现计算器
//多态好处:组织结构清晰,可读性强,对于前期和后期
//实现计算器抽象类
class AbstractCalculator
{
public:
virtual int getResult()
{
return 0;
}
int m_Num1;
int m_Num2;
};
//加法计算器类
class AddCalculator :public AbstractCalculator
{
public:
int getResult()
{
return m_Num1 + m_Num2;
}
};
//减法计算器类
class SubCalculator :public AbstractCalculator
{
public:
int getResult()
{
return m_Num1 - m_Num2;
}
};
//乘法计算器类
class MulCalculator :public AbstractCalculator
{
public:
int getResult()
{
return m_Num1 * m_Num2;
}
};
//除法计算器类
class DivCalculator :public AbstractCalculator
{
public:
int getResult()
{
return m_Num1 / m_Num2;
}
};
void test02()
{
//加法运算
AbstractCalculator* abc = new AddCalculator;
abc->m_Num1 = 10;
abc->m_Num2 = 10;
cout << abc->m_Num1 << "+" << abc->m_Num2 << "=" << abc->getResult() << endl;
//用完后记得销毁
delete abc;
//减法运算
abc = new SubCalculator;
abc->m_Num1 = 100;
abc->m_Num2 = 10;
cout << abc->m_Num1 << "-" << abc->m_Num2 << "=" << abc->getResult() << endl;
delete abc;
//乘法运算
abc = new MulCalculator;
abc->m_Num1 = 1000;
abc->m_Num2 = 1000;
cout << abc->m_Num1 << "*" << abc->m_Num2 << "=" << abc->getResult() << endl;
delete abc;
//除法运算
abc = new DivCalculator;
abc->m_Num1 = 10000;
abc->m_Num2 = 10000;
cout << abc->m_Num1 << "/" << abc->m_Num2 << "=" << abc->getResult() << endl;
delete abc;
}
int main()
{
test01();
test02();
system("pause");
return 0;
}
19.3,纯虚函数和抽象类
19.3.1纯虚函数和抽象类
在多态中,通常父类中虚函数的实现的毫无意义的,主要都是调用子类重写的内容,因此可以将虚函数改为纯虚函数
纯虚函数语法:virtual 返回值类型 函数名 (参数列表)=0;
当类中有了纯虚函数,这个类称为抽象类
抽象类特点:
无法实例化对象
抽象类的子类必须重写父类(抽象)中的纯虚函数,否则也属于抽象类
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class Base
{
public:
virtual void func() = 0;//必须在虚函数的基础上才可以加0,否则会爆错
//纯虚函数
};
class Son :public Base
{
public:
virtual void func() { cout << "func函数调用" << endl; };
};
void test01()
{
//Base b;//抽象类是无法实例化对象
//new Base;//抽象类是无法实例化对象
Son s;//子类必须重写父类中的纯虚函数,否则无法实例化对象
Base* base = new Son;
base->func();
}
int main()
{
test01();
system("pause");
return 0;
}
19.3.2多态案例---制作饮品
案例描述:
制作饮品的大致流程为:煮水-冲泡-倒入杯中-加入辅料
利用多态技术实现本案例,提供抽象制作饮品的基类,提供子类制作咖啡和茶叶
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class AbstractDrinking
{
public:
//煮水
virtual void Boil() = 0;
//冲泡
virtual void Brew() = 0;
//倒入杯中
virtual void PourInCup() = 0;
//加入辅料
virtual void PutSomething() = 0;
//制作饮品
void makeDrink()
{
Boil();
Brew();
PourInCup();
PutSomething();
}
};
class Coffee :public AbstractDrinking
{
public:
//煮水
virtual void Boil()
{
cout << "Coffee煮水" << endl;
}
//冲泡
virtual void Brew()
{
cout << "Coffee冲泡" << endl;
}
//倒入杯中
virtual void PourInCup()
{
cout << "Coffee导入杯中" << endl;
}
//加入辅料
virtual void PutSomething()
{
cout << "Coffee加入辅料" << endl;
}
};
class Tea :public AbstractDrinking
{
public:
//煮水
virtual void Boil()
{
cout << "Tea煮水" << endl;
}
//冲泡
virtual void Brew()
{
cout << "Tea冲泡" << endl;
}
//倒入杯中
virtual void PourInCup()
{
cout << "Tea导入杯中" << endl;
}
//加入辅料
virtual void PutSomething()
{
cout << "Tea加入辅料" << endl;
}
};
void doWork(AbstractDrinking* abs)
{
abs->makeDrink();
delete abs;//别忘了堆区释放
}
void test01()
{
//制作咖啡
doWork(new Coffee);
cout << "----------------------" << endl;
//制作茶
doWork(new Tea);
}
int main()
{
test01();
system("pause");
return 0;
}
19.4虚析构和纯虚析构
多态使用时,如果子类中有属性开辟到堆区,那么父类指针在释放时无法调用到子类的析构代码
解决方式:将父类中的析构函数改成虚析构或者纯虚析构
虚析构和纯虚析构公性:
