Haskell趣学指南-学习笔记（？）-07

fmap、<$>、<*>的含义及使用实例：

fmap

class Functor f where
    fmap :: (a -> b) -> f a -> f b

instance Functor [] where
    fmap = map

map :: (a -> b) -> [a] -> [b]
ghci> fmap (*2) [1..3]
[2,4,6]
ghci> map (*2) [1..3]
[2,4,6]

<$>

(<$>) :: (Functor f) => (a -> b) -> f a -> f b
f <$> x = fmap f x

ghci> (++) <$> Just "johntra" <*> Just "volta"
Just "johntravolta"

<*>

class (Functor f) => Applicative f where
    pure :: a -> f a
    (<*>) :: f (a -> b) -> f a -> f b

instance Applicative Maybe where
    pure = Just
    Nothing <*> _ = Nothing
    (Just f) <*> something = fmap f something

 错误情形：（因为5+3，5*2，5/2得到的数，8、10、2.5没有输出情形a->b->c，但实际上只能有a，见正确情形中的做法，将3个数做成了列表->[]）

ghci> (+3) <*> (*2) <*> (/2) $ 5

<interactive>:3:2: error: [GHC-27958]
    ? Couldn't match type ‘a0’ with ‘a0 -> a0 -> b’
      Expected: a0 -> a0 -> a0 -> b
        Actual: (a0 -> a0 -> b) -> a0 -> a0 -> b
    ? In the first argument of ‘(<*>)’, namely ‘(+ 3)’
      In the first argument of ‘(<*>)’, namely ‘(+ 3) <*> (* 2)’
      In the first argument of ‘($)’, namely ‘(+ 3) <*> (* 2) <*> (/ 2)’
    ? Relevant bindings include it :: b (bound at <interactive>:3:1)
ghci> (+3) <*> (*100) $ 5

<interactive>:4:11: error: [GHC-27958]
    ? Couldn't match type ‘a0’ with ‘a0 -> b’
      Expected: (a0 -> b) -> a0
        Actual: (a0 -> b) -> a0 -> b
    ? In the second argument of ‘(<*>)’, namely ‘(* 100)’
      In the first argument of ‘($)’, namely ‘(+ 3) <*> (* 100)’
      In the expression: (+ 3) <*> (* 100) $ 5
    ? Relevant bindings include it :: b (bound at <interactive>:4:1)

正确情形：

ghci> (+) <$> (+3) <*> (*100) $ 5
508

ghci> (\x y z -> [x,y,z]) <$> (+3) <*> (*2) <*> (/2) $ 5
[8.0,10.0,2.5]