C++ 继承和多态，重写和虚函数

继承

1. 子类继承父类，可以调用父类的public函数以及protected函数

2. 子类继承父类，可以重写（override）父类的public函数以及protected函数

3. 单纯的继承（不涉及虚函数），子类重写的函数只在子类有效，不影响父类

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

// 父类
class Vehicle {
public:
    void drive() {
        cout << "This is a generic method to describe how a vehicle drives." << endl;
    }
};

// 子类 Car 继承自父类 Vehicle
class Car : public Vehicle {
public:
    void drive() override {
        cout << "A car drives on the road with four wheels." << endl;
    }
};

int main() {
    Vehicle vehicle;
    Car car;

    vehicle.drive();  // 输出：This is a generic method to describe how a vehicle drives.
    car.drive();      // 输出：A car drives on the road with four wheels.

    return 0;
}

多态（虚函数）

1. 多态是通过虚函数来实现的；

2. 多态可以理解为，子类继承父类后，对父类的某个虚函数（virtual修饰）进行重写，当对父类以如下方式基于某子类new的时候，该子类对某函数的重写会覆盖到父类的该函数。

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Shape {
public:
    virtual void draw() {
        cout << "Drawing a shape" << endl;
    }
};

class Circle : public Shape {
public:
    void draw() override {
        cout << "Drawing a circle" << endl;
    }
};

class Square : public Shape {
public:
    void draw() override {
        cout << "Drawing a square" << endl;
    }
};

int main() {
    Shape* shape1 = new Circle();
    Shape* shape2 = new Square();

    shape1->draw();  // Drawing a circle
    shape2->draw();  // Drawing a square

    delete shape1;
    delete shape2;

    return 0;
}