可以解决父类指针释放子类对象
都需要有具体的函数实现
虚析构和纯虚析构区别:
如果是纯虚析构,该类属于抽象类,无法实例化对象
虚析构语法:
virtual ~类名(){}
纯虚析构语法:
virtual ~类名()=0;
类名::~类名(){}
19.4.1虚析构
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class Animal
{
public:
Animal()
{
cout << "Animal构造函数调用" << endl;
}
//利用虚析构可以解决 父类指针释放子类对象时不干净的问题
virtual ~Animal()
{
cout << "Animal虚析构函数调用" << endl;
}
//纯虚函数
virtual void speak() = 0;
};
class Cat :public Animal
{
public:
Cat(string name)
{
cout << "Cat构造函数调用" << endl;
m_Name = new string(name);
}
virtual void speak()
{
cout << *m_Name << "猫叫" << endl;
}
~Cat()
{
if (m_Name != NULL)
{
cout << "Cat析构函数调用" << endl;
delete m_Name;
m_Name = NULL;
}
}
string *m_Name;
};
void test01()
{
Animal* animal = new Cat("Tom");
animal->speak();
//父类指针在析构时候不会调用子类中析构函数。导致子类如果有堆区属性,出现内存泄漏
//解决办法:把~Animal()变为虚析构函数
delete animal;
}
int main()
{
test01();
system("pause");
return 0;
}
19.4.2纯虚析构函数
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class Animal
{
public:
Animal()
{
cout << "Animal构造函数调用" << endl;
}
//纯虚析构 需要声明也需要实现
//有了纯虚析构之后,这个类也属于抽象类,无法实例化对象
virtual ~Animal() = 0;
//纯虚函数
virtual void speak() = 0;
};
Animal::~Animal()
{
cout << "Animal纯虚析构函数调用" << endl;
}
class Cat :public Animal
{
public:
Cat(string name)
{
cout << "Cat构造函数调用" << endl;
m_Name = new string(name);
}
virtual void speak()
{
cout << *m_Name << "猫叫" << endl;
}
~Cat()
{
if (m_Name != NULL)
{
cout << "Cat析构函数调用" << endl;
delete m_Name;
m_Name = NULL;
}
}
string *m_Name;
};
void test01()
{
Animal* animal = new Cat("Tom");
animal->speak();
//父类指针在析构时候不会调用子类中析构函数。导致子类如果有堆区属性,出现内存泄漏
//解决办法:把~Animal()变为虚析构函数
delete animal;
}
int main()
{
test01();
system("pause");
return 0;
}
19.4.3总结
虚析构或纯虚析构就是用来解决通过父类指针释放子类对象
如果子类中没有堆区数据,可以不写为虚析构或纯虚析构
拥有纯虚析构函数的类也属于抽象类
19.5多态案例---电脑组装
案例描述:电脑组成部件为CPU(用于计算),显卡(用于显示),内存条(用于存储)
将每个零件封装出抽象基类,并且提供不同的厂商生产不同的零件,例如Intel厂商和Lenovo厂商创建电脑类提供让电脑工作的函数,并且调用每个零件工作的接口
测试时组装三台不同的电脑进行工作
19.5.1需求分析
19.5.2 代码实现
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
//抽象CPU类
class CPU
{
public:
virtual void calculate() = 0;
};
//抽象显卡类
class VideoCard
{
public:
virtual void display() = 0;
};
//抽象内存条类
class Memory
{
public:
virtual void storge() = 0;
};
//电脑类
class Computer
{
public:
Computer(CPU* cpu, VideoCard* vc, Memory* mem)
{
m_cpu = cpu;
m_vc = vc;
m_mem = mem;
}
//提供工作的函数
void work()
{
//让零件工作起来,调用接口
m_cpu->calculate();
m_vc->display();
m_mem->storge();
}
//提供析构函数 释放3个电脑零件
~Computer()
{
//释放CPU零件
if (m_cpu != NULL)
{
delete m_cpu;
m_cpu = NULL;
}
//释放显卡零件
if (m_vc != NULL)
{
delete m_vc;
m_vc = NULL;
}
//释放内存条零件
if (m_mem != NULL)
{
delete m_mem;
m_mem = NULL;
}
}
private:
CPU* m_cpu;//CPU的零件指针
VideoCard* m_vc;//显卡的零件指针
Memory* m_mem;//内存条的零件指针
};
//具体厂商
//Intel厂商
class IntelCPU :public CPU
{
public:
virtual void calculate()
{
cout << "Intel的CPU" << endl;
}
};
class IntelVideoCard :public VideoCard
{
public:
virtual void display()
{
cout << "Intel的VideoCard" << endl;
}
};
class IntelMemory :public Memory
{
public:
virtual void storge()
{
cout << "Intel的Memory" << endl;
}
};
//Lenovo厂商
class LenovoCPU :public CPU
{
public:
virtual void calculate()
{
cout << "Lenovo的CPU" << endl;
}
};
class LenovoVideoCard :public VideoCard
{
public:
virtual void display()
{
cout << "Lenovo的VideoCard" << endl;
}
};
class LenovoMemory :public Memory
