DNS协议与请求的C语言实现

一、通过uslookup根据域名查看ip

打开Windows的cmd终端，输入：

nslookup www.baidu.com

二、DNS协议报文格式

Queries

查询名： 长度不固定，且不使用填充字节，一般该字段表示的就是需要查询的域名（如果是反向查询，则为 IP，反向查询即由 IP 。

三、C语言实现DNS请求

1. 结构体定义

根据dns报文协议，创建2个结构体:
1个存储dns首部header，另1个存储Queries

(1) dns_header

struct dns_header {

	unsigned short id;
	unsigned short flags;

	unsigned short questions; 
	unsigned short answer;

	unsigned short authority;
	unsigned short additional;

};

(2) dns_question

struct dns_question {
	int length;
	unsigned short qtype;
	unsigned short qclass;
	unsigned char *name; 
};

2.头部初始化

(id 随机，flags=0x0100 代表标准查询，questions = 1，表示只查询一个，htons是为了转化为网络字节序）

int dns_create_header(struct dns_header *header) {

	if (header == NULL) return -1;
	memset(header, 0, sizeof(struct dns_header));

	//random
	srandom(time(NULL)); 
	header->id = random();

	header->flags = htons(0x0100);
	header->questions = htons(1); 

	return 0;
}

3.question初始化

即dns协议报文中的Queries，由于规则问题，要将www.baidu.com转为3www5baidu3com’\0’,这个‘\0’是字符串结尾标志

//创建question
//hostname:www.baidu.com
//name:3www5baidu3com'\0'
int dns_create_question(dns_question* question,const char* hostname){
    if(question==NULL||hostname==NULL) return -1;
    memset(question,0,sizeof(question));
    question->name=(char*)malloc(strlen(hostname)+2);//因为要判断结尾'\0'，然后再补充一个开头
    if(question->name==NULL){//如果内存分配失败
        return -2;
    }
    question->length=strlen(hostname)+2;
    question->qtype=htons(1);//查询类型，（1表示：由域名获得 IPv4 地址）
    question->qclass=htons(1);//通常为 1，表明是 Internet 数据

    //hostname->name
    const char delim[2]=".";//分隔符,末尾补个'\0'
    char* qname=question->name;
    char* hostname_dup=strdup(hostname);//复制一份hostname  --->malloc(所以后续要free)
    char* token=strtok(hostname_dup,delim);
    while(token!=NULL){
        size_t len=strlen(token);//第一个循环token为www,len=3
        *qname=len;//先把长度放上去
        qname++;
        strncpy(qname,token,len+1);//复制www，这里不+1也是可以的，这样是为了把最后的'\0'也复制过来,因为最后也会被覆盖的。(如果这边不+1，最后一步，需要额外加上'\0')
        qname+=len;
        token=strtok(NULL,delim);//因为上一次，token获取还未结束，因此可以指定NULL即可。(注意：要依赖上一次的结果，因此也是线程不安全的)
    }
    free(hostname_dup);

}

4.将header和question合并为一个报文

//struct dns_header* header
//struct dns_question* question
//把上面两个合到request中 返回长度
int dns_build_requestion(dns_header* header,dns_question* question,char* request,int rlen){
    if(header==NULL||question==NULL||request==NULL) return -1;
    memset(request,0,rlen);

    //header-->request
    memcpy(request,header,sizeof(dns_header));//把header的数据 拷贝 到request中
    int offset=sizeof(dns_header);

    //question-->request
    memcpy(request+offset,question->name,question->length);
    offset+=question->length;
    memcpy(request+offset,&question->qtype,sizeof(question->qtype));
    offset+=sizeof(question->qtype);
    memcpy(request+offset,&question->qclass,sizeof(question->qclass));
    offset+=sizeof(question->qclass);
    return offset;
}

5.通过socket实现DNS请求

1. 创建sockfd
2. servaddr服务器地址
3. 获得request,
4. sendto发送请求
5. recvfrom接受数据
6. 从数据中解析出ip地址

int dns_client_commit(const char* domin){
    int sockfd=socket(AF_INET,SOCK_DGRAM,0);//创建sockfd,AF_INET表示ipv4, SOCK_DGRAM为报文方式(UDP);
    if(sockfd<0){//创建失败
        return -1;
    }
    sockaddr_in servaddr={0};//服务器地址(sockaddr_in存储)
    servaddr.sin_family=AF_INET;//协议簇
    servaddr.sin_port=htons(DNS_SERVER_PORT);//端口
    servaddr.sin_addr.s_addr=inet_addr(DNS_SERVER_IP);//添加dns服务器ip

    int ret=connect(sockfd,(sockaddr*)&servaddr,sizeof(servaddr));//在udp编程中可加可不加
    printf("connect:%d",ret);

    dns_header header={0};
    dns_create_header(&header);
    dns_question question={0};
    dns_create_question(&question,domin);

    char request[1024]={0};//假设定义为1024长度
    int length = dns_build_requestion(&header,&question,request,1024);

