目录
1.继承的概念与定义
继承和派生:(继承和派生一体两面)
继承(inheritance)机制:是类型层次结构设计中实现代码的复用重要手段。
class 子类: 继承权限 基类
{
};
继承:
* 1.一个类自动拥有了来自另外一个类的属性和方法
* 2.一个类是一个类
* 层次关系-继承、派生
继承:
1、基类的处理构造和析构之外,其他的全盘继承
2、是否能被子类的成员函数访问
3、是否能被外界访问
基类的权限 public protected private——继承权限
public public protected private
protected protected protected private
private 不可访问 不可访问 不可访问
派生:保持原有类特性的基础上进行扩展,增加新属性和新方法,从而产生新的类型。
在面向对象程序设计中,继承和派生是构造出新类型的过程。呈现类型设计的层次结构,体现了程 序设计人员对现实世界由简单到复杂的认识过程。
2.层次概念是计算机的重要概念:
C++ 通过类派生( class derivation)的机制来支持继承。被继承的类称为基类(base class)或超 类(superclass),新产生的类为派生类(derived class)或子类(subclass)。基类和派生类的集合 称作类继承层次结构(hierarchy)。
由基类派生出,派生类的设计形式为:
class 派生类名:访问限定符 基类名
{
private:
成员表1; //派生类增加或替代的私有成员
public:
成员表2; //派生类增加或替代的公有成员
protected:
成员表3; //派生类增加或替代的保护成员
};//分号不可少
3.私有的能被继承,不能被访问
class A
{
public:
int m_i;
void print()
{
cout << "A::print" << endl;
}
protected:
int m_j;
private:
int m_k;
};
class B :public A
{
void set()
{
m_i = 10;
m_j = 30;
//m_k = 15;
}
};
class C :protected A
{
void set()
{
m_i = 10;
m_j = 30;
//m_k = 15;
}
};
class D :private A
{
void fn()
{
m_i = 10;
m_j = 30;
//m_k = 15;
}
};
class CC :protected C
{
public:
void ff()
{
m_i = 12;
m_j = 23;
//m_k = 15;
}
};
class DD :public D
{
public:
void ff()
{
//m_i = 12;
//m_j = 23;
//m_k = 15;
}
};
//如果是私有继承,只能继承,不能使用
//继承除了构造和析构全盘接收
void main()
{
cout << sizeof(B) << endl;
B b;
b.print();
b.m_i = 12;
//b.m_j = 23;
//b.m_k = 34;
C c;
//c将属性m_i变成protected
c.m_i = 12;
c.m_j = 23;
c.m_k = 34;}
class B :public A//如果没有说明,默认私有继承
//m_k = 15;//私有的能被继承,不能被访问
class DD :public D
{
public:
void ff()
{
//在上一次继承被私有化了,不能再继承、访问
//m_i = 12;
//m_j = 23;
//m_k = 15;
}
};
//b.m_j = 23;//保护的在外界不能使用
C c;
//c将属性m_i变成protected
c.m_k = 34;//将C被保护继承
4.继承的三步骤
* 1.除了构造和析构全盘接收
* 2.改写
* 3.添加子类特有的
1.继承语法
class 派生类名:[继承方式] 基类名{ 派生类新增加的成员 };
代码如下:
class A
{
public:
A()
{
cout << "A" << endl;
}
void print()
{
cout << "A::print" << endl;
}
~A()
{
cout << "~A" << endl;
}
private:
int m_i;
};
class B : public A
{
public:
B()
{
cout << "B" << endl;
}
~B()
{
cout << "~B" << endl;
}
private:
int m_j;
};
void main()
{
B b;
}
因为子类继承父类的时候,先运行父类构造函数;具体的说就是运行父类时就会先“调用”父类的构造函数,注意“调用”和继承不是一个含义,实质上是“自动运行”。
2.继承例子
class Person
{
public:
Person(int num,const char*name,char sex) :m_num(num), m_sex(sex)
{
m_name = new char[strlen(name) + 1];
strcpy_s(m_name, strlen(name) + 1, name);
}
~Person()
{
if (m_name != NULL)
{
delete[]m_name;
m_name = NULL;
}
}
Person(const Person& p) :m_num(p.m_num), m_sex(p.m_sex)
{
m_name = new char[strlen(p.m_name) + 1];
strcpy_s(m_name, strlen(p.m_name) + 1, p.m_name);
}
void Show()
{
cout << m_num << " " << m_name << " " << m_sex << endl;
}
private:
int m_num;
char* m_name;
char m_sex;
};
class Student :public Person
{
public:
Student(int num, const char* name, char sex, float score)
:Person(num,name,sex),m_score(score)
{
}
Student(Student& s) :Person(s)
{
m_score = s.m_score;
}
void Print()
{
Show();
cout << m_score << endl;
}
private:
float m_score;
};
void main()
{
Student s1(1001, "zhaowawa", 'f', 15);
s1.Print();
Student s2(s1);
s2.Print();
}
Student类公有继承了Person类中的num、name、sex,并且扩展了score。
5.有继承和组合的构造顺序---内存布局
* 1.先按照继承顺序调用基类构造
* 2.按照组合顺序调用组合的构造
* 3.调用自己的构造
class CPU
{
public:
CPU() { cout << "CPU" << endl; }
};
class KB
{
public:
KB() { cout << "KB" << endl; }
};
class Mouse
{
public:
Mouse() { cout << "Mouse" << endl; }
};
class Computer
{
public:
Computer() { cout << "Computer" << endl; }
private:
CPU cpu;
KB kb;
Mouse ms;
};
class Touch
{
public:
Touch() { cout << "Touch" << endl; }
};
class Laptop :public Computer
{
public:
Laptop() { cout << "Laptop" << endl; }
private:
Touch tc;
};
void main()
{
Laptop lp;
}
1.调用基类,2.按照组合顺序得到:
CPU
