Linux的初级用法

创建一个名为user1的用户，并用root身份给它修改密码为redhat

创建名为user1的用户：

[root@HLQ ~]# useradd user1

用root身份给它修改密码为redhat：

[root@HLQ ~]# echo redhat | passwd --stdin user1

查找系统中所有与passwd关键词相关的man 帮助章节：

[root@HLQ ~]# man -k passwd
chgpasswd (8)        - update group passwords in batch mode
chpasswd (8)         - update passwords in batch mode
fgetpwent_r (3)      - get passwd file entry reentrantly
getpwent_r (3)       - get passwd file entry reentrantly
gpasswd (1)          - administer /etc/group and /etc/gshadow
grub2-mkpasswd-pbkdf2 (1) - Generate a PBKDF2 password hash.
htpasswd (1)         - Manage user files for basic authentication
ldappasswd (1)       - change the password of an LDAP entry
lpasswd (1)          - Change group or user password
mkpasswd (1)         - generate new password, optionally apply i...
openssl-passwd (1ssl) - compute password hashes
pam_localuser (8)    - require users to be listed in /etc/passwd
passwd (1)           - update user's authentication tokens
passwd (5)           - password file
passwd2des (3)       - RFS password encryption
pwhistory_helper (8) - Helper binary that transfers password has...
saslpasswd2 (8)      - set a user's sasl password
smbpasswd (5)        - The Samba encrypted password file
smbpasswd (8)        - change a user's SMB password
sslpasswd (1ssl)     - compute password hashes
userpasswd (1)       - A graphical tool to allow users to change...
vncpasswd (1)        - change the VNC password

分别写出man帮助的第1,5,8章节是做什么的？

第一章节：命令的语法，针对所有用户

第五章节：查看配置文件的语法规则

第八章节：只有root可以执行的命令的语法规则

创建一个目录/data

[root@HLQ ~]# mkdir /data

将 /etc/目录拷贝到data 并且重命名为 config

[root@HLQ ~]# cp -r /etc/ /data/config
[root@HLQ ~]# ls /data/
[root@HLQ ~]# ll /data/config/

将config 目录中的shadow 文件拷贝/tmp 

[root@HLQ ~]# cp -r /data/config/shadow  /tmp

将config 下的shadow文件更名为password

[root@HLQ ~]# cp -r /data/config/shadow  /tmp
[root@HLQ ~]# mv /data/config/shadow  /data/config/password
[root@HLQ ~]# ls /data/config/pass*

更新/etc/目录下面所有文件的时间戳（注意不是/etc目录本身的时间戳）

[root@HLQ ~]# stat /etc/passwd
  File: /etc/passwd
  Size: 3120      	Blocks: 8          IO Block: 4096   regular file
Device: fd03h/64771d	Inode: 25746907    Links: 1
Access: (0644/-rw-r--r--)  Uid: (    0/    root)   Gid: (    0/    root)
Context: system_u:object_r:passwd_file_t:s0
Access: 2021-06-03 21:58:42.329741116 +0800
Modify: 2021-06-03 21:58:42.309741599 +0800
Change: 2021-06-03 21:58:42.311741551 +0800
 Birth: -

[root@HLQ ~]# touch /etc/
[root@HLQ ~]# stat /etc/
  File: /etc/
  Size: 12288     	Blocks: 32         IO Block: 4096   directory
Device: fd03h/64771d	Inode: 25165952    Links: 159
Access: (0755/drwxr-xr-x)  Uid: (    0/    root)   Gid: (    0/    root)
Context: system_u:object_r:etc_t:s0
Access: 2021-06-03 23:39:37.703152403 +0800
Modify: 2021-06-03 23:39:37.703152403 +0800
Change: 2021-06-03 23:39:37.703152403 +0800
 Birth: -

