c++ day3

面向对象

//全局变量
int g_a = 10;
int g_b = 10;

//全局常量
const int c_g_a = 10;
const int c_g_b = 10;

int main() {

	//局部变量
	int a = 10;
	int b = 10;

	//打印地址
	cout << "局部变量a地址为： " << (int)&a << endl;
	cout << "局部变量b地址为： " << (int)&b << endl;

	cout << "全局变量g_a地址为： " <<  (int)&g_a << endl;
	cout << "全局变量g_b地址为： " <<  (int)&g_b << endl;

	//静态变量
	static int s_a = 10;
	static int s_b = 10;

	cout << "静态变量s_a地址为： " << (int)&s_a << endl;
	cout << "静态变量s_b地址为： " << (int)&s_b << endl;

	cout << "字符串常量地址为： " << (int)&"hello world" << endl;
	cout << "字符串常量地址为： " << (int)&"hello world1" << endl;

	cout << "全局常量c_g_a地址为： " << (int)&c_g_a << endl;
	cout << "全局常量c_g_b地址为： " << (int)&c_g_b << endl;

	const int c_l_a = 10;
	const int c_l_b = 10;
	cout << "局部常量c_l_a地址为： " << (int)&c_l_a << endl;
	cout << "局部常量c_l_b地址为： " << (int)&c_l_b << endl;

	system("pause");

	return 0;
}

static 静态变量

全局区在编译后存在，包含全局变量，静态变量，字符串常量，const修饰的全局变量

局部变量和局部常量都不在全局区

//栈区 函数运行完内存释放
int * func()
{
	int a = 10;
	return &a;
}

int main() {

	int *p = func();

	cout << *p << endl;
	cout << *p << endl;

	system("pause");

	return 0;
}

//堆区
int* func()
{
    //指针本质放在栈上，保存的内容放在堆区
	int* a = new int(10);
	return a;
}

int main() {

	int *p = func();

	cout << *p << endl;
	cout << *p << endl;
    
	system("pause");

	return 0;
}

new 开辟内存 delete 释放内存

int* func()
{
	int* a = new int(10);
	return a;
}

int main() {

	int *p = func();

	cout << *p << endl;
	cout << *p << endl;

	//利用delete释放堆区数据
	delete p;

	//cout << *p << endl; //报错，释放的空间不可访问

	system("pause");

	return 0;
}

//堆区开辟数组
int main() {

	int* arr = new int[10];

	for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
	{
		arr[i] = i + 100;
	}

	for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
	{
		cout << arr[i] << endl;
	}
	//释放数组 delete 后加 []
	delete[] arr;

	system("pause");

	return 0;
}

引用

int main() {

	int a = 10;
	int &b = a;

	cout << "a = " << a << endl;
	cout << "b = " << b << endl;

	b = 100;

	cout << "a = " << a << endl;
	cout << "b = " << b << endl;

	system("pause");

	return 0;
}

//1. 值传递
void mySwap01(int a, int b) {
	int temp = a;
	a = b;
	b = temp;
}

//2. 地址传递
void mySwap02(int* a, int* b) {
	int temp = *a;
	*a = *b;
	*b = temp;
}

//3. 引用传递
void mySwap03(int& a, int& b) {
	int temp = a;
	a = b;
	b = temp;
}

int main() {

	int a = 10;
	int b = 20;

	mySwap01(a, b);
	cout << "a:" << a << " b:" << b << endl;

	mySwap02(&a, &b);
	cout << "a:" << a << " b:" << b << endl;

	mySwap03(a, b);
	cout << "a:" << a << " b:" << b << endl;

	system("pause");

	return 0;
}

//返回局部变量引用
int& test01() {
	int a = 10; //局部变量
	return a;
}

//返回静态变量引用
int& test02() {
	static int a = 20;
	return a;
}

int main() {

	//不能返回局部变量的引用
	int& ref = test01();
	cout << "ref = " << ref << endl;
	cout << "ref = " << ref << endl;

	//如果函数做左值，那么必须返回引用
	int& ref2 = test02();
	cout << "ref2 = " << ref2 << endl;
	cout << "ref2 = " << ref2 << endl;

	test02() = 1000;

	cout << "ref2 = " << ref2 << endl;
	cout << "ref2 = " << ref2 << endl;

	system("pause");

	return 0;
}

//发现是引用，转换为 int* const ref = &a;
void func(int& ref){
	ref = 100; // ref是引用，转换为*ref = 100
}
int main(){
	int a = 10;
    
    //自动转换为 int* const ref = &a; 指针常量是指针指向不可改，也说明为什么引用不可更改
	int& ref = a; 
	ref = 20; //内部发现ref是引用，自动帮我们转换为: *ref = 20;
    
	cout << "a:" << a << endl;
	cout << "ref:" << ref << endl;
    
	func(a);
	return 0;
}

等于值传递 去掉const等于地址传递 指针

//引用使用的场景，通常用来修饰形参
void showValue(const int& v) {
	//v += 10;
	cout << v << endl;
}

int main() {

	//int& ref = 10;  引用本身需要一个合法的内存空间，因此这行错误
	//加入const就可以了，编译器优化代码，int temp = 10; const int& ref = temp;
	const int& ref = 10;

	//ref = 100;  //加入const后不可以修改变量
	cout << ref << endl;

	//函数中利用常量引用防止误操作修改实参
	int a = 10;
	showValue(a);

	system("pause");

	return 0;
}

函数提高

int func(int a, int b = 10, int c = 10) {
	return a + b + c;
}

//1. 如果某个位置参数有默认值，那么从这个位置往后，从左向右，必须都要有默认值
//2. 如果函数声明有默认值，函数实现的时候就不能有默认参数
int func2(int a = 10, int b = 10);
int func2(int a, int b) {
	return a + b;
}

int main() {

	cout << "ret = " << func(20, 20) << endl;
	cout << "ret = " << func(100) << endl;

	system("pause");

	return 0;
}

//函数占位参数 ，占位参数也可以有默认参数
void func(int a, int) {
	cout << "this is func" << endl;
}

int main() {

	func(10,10); //占位参数必须填补

	system("pause");

	return 0;
}

//函数重载注意事项
//1、引用作为重载条件

void func(int &a)
{
	cout << "func (int &a) 调用 " << endl;
}

void func(const int &a)
{
	cout << "func (const int &a) 调用 " << endl;
}


//2、函数重载碰到函数默认参数

void func2(int a, int b = 10)
{
	cout << "func2(int a, int b = 10) 调用" << endl;
}

void func2(int a)
{
	cout << "func2(int a) 调用" << endl;
}

int main() {
	
	int a = 10;
	func(a); //调用无const
	func(10);//调用有const


	//func2(10); //碰到默认参数产生歧义，需要避免

	system("pause");

	return 0;
}