KB
Mouse
Computer3.调用自己的构造
Touch
Laptop
6.继承之下的赋值运算符重载
1.基础知识
class A
{
public:
void Print()
{
cout << "A::Print" << endl;
}
protected:
int m_i;
};
/*
*隐藏:
*/
class B :public A
{
public:
//B::Print将A::Print隐藏了
void Print()
{
cout << "B::Print" << endl;
cout << m_i << " " << A::m_i << endl;
}
void set()
{
m_i = 10;
A::m_i = 20;
}
protected:
int m_i;
};
void main()
{
A a;
B b;
a.Print();
b.set();
b.A::Print();
b.Print();
cout << sizeof(A) << endl;//4
cout << sizeof(B) << endl;//8
}
//B::Print将A::Print隐藏了
A::Print a.Print();
A::Print b.A::Print();//B调用A::Print
B::Print b.Print();
10 20 b.set();、b.Print();
4 int m_i;的大小
8 既继承了A中的m_i,B自己构造了成员
2.Person、Student例子
class Person
{
public:
Person() :m_sex('f'), m_age(20)
{
m_name = new char[1];
*m_name = '\0';
cout << "Person()" << endl;
}
Person(const char* name,char sex,int age):m_sex(sex), m_age(age)
{
m_name = new char[strlen(name) + 1];
strcpy_s(m_name, strlen(name) + 1, name);
}
Person(Person& p) :m_sex(p.m_sex), m_age(p.m_age)
{
m_name = new char[strlen(p.m_name) + 1];
strcpy_s(m_name, strlen(p.m_name) + 1, p.m_name);
}
Person& operator=(Person& p)
{
if (this == &p)
return *this;
delete[]m_name;
m_name = new char[strlen(p.m_name) + 1];
strcpy_s(m_name, strlen(p.m_name) + 1, p.m_name);
m_sex = p.m_sex;
m_age = p.m_age;
return *this;
}
void Print()
{
cout << m_name << " " << m_sex << " " << m_age << endl;
}
~Person()
{
if (m_name != NULL)
{
delete[]m_name;
m_name = NULL;
}
}
private:
char* m_name;
char m_sex;
int m_age;
};
class Student :public Person
{
public:
Student() :m_num(0), m_score(0)
{
cout << "Student()" << endl;
}
Student(int num,const char*name,char sex,int age,int score):m_num(num),Person(name,sex,age),m_score(score)
{
}
void Print()
{
cout << m_num << " ";
Person::Print();
cout << m_score << endl;
}
Student(Student& s) :Person(s), m_num(s.m_num), m_score(s.m_score)
{
}
Student& operator=(Student& s)
{
if (this == &s)
return *this;
Person::operator=(s);
m_num = s.m_num;
m_score = s.m_score;
return *this;
}
private:
int m_num;
int m_score;
};
void main()
{
Student s;
Student s1(1001, "zhangsan", 'f', 20, 78);
s.Print();
s1.Print();
Student s2(s1);
s2.Print();
s = s1;
s.Print();
}
Person() 先调用基类
Student() 构造s对象
0 f 20 没有给s对象赋值,为构造函数的默认值
0
1001 zhangsan f 20 打印s1对象
78
1001 zhangsan f 20 用s1对象拷贝构造s2对象,并将s2对象打印
78
1001 zhangsan f 20 将s1对象的值赋给s对象,并将s对象打印
78
为什么要给默认值?
Person() :m_sex('f'), m_age(20)
{
m_name = new char[1];
*m_name = '\0';
cout << "Person()" << endl;
}因为不写默认值没有指向合法的内存空间
void main()
{
int* p;
cout << p << endl;//error
}
7.一个类被多个类继承
class Person
{
public:
Person(int num = 1000):m_num(num)
{
}
void print()
{
cout << "count = " << m_count << endl;
}
protected:
int m_num;
static int m_count;
};
int Person::m_count;
class Student:public Person
{
public:
Student(int num, const char*job) :Person(num)
{
m_job = new char[strlen(job) + 1];
strcpy_s(m_job, strlen(job) + 1, job);
m_count++;
}
private:
char* m_job;
};
class Teacher :public Person
{
public:
Teacher(int num, const char* job) :Person(num)
{
m_job = new char[strlen(job) + 1];
strcpy_s(m_job, strlen(job) + 1, job);
m_count++;
}
private:
char* m_job;
};
class Worker :public Person
{
public:
Worker(int num, const char* job) :Person(num)
{
m_job = new char[strlen(job) + 1];
strcpy_s(m_job, strlen(job) + 1, job);
m_count++;
}
private:
char* m_job;
};
void main()
{
Student s(1001, "student");
Teacher t(1002, "teacher");
Worker w(1003, "worker");
w.print();
s.print();
Worker w1(1006, "worker");
s.print();
cout << sizeof(Worker) << endl;//8
}
count = 3 static成员只构造一次
count = 3 每构造一个继承了Person的对象,count++
count = 4 增加了一名Worker
8 Person 的num+Worker的job