C++lambda

C++lambda的语义变化

C++lambda的基本形式

[capture] (parameters) mutable ->return-type {statement}

[capture] ：捕捉列表。捕捉列表总是作为lambda的开始，即出现于lambda的开始处。它是lambda的引出符（即开始标志）。编译器可以根据该“标志”来作出判断出该函数是否为lambda函数。同时“捕捉列表”能够捕捉上下文中的变量以作为lambda函数使用。

(parameters)：参数列表。和C/C++中的普通函数参数意义一样。该部分是可选的，意味着如果我们不需要进行参数传递时，可以连同括号“（）”一起省略掉。

mutable：该关键字为一个修饰符。在默认的情况下，lambda函数总是返回一个const，而当我们在参数列表后面注明了“mutable”关键字之后，则可以取消其常量性质。若在lambda中使用了mutable修饰符，则“参数列表”是不可省略掉的（即使是参数为空）。

->return-type： 函数的返回值类型。和C/C++中的普通函数返回值类型的性质一样。主要目的是用来追踪lambda函数（有返回值情况下）的返回类型。若lambda函数不需要返回值，则可以直接将这部分省略掉。

{statement}：函数体。在该函数体中，除了可以使用参数列表中的变量外，还可以使用所有捕获到的变量（即[capture] 中的变量）。

C++lambda的基本用法

    int a = 3;
    int b = 5;
    std::cout << " not join in lambda : " << "a Address is : " << &a << "\n"\
        << "b address is : " << &b << "\n"\
        <<std::endl;
    
    // 按值来捕获
    auto func1 = [a] {
         std::cout << "func1 is :" << "a Address is : " << &a<<std::endl;
         };
    func1();

    // 按值来捕获
    auto func2 = [=] { 
        std::cout
        << "func2 is :"
        << "a Address is : " << &a << "\n"
        << "b Address is : " << &b << "\n"
        << std::endl; };
    func2();

    // 按引用来捕获
    auto func3 = [&a] { 
        a += 1;
        std::cout <<"func3 is : " << " a Address is : " << &a 
        << std::endl;
        };
    func3();

    // 按引用来捕获
    auto func4 = [&] {
        std::cout <<"func4 is : " << " a Address is : " << &a << "\n"
        << "b Adress is : " <<  &b << "\n"
        << std::endl;
        };
    func4();

not join in lambda : a Address is : 0x60fdec
b address is : 0x60fdf0

func1 is :a Address is : 0x60fdf4
func2 is :a Address is : 0x60fdf8
b Address is : 0x60fdfc

func3 is :  a Address is : 0x60fdec
func4 is :  a Address is : 0x60fdec
b Adress is : 0x60fdf0

C++lambda不能修改捕获值

    int b = 0;
    int * a = &b;
    std::cout << "the a address is : " << *a <<std::endl;
    auto t = [=]() {
        int c = 5;
        a = &c;
        b = 3;
        std::cout << "the a value is :" << *a << b << std::endl;
//        std::cout <<"the a address is :" << a <<std::endl;
    };
    t();
    std::cout << "the a is : "<< *a << std::endl;

main.cpp:99:11: error: cannot assign to a variable captured by copy in a non-mutable lambda

C++关键字mutable改变值

    int b = 0;
    int * a = &b;
    std::cout << "the a value is : " << *a <<std::endl;
    auto t = [=]() mutable {
        int c = 5;
        a = &c;
        b = 3;
        std::cout << "the a value is :" << *a << b << std::endl;
//        std::cout <<"the a address is :" << a <<std::endl;
    };
    t();
    std::cout << "the a is : "<< *a << std::endl;

the a value is : 0
the a value is :53
the a is : 0

C++ 11 功能：

不使lambda的情况

class mycomp2 {
public:
    bool operator() (int i, int j) {
        return (i > j);
    }
};

void test008(){
    std::vector<int> data = {1,23,2,33,2,333};

    std::sort(data.begin(), data.end(), mycomp2());

    for(auto a : data){
        std::cout << a << "  ";
    }
}
```C++
333  33  23  2  2  1 

C++11 lambda在算法中的应用

std::vector<int> data = {1,23,2,33,2,333};
int cnt = std::count_if(std::cbegin(data),std::cend(data),[](auto it){return it>3;});
std::sort(data.begin(),data.end(),[](auto a, auto b){return a > b;});
std::for_each(std::cbegin(data), std::cend(data), [](auto val){std::cout <<" " <<val ;});
std::cout << "the more 3 of data is : " << cnt << std::endl;

the grater 3 of data is : 3
 333 33 23 2 2

C++14功能:

增加捕获新的变量

    int a = 3;
    int b = 5;
    auto f = [&, M = 5](auto c, auto d){
        std::cout << "M is : "<< M << std::endl;
        return a + b + M + c + d;
    };
    std::cout << f(3.145, 6) << std::endl;

使用auto修饰输入参数

[](auto a , auto b){}

    auto f = [](auto a, auto b){
        return a + b;
    };
    std::cout << f(1,2) << std::endl;
    std::cout << f(1.2,2.4)   <<std::endl;

3
3.6

C++17

通过*this, 进行值传递的方式

class A{
public:
    A(){}
    ~A(){}
    void test(){
        auto f = [*this]() mutable {
             std::sort(this->a.begin(), this->a.end(),[](auto a, auto b){return a > b;});
             std::for_each(std::cbegin(this->a), std::cend(this->a), [](auto val){std::cout <<" " <<val ;});
             std::cout << std::endl;
    };
        f();
        std::for_each(std::cbegin(this->a), std::cend(this->a), [](auto val){std::cout <<" " <<val ;});
    }

private:
    std::vector<int> a = {1,23,2,33,2,333};
};
void test010(){
    A a;
    a.test();
}

 333 33 23 2 2 1
 1 23 2 33 2 333

C++闭包

面向过程的写法

int frame_rate = 11025;
//面向过程的写法
double frequency = 261.63;
double amplitude = 0.3;
double getData(double t);


void test002(){
    WavWapper ww;
    ww.CreateWavFile("sound.wav", 1, frame_rate, 2);
    for(int i = 0; i < 10000; ++i){
        unsigned char cache = 16384 * getData(i);
        ww.WriteToFile(&cache, 1);
    }
    ww.CloseFile();
}
double getData(double t){
    int period = frame_rate / amplitude;
    double saw_wave = t /period - floor(t / period + 0.5);
    double tri_wave = 2 * abs(2 * saw_wave) - 1;
    return amplitude * tri_wave;
}

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闭包的写法

void test001(){
    WavWapper ww;
    ww.CreateWavFile("sound.wav", 1, frame_rate, 2);

    auto tri = [](auto frequency, auto amplitude){
        int period = (frame_rate / frequency);
        auto sampler = [=](auto t){
            double saw_wave = (double)t / (double)period - floor((double)t / (double)period + 0.5)  ;
            double tri_wave = 2 * abs(2 * saw_wave) - 1;
            return amplitude * tri_wave;
        };
        return sampler;
    };

    auto c =tri(261.63, 0.3);
    for(int i = 0; i < 10000; ++i){
        std::cout << c(i) << std::endl;
        unsigned char cache = 16384 * c(i);
        ww.WriteToFile(&cache, 1);
    }
    ww.CloseFile();
}

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