在/tmp下创建一个空文件test1，并且通过文本编辑器来验证时间戳的更改

[root@HLQ ~]# touch /tmp/test1
[root@HLQ ~]# stat /tmp/t
test1                    tracker-extract-files.0/
[root@HLQ ~]# stat /tmp/test1 
  File: /tmp/test1
  Size: 0         	Blocks: 0          IO Block: 4096   regular empty file
Device: fd03h/64771d	Inode: 54776057    Links: 1
Access: (0644/-rw-r--r--)  Uid: (    0/    root)   Gid: (    0/    root)
Context: unconfined_u:object_r:user_tmp_t:s0
Access: 2021-06-03 23:42:24.299865758 +0800
Modify: 2021-06-03 23:42:24.299865758 +0800
Change: 2021-06-03 23:42:24.299865758 +0800
 Birth: -
[root@HLQ ~]# echo 111 >> /tmp/test1
[root@HLQ ~]# cat /tmp/test1
111
[root@HLQ ~]# stat /tmp/test1
  File: /tmp/test1
  Size: 4         	Blocks: 8          IO Block: 4096   regular file
Device: fd03h/64771d	Inode: 54776057    Links: 1
Access: (0644/-rw-r--r--)  Uid: (    0/    root)   Gid: (    0/    root)
Context: unconfined_u:object_r:user_tmp_t:s0
Access: 2021-06-03 23:43:34.689516459 +0800
Modify: 2021-06-03 23:43:33.186545156 +0800
Change: 2021-06-03 23:43:33.186545156 +0800
 Birth: -

清空/tmp目录 

[root@HLQ ~]# rm -rf /tmp/*
[root@HLQ ~]# ls /tmp
[root@HLQ ~]# 

给/data目录改名，更名为RHCE

[root@HLQ ~]# mv /data  /RHCE
[root@HLQ ~]# ls /
bin   dev  home  lib64  mnt  proc  root  sbin  sys  usr
boot  etc  lib   media  opt  RHCE  run   srv   tmp  var

创建目录/tmp/a/b/c/d/e/f这样的目录树结构

[root@HLQ ~]# mkdir -pv /tmp/a/b/c/d/e/f
mkdir: created directory '/tmp/a'
mkdir: created directory '/tmp/a/b'
mkdir: created directory '/tmp/a/b/c'
mkdir: created directory '/tmp/a/b/c/d'
mkdir: created directory '/tmp/a/b/c/d/e'
mkdir: created directory '/tmp/a/b/c/d/e/f'
[root@HLQ ~]# 

将/usr/share/doc/zip目录下的所有文件拷贝至/tmp

[root@HLQ ~]# cp -r /usr/share/doc/zip/*  /tmp
[root@HLQ ~]# ls /tmp
a  algorith.txt  CHANGES  README  README.CR  TODO  WHATSNEW  WHERE
[root@HLQ ~]# ls /usr/share/doc/zip/
algorith.txt  CHANGES  README  README.CR  TODO  WHATSNEW  WHERE
[root@HLQ ~]# 

查看/etc/profile 文件的时间戳。并尝试用touch修改A time和M time

[root@HLQ ~]# stat /etc/profile
  File: /etc/profile
  Size: 2078      	Blocks: 8          IO Block: 4096   regular file
Device: fd03h/64771d	Inode: 25311382    Links: 1
Access: (0644/-rw-r--r--)  Uid: (    0/    root)   Gid: (    0/    root)
Context: system_u:object_r:etc_t:s0
Access: 2021-06-03 23:39:17.070559446 +0800
Modify: 2021-06-03 23:39:17.070559446 +0800
Change: 2021-06-03 23:39:17.070559446 +0800
 Birth: -
[root@HLQ ~]# touch /etc/profile
[root@HLQ ~]# stat /etc/profile
  File: /etc/profile
  Size: 2078      	Blocks: 8          IO Block: 4096   regular file
Device: fd03h/64771d	Inode: 25311382    Links: 1
Access: (0644/-rw-r--r--)  Uid: (    0/    root)   Gid: (    0/    root)
Context: system_u:object_r:etc_t:s0
Access: 2021-06-03 23:58:27.486468339 +0800
Modify: 2021-06-03 23:58:27.486468339 +0800
Change: 2021-06-03 23:58:27.486468339 +0800
 Birth: -

用file查看文件/etc/profile的文件类型

[root@HLQ ~]# file /etc/profile
/etc/profile: ASCII text