    //request 发送请求
    int slen=sendto(sockfd,request,length,0,(sockaddr*)&servaddr,sizeof(sockaddr));

    //receive from 接受数据
    char response[1024]={0};
    sockaddr_in addr;
    size_t addr_len=sizeof(sockaddr_in);
    int n = recvfrom(sockfd,response,sizeof(response),0,(sockaddr*)&addr,(socklen_t*)&addr_len);
    printf("recvfrom:%d \n",n);
    for(int i=0;i<n;i++){
        printf("%c",response[i]);
    }
    for(int i=0;i<n;i++){
        printf("%x",response[i]);
    }
    printf("\n");
    return n;
}

6.解析结果

#define DNS_HOST			0x01
#define DNS_CNAME			0x05

struct dns_item {
	char *domain;
	char *ip;
};

static int is_pointer(int in) {
	return ((in & 0xC0) == 0xC0);
}


static void dns_parse_name(unsigned char *chunk, unsigned char *ptr, char *out, int *len) {

	int flag = 0, n = 0, alen = 0;
	char *pos = out + (*len);

	while (1) {

		flag = (int)ptr[0];
		if (flag == 0) break;

		if (is_pointer(flag)) {
			
			n = (int)ptr[1];
			ptr = chunk + n;
			dns_parse_name(chunk, ptr, out, len);
			break;
			
		} else {

			ptr ++;
			memcpy(pos, ptr, flag);
			pos += flag;
			ptr += flag;

			*len += flag;
			if ((int)ptr[0] != 0) {
				memcpy(pos, ".", 1);
				pos += 1;
				(*len) += 1;
			}
		}
	
	}
	
}

static int dns_parse_response(char *buffer, struct dns_item **domains) {

	int i = 0;
	unsigned char *ptr = (unsigned char* )buffer;

	ptr += 4;
	int querys = ntohs(*(unsigned short*)ptr);

	ptr += 2;
	int answers = ntohs(*(unsigned short*)ptr);

	ptr += 6;
	for (i = 0;i < querys;i ++) {
		while (1) {
			int flag = (int)ptr[0];
			ptr += (flag + 1);

			if (flag == 0) break;
		}
		ptr += 4;
	}

	char cname[128], aname[128], ip[20], netip[4];
	int len, type, ttl, datalen;

	int cnt = 0;
	struct dns_item *list = (struct dns_item*)calloc(answers, sizeof(struct dns_item));
	if (list == NULL) {
		return -1;
	}

	for (i = 0;i < answers;i ++) {
		
		bzero(aname, sizeof(aname));
		len = 0;

		dns_parse_name((unsigned char* )buffer, ptr, aname, &len);
		ptr += 2;

		type = htons(*(unsigned short*)ptr);
		ptr += 4;

		ttl = htons(*(unsigned short*)ptr);
		ptr += 4;

		datalen = ntohs(*(unsigned short*)ptr);
		ptr += 2;

		if (type == DNS_CNAME) {

			bzero(cname, sizeof(cname));
			len = 0;
			dns_parse_name((unsigned char* )buffer, ptr, cname, &len);
			ptr += datalen;
			
		} else if (type == DNS_HOST) {

			bzero(ip, sizeof(ip));

			if (datalen == 4) {
				memcpy(netip, ptr, datalen);
				inet_ntop(AF_INET , netip , ip , sizeof(struct sockaddr));

				printf("%s has address %s\n" , aname, ip);
				printf("\tTime to live: %d minutes , %d seconds\n", ttl / 60, ttl % 60);

				list[cnt].domain = (char *)calloc(strlen(aname) + 1, 1);
				memcpy(list[cnt].domain, aname, strlen(aname));
				
				list[cnt].ip = (char *)calloc(strlen(ip) + 1, 1);
				memcpy(list[cnt].ip, ip, strlen(ip));
				
				cnt ++;
			}
			
			ptr += datalen;
		}
	}

	*domains = list;
	ptr += 2;

	return cnt;
	
}

四、总结

1.UDP传输速度快 --> 下载领域

2.UDP响应速度快 --> 游戏领域