异常4大类 SystemException Python退出异常、KeyboardInterrupt键盘打断(CTRL+C)、GeneratorExit生成器异常、Exception普通异常(常用的异常)
异常的回溯
def test():
print(1/0) # division by zero
test()
异常的捕获
try:
print(1 / 0)
except Exception as e:
print(e) # division by zero
捕获具体的异常
try:
print(1 / 0)
except ZeroDivisionError:
print('除数不能为0')
except Exception as e:
print(e)
else和finally 语句
try:
print(1 / 0)
# print(1)
except ZeroDivisionError:
print('除数不能为0')
except Exception as e:
print(e)
else:
print('程序没有异常')
finally:
print('程序结束')
raise抛出异常
try:
print(1 / 0)
except ZeroDivisionError:
print('除数不能为0')
raise ZeroDivisionError('除数不能为0')
except Exception as e:
print(e)
else:
print('程序没有异常')
finally:
print('程序结束')
自定义异常
class MyException(Exception):
def __init__(self, msg):
self.msg = msg
def __str__(self):
return self.msg
try:
print(1 / 0)
except ZeroDivisionError:
raise MyException('除数不能为0')
assert 断言
assert 1 > 0 # 正常运行
assert 1 < 0 # AssertionError
安装第三方库
# pip install 库名称
# pip install requests -i https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple # 指定清华镜像源
# pip install requests==2.22.0 # 指定版本
# pip install requests -U # 更新
# pip uninstall requests # 卸载
# pip list # 查看已安装的库
# pip show 库名称 # 查看库信息
# pip search 库名称 # 搜索库
# pip install -r requirements.txt # 安装requirements.txt中的库
# pip freeze > requirements.txt # 将当前环境下的所有库写入requirements.txt
# pip install -r requirements.txt -i https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple # 安装requirements.txt中的库,并指定清华镜像源
# pip install -r requirements.txt -U # 更新requirements.txt中的库
# pip uninstall -r requirements.txt # 卸载requirements.txt中的库
# pip -V # 查看pip版本和库安装位置
# pip install -U pip # 更新pip