{
public:
virtual void storge()
{
cout << "Lenovo的Memory" << endl;
}
};
void test01()
{
//第一台电脑零件
CPU* intelCpu = new IntelCPU;
VideoCard * intelCard= new IntelVideoCard;
Memory* intelMem = new IntelMemory;
cout << "第一台电脑开始工作:" << endl;
//创建第一台电脑
Computer* computer1 = new Computer(intelCpu, intelCard, intelMem);
computer1->work();
delete computer1;
cout << "-----------------------" << endl;
cout << "第二台电脑开始工作:" << endl;
//创建第二台电脑
Computer* computer2 = new Computer(new LenovoCPU,new LenovoVideoCard,new LenovoMemory);
computer2->work();
delete computer2;
cout << "-----------------------" << endl;
cout << "第三台电脑开始工作:" << endl;
//创建第三台电脑
Computer* computer3 = new Computer(new IntelCPU, new IntelVideoCard, new LenovoMemory);
computer3->work();
delete computer3;
}
int main()
{
test01();
system("pause");
return 0;
}
chatgpt实现的
#include<iostream>
#include<string>
using namespace std;
// CPU 抽象基类
class CPU
{
public:
virtual ~CPU() = 0;
virtual string getName() = 0;
};
CPU::~CPU() {}
// Intel 厂商的 CPU
class IntelCPU : public CPU
{
public:
string getName()
{
return "Intel CPU";
}
};
// Lenovo 厂商的 CPU
class LenovoCPU : public CPU
{
public:
string getName()
{
return "Lenovo CPU";
}
};
// 显卡 抽象基类
class GraphicsCard
{
public:
virtual ~GraphicsCard() = 0;
virtual string getName() = 0;
};
GraphicsCard::~GraphicsCard() {}
// Intel 厂商的显卡
class IntelGraphicsCard : public GraphicsCard
{
public:
string getName()
{
return "Intel Graphics Card";
}
};
// Lenovo 厂商的显卡
class LenovoGraphicsCard : public GraphicsCard
{
public:
string getName()
{
return "Lenovo Graphics Card";
}
};
// 内存条 抽象基类
class MemoryModule
{
public:
virtual ~MemoryModule() = 0;
virtual string getName() = 0;
};
MemoryModule::~MemoryModule() {}
// Intel 厂商的内存条
class IntelMemoryModule : public MemoryModule
{
public:
string getName()
{
return "Intel Memory Module";
}
};
// Lenovo 厂商的内存条
class LenovoMemoryModule : public MemoryModule
{
public:
string getName()
{
return "Lenovo Memory Module";
}
};
// 电脑类
class Computer
{
public:
Computer(CPU* cpu, GraphicsCard* graphicsCard, MemoryModule* memoryModule)
: m_CPU(cpu), m_GraphicsCard(graphicsCard), m_MemoryModule(memoryModule)
{
}
void powerOn()
{
cout << "组装了一台电脑,其中的部件选择如下:" << endl;
cout << "CPU: " << m_CPU->getName() << endl;
cout << "Graphics Card: " << m_GraphicsCard->getName() << endl;
cout << "Memory Module: " << m_MemoryModule->getName() << endl;
cout << "电脑已开机" << endl;
cout << endl;
}
private:
CPU* m_CPU;
GraphicsCard* m_GraphicsCard;
MemoryModule* m_MemoryModule;
};
void test01()
{
// 创建不同厂商的零件
CPU* intelCPU = new IntelCPU();
CPU* lenovoCPU = new LenovoCPU();
GraphicsCard* intelGraphicsCard = new IntelGraphicsCard();
GraphicsCard* lenovoGraphicsCard = new LenovoGraphicsCard();
MemoryModule* intelMemoryModule = new IntelMemoryModule();
MemoryModule* lenovoMemoryModule = new LenovoMemoryModule();
// 组装并测试不同的电脑
Computer computer1(intelCPU, intelGraphicsCard, intelMemoryModule);
computer1.powerOn();
Computer computer2(lenovoCPU, lenovoGraphicsCard, lenovoMemoryModule);
computer2.powerOn();
// 释放内存
delete intelCPU;
delete lenovoCPU;
delete intelGraphicsCard;
delete lenovoGraphicsCard;
delete intelMemoryModule;
delete lenovoMemoryModule;
}
int main()
{
test01();
system("pause");
return 0;
}