Python 抽象工厂模式

Python 设计模式

第一章 Python 抽象工厂模式

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一、抽象工厂模式是什么？

抽象工厂 是一种创建型设计模式， 它能创建一系列相关或相互依赖的对象， 而无需指定其具体类。

什么是 “系列对象”？ 例如有这样一组的对象： ​ 运输工具+ 引擎+ 控制器 。 它可能会有几个变体：

汽车+ 内燃机+ 方向盘
飞机+ 喷气式发动机+ 操纵杆
如果你的程序中并不涉及产品系列的话， 那就不需要抽象工厂。

再次重申， 许多人分不清抽象工厂模式和声明为 abstract的简单工厂。 不要犯这个错误！

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二、抽象工厂模式结构？

下面例子通过应用抽象工厂模式， 使得客户端代码无需与具体 UI 类耦合， 就能创建跨平台的 UI 元素， 同时确保所创建的元素与指定的操作系统匹配。

跨平台应用中的相同 UI 元素功能类似， 但是在不同操作系统下的外观有一定差异。 此外， 你需要确保 UI 元素与当前操作系统风格一致。 你一定不希望在 Windows 系统下运行的应用程序中显示 macOS 的控件。

抽象工厂接口声明一系列构建方法， 客户端代码可调用它们生成不同风格的 UI 元素。 每个具体工厂对应特定操作系统， 并负责生成符合该操作系统风格的 UI 元素。

其运作方式如下： 应用程序启动后检测当前操作系统。 根据该信息， 应用程序通过与该操作系统对应的类创建工厂对象。 其余代码使用该工厂对象创建 UI 元素。 这样可以避免生成错误类型的元素。

使用这种方法， 客户端代码只需调用抽象接口， 而无需了解具体工厂类和 UI 元素。 此外， 客户端代码还支持未来添加新的工厂或 UI 元素。

这样一来， 每次在应用程序中添加新的 UI 元素变体时， 你都无需修改客户端代码。 你只需创建一个能够生成这些 UI 元素的工厂类， 然后稍微修改应用程序的初始代码， 使其能够选择合适的工厂类即可。

三、使用步骤

1.python代码

代码如下（示例）：

from __future__ import annotations
from abc import ABC, abstractmethod


class AbstractFactory(ABC):
    """
    The Abstract Factory interface declares a set of methods that return
    different abstract products. These products are called a family and are
    related by a high-level theme or concept. Products of one family are usually
    able to collaborate among themselves. A family of products may have several
    variants, but the products of one variant are incompatible with products of
    another.
    """
    @abstractmethod
    def create_product_a(self) -> AbstractProductA:
        pass

    @abstractmethod
    def create_product_b(self) -> AbstractProductB:
        pass


class ConcreteFactory1(AbstractFactory):
    """
    Concrete Factories produce a family of products that belong to a single
    variant. The factory guarantees that resulting products are compatible. Note
    that signatures of the Concrete Factory's methods return an abstract
    product, while inside the method a concrete product is instantiated.
    """

    def create_product_a(self) -> AbstractProductA:
        return ConcreteProductA1()

    def create_product_b(self) -> AbstractProductB:
        return ConcreteProductB1()


class ConcreteFactory2(AbstractFactory):
    """
    Each Concrete Factory has a corresponding product variant.
    """

    def create_product_a(self) -> AbstractProductA:
        return ConcreteProductA2()

    def create_product_b(self) -> AbstractProductB:
        return ConcreteProductB2()


class AbstractProductA(ABC):
    """
    Each distinct product of a product family should have a base interface. All
    variants of the product must implement this interface.
    """

    @abstractmethod
    def useful_function_a(self) -> str:
        pass


"""
Concrete Products are created by corresponding Concrete Factories.
"""


class ConcreteProductA1(AbstractProductA):
    def useful_function_a(self) -> str:
        return "The result of the product A1."


class ConcreteProductA2(AbstractProductA):
    def useful_function_a(self) -> str:
        return "The result of the product A2."


class AbstractProductB(ABC):
    """
    Here's the the base interface of another product. All products can interact
    with each other, but proper interaction is possible only between products of
    the same concrete variant.
    """
    @abstractmethod
    def useful_function_b(self) -> None:
        """
        Product B is able to do its own thing...
        """
        pass

    @abstractmethod
    def another_useful_function_b(self, collaborator: AbstractProductA) -> None:
        """
        ...but it also can collaborate with the ProductA.

        The Abstract Factory makes sure that all products it creates are of the
        same variant and thus, compatible.
        """
        pass


"""
Concrete Products are created by corresponding Concrete Factories.
"""


class ConcreteProductB1(AbstractProductB):
    def useful_function_b(self) -> str:
        return "The result of the product B1."

    """
    The variant, Product B1, is only able to work correctly with the variant,
    Product A1. Nevertheless, it accepts any instance of AbstractProductA as an
    argument.
    """

    def another_useful_function_b(self, collaborator: AbstractProductA) -> str:
        result = collaborator.useful_function_a()
        return f"The result of the B1 collaborating with the ({result})"


class ConcreteProductB2(AbstractProductB):
    def useful_function_b(self) -> str:
        return "The result of the product B2."

    def another_useful_function_b(self, collaborator: AbstractProductA):
        """
        The variant, Product B2, is only able to work correctly with the
        variant, Product A2. Nevertheless, it accepts any instance of
        AbstractProductA as an argument.
        """
        result = collaborator.useful_function_a()
        return f"The result of the B2 collaborating with the ({result})"


def client_code(factory: AbstractFactory) -> None:
    """
    The client code works with factories and products only through abstract
    types: AbstractFactory and AbstractProduct. This lets you pass any factory
    or product subclass to the client code without breaking it.
    """
    product_a = factory.create_product_a()
    product_b = factory.create_product_b()

    print(f"{product_b.useful_function_b()}")
    print(f"{product_b.another_useful_function_b(product_a)}", end="")


if __name__ == "__main__":
    """
    The client code can work with any concrete factory class.
    """
    print("Client: Testing client code with the first factory type:")
    client_code(ConcreteFactory1())

    print("\n")

    print("Client: Testing the same client code with the second factory type:")
    client_code(ConcreteFactory2())

2.输出结果

代码如下（示例）：

Client: Testing client code with the first factory type:
The result of the product B1.
The result of the B1 collaborating with the (The result of the product A1.)

Client: Testing the same client code with the second factory type:
The result of the product B2.
The result of the B2 collaborating with the (The result of the product A2.)

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总结

识别方法： 我们可以通过方法来识别该模式——其会返回一个工厂对象。 接下来， 工厂将被用于创建特定的子组件。

抽象工厂模式在 Python 代码中很常见。 许多框架和程序库会将它作为扩展和自定义其标准组件的一种方式。