代码随想录算法训练营day27 | 39. 组合总和 | 40.组合总和II | 131.分割回文串

39. 组合总和

排序后剪枝可以大大减小计算量

class Solution:
    def __init__(self):
        self.path = []
        self.paths = []

    def combinationSum(self, candidates: List[int], target: int) -> List[List[int]]:
        '''
        因为本题没有组合数量限制，所以只要元素总和大于target就算结束
        '''
        self.path.clear()
        self.paths.clear()

        # 为了剪枝需要提前进行排序
        candidates.sort()
        self.backtracking(candidates, target, 0, 0)
        return self.paths

    def backtracking(self, candidates: List[int], target: int, sum_: int, start_index: int) -> None:
        # Base Case
        if sum_ == target:
            self.paths.append(self.path[:]) # 因为是shallow copy，所以不能直接传入self.path
            return
        # 单层递归逻辑 
        # 如果本层 sum + condidates[i] > target，就提前结束遍历，剪枝
        for i in range(start_index, len(candidates)):
            if sum_ + candidates[i] > target: 
                return 
            sum_ += candidates[i]
            self.path.append(candidates[i])
            self.backtracking(candidates, target, sum_, i)  # 因为无限制重复选取，所以不是i-1
            sum_ -= candidates[i]   # 回溯
            self.path.pop()        # 回溯

40.组合总和II

数层去重，打开新天地的大门了，太妙了，跳过同一树层使用过的元素

class Solution:
    def __init__(self):
        self.paths = []
        self.path = []

    def combinationSum2(self, candidates: List[int], target: int) -> List[List[int]]:
        '''
        类似于求三数之和，求四数之和，为了避免重复组合，需要提前进行数组排序
        '''
        self.paths.clear()
        self.path.clear()
        # 必须提前进行数组排序，避免重复
        candidates.sort()
        self.backtracking(candidates, target, 0, 0)
        return self.paths

    def backtracking(self, candidates: List[int], target: int, sum_: int, start_index: int) -> None:
        # Base Case
        if sum_ == target:
            self.paths.append(self.path[:])
            return
        
        # 单层递归逻辑
        for i in range(start_index, len(candidates)):
            # 剪枝，同39.组合总和
            if sum_ + candidates[i] > target:
                return
            
            # 跳过同一树层使用过的元素
            if i > start_index and candidates[i] == candidates[i-1]:
                continue
            
            sum_ += candidates[i]
            self.path.append(candidates[i])
            self.backtracking(candidates, target, sum_, i+1)
            self.path.pop()             # 回溯，为了下一轮for loop
            sum_ -= candidates[i]       # 回溯，为了下一轮for loop

131.分割回文串

回文串：反转后和原串相同

class Solution:
    def __init__(self):
        self.paths = []
        self.path = []

    def partition(self, s: str) -> List[List[str]]:
        '''
        递归用于纵向遍历
        for循环用于横向遍历
        当切割线迭代至字符串末尾，说明找到一种方法
        类似组合问题，为了不重复切割同一位置，需要start_index来做标记下一轮递归的起始位置(切割线)
        '''
        self.path.clear()
        self.paths.clear()
        self.backtracking(s, 0)
        return self.paths

    def backtracking(self, s: str, start_index: int) -> None:
        # Base Case
        if start_index >= len(s):
            self.paths.append(self.path[:])
            return
        
        # 单层递归逻辑
        for i in range(start_index, len(s)):
            # 此次比其他组合题目多了一步判断：
            # 判断被截取的这一段子串([start_index, i])是否为回文串
            if self.is_palindrome(s, start_index, i):
                self.path.append(s[start_index:i+1])
                self.backtracking(s, i+1)   # 递归纵向遍历：从下一处进行切割，判断其余是否仍为回文串
                self.path.pop()             # 回溯
            else:
                continue    

    def is_palindrome(self, s: str, start: int, end: int) -> bool:
        i: int = start        
        j: int = end
        while i < j:
            if s[i] != s[j]:
                return False
            i += 1
            j -= 1
        return True