用new声明对象和直接声明对象的区别

1、学习C++面向对象编程的virtual析构函数的时候，写了下面的程序

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

class A
{
public:
    A(){
        cout << "A is created." << endl;
    }
    virtual ~A(){
        cout << "A is deleted." << endl;
    }
};

class B : public A
{
public:
    B(){
        cout << "B is created." << endl;
    }
    virtual ~B(){
        cout << "B is deleted." << endl;
    }
};

int main()
{
    A a;
    B b;
    cout << endl;
    A *aPtr = nullptr;
    aPtr = &b;
    aPtr->~A();
    cout << endl;
    delete aPtr;
    delete (&a);
    cout << endl;
}

输出

A is created.
A is created.
B is created.

B is deleted.
A is deleted.

B is deleted.
A is deleted.
A is deleted.

B is deleted.
A is deleted.
A is deleted.

 感觉最后三句是多出来的，后来查资料发现

（1）delete乱用了。虽然看输出好像是对的，但是后来再写了几次发现是会出问题的。（new和delete要成对存在）

（2）直接声明对象是不需要手动释放空间的。

2、关于直接声明对象和用new来声明对象的区别

类的定义如下

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

class A
{
public:
    A(){
        cout << "A is created." << endl;
    }
    ~A(){
        cout << "A is deleted." << endl;
    }
};

class B : public A
{
public:
    B(){
        cout << "B is created." << endl;
    }
    ~B(){
        cout << "B is deleted." << endl;
    }
};

（1）用new来声明对象。

int main()
{
    A *a = new A;
    B *b = new B;
    cout << endl;
    delete (a);
    delete (b);
    a = nullptr;
    b = nullptr;
}

输出

A is created.
A is created.
B is created.

A is deleted.
B is deleted.
A is deleted.

用new声明对象，对象是存储在堆上的。在程序结束后不会自动释放堆上的空间，所以必须要用delete调用其析构函数来回收。delete(a)是直接调用a的析构函数，delete(b)则先调用b的析构函数，再调用a的析构函数。（注意delete之后，要将指针赋值为nullptr，防止野指针的出现） 

（2）直接声明对象。

int main()
{
    A a;
    B b;
    cout << endl;
}

 输出

A is created.
A is created.
B is created.

B is deleted.
A is deleted.
A is deleted.

直接声明对象，对象是存储在栈中的。当main函数结束后，程序会自动销毁main函数中的所有变量或对象。销毁的顺序和声明的顺序相反（也符合栈的后进先出的特点），故是先销毁b，再销毁a。