MongoDB数据库基本操作

MongoDB数据库基本操作

数据库基本操作

建立新库Cisco

> use cisco
switched to db cisco

查看当前的库

> db
cisco

显示数据库

> show dbs 
admin 0.000GB
config 0.000GB
local 0.000GB

插入一条数据

> db.mytest.insert({'name':'liu'}) 
WriteResult({ "nInserted" : 1 })
> show dbs
admin 0.000GB
cisco 0.000GB
config 0.000GB
local 0.000GB

删除当前库，使用"show dbs"不显示，但是使用"db"命令的时候还会看到，因为里面没有数据实际上已经删除

> db.dropDatabase()
{ "dropped" : "cisco", "ok" : 1 }
> show dbs
admin 0.000GB
config 0.000GB
local 0.000GB

统计某数据库信息

> db.stats()
{
"db" : "test", #数据库名称
"collections" : 0, #集合数量
"views" : 0,
"objects" : 0, #文档对象的个数，所有集合的记录数之和
"avgObjSize" : 0, #平均每个对象的大小
"dataSize" : 0, #当前库所有集合的数据大小
"storageSize" : 0, #磁盘存储大小
"numExtents" : 0, #所有集合的扩展数据量统计数
"indexes" : 0, #已建立索引数量
"indexSize" : 0,
"scaleFactor" : 1,
"fileSize" : 0,
"fsUsedSize" : 0,
"fsTotalSize" : 0,
"ok" : 1
}

查看当前数据库下的集合名称

> db.getCollectionNames()
[ ]
> use test
switched to db test
> db.mytest.insert({'name':'liu'})
WriteResult({ "nInserted" : 1 })
> db.getCollectionNames()
[ "mytest" ]
查看集合（两种方法皆可）
> use test
switched to db test
> show collections
books
mytest
> show tables
books
mytest
删除集合
> db.mytest.drop()
true
>show collections
books

插入文档

语法:db.collection.insert({"键名1":值1,"键名2":值2...})

插入一条文档

> use test
switched to db test
> db.books.insert(
... {name:"C语言编程",
... price:32
... }
... )
WriteResult({ "nInserted" : 1 })
> db.books.insert({name:"Python入门",price:48})
WriteResult({ "nInserted" : 1 })
> db.books.find()
{ "_id" : ObjectId("6274cfa1acc235794634012b"), "name" : "C语言编程", "price" : 32 }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("6274cfd6acc235794634012c"), "name" : "Python入门", "price" : 48 }

# insert命令，自动产生一个_id值
# "_id"是十六进制表示(12B)：时间戳(4B)+机器ID(3B)+进程ID(2B)+排序流水号(3B)
# insert命令可以用save命令代替。若给save命令指定_id值，则会更新默认_id值；
# 集合books不存在，则会创建，如存在，则变成多条文档的集合

利用中括号，实现一次多条文档插入

> db.books.insert(
... [{name:"小学教材",price:20},
... {name:"初中生教材",price:30},
... {name:"高中生教材",price:40}
... ])
BulkWriteResult({
        "writeErrors" : [ ],
        "writeConcernErrors" : [ ],
        "nInserted" : 3,
        "nUpserted" : 0,
        "nMatched" : 0,
        "nModified" : 0,
        "nRemoved" : 0,
        "upserted" : [ ]
})
>

可以使用变量方式插入文档

> document=({name:"英文教材",price:49})
{ "name" : "英文教材", "price" : 49 }
> db.books.insert(document)
WriteResult({ "nInserted" : 1 })
>

查询文档

语法:

db.集合名.findOne() #查询一行
db.集合名.find() #查询全部
db.集合名.find().pretty() #格式化打印
db.集合名.find({查找条件}) #按照条件进行查找

查询一条记录

> db.books.findOne()
{
        "_id" : ObjectId("6274cfa1acc235794634012b"),
        "name" : "C语言编程",
        "price" : 32
}

查询所有记录

> db.books.find().pretty()
{
        "_id" : ObjectId("6274cfa1acc235794634012b"),
        "name" : "C语言编程",
        "price" : 32
}
{
        "_id" : ObjectId("6274cfd6acc235794634012c"),
        "name" : "Python入门",
        "price" : 48
}
{
        "_id" : ObjectId("6274d2d0acc235794634012d"),
        "name" : "小学教材",
        "price" : 20
}
{
        "_id" : ObjectId("6274d2d0acc235794634012e"),
        "name" : "初中生教材",
        "price" : 30
}
{
        "_id" : ObjectId("6274d2d0acc235794634012f"),
        "name" : "高中生教材",
        "price" : 40
}
{
        "_id" : ObjectId("6274d351acc2357946340130"),
        "name" : "英文教材",
        "price" : 49
}

等价条件查询

> db.books.find({price:30}).pretty()
{
        "_id" : ObjectId("6274d2d0acc235794634012e"),
        "name" : "初中生教材",
        "price" : 30
}

带$in运算符的查询

> db.books.find({price:{$in:[20,30,40]}}).pretty()
{
        "_id" : ObjectId("6274d2d0acc235794634012d"),
        "name" : "小学教材",
        "price" : 20
}
{
        "_id" : ObjectId("6274d2d0acc235794634012e"),
        "name" : "初中生教材",
        "price" : 30
}
{
        "_id" : ObjectId("6274d2d0acc235794634012f"),
        "name" : "高中生教材",
        "price" : 40
}

通过查询操作符来查询

小于 {:{$lt:}}

> db.books.find({price:{$lt:30}})
{ "_id" : ObjectId("6274d2d0acc235794634012d"), "name" : "小学教材", "price" : 20 }

小于等于 {:{$lte:}}

> db.books.find({price:{$lte:30}})
{ "_id" : ObjectId("6274d2d0acc235794634012d"), "name" : "小学教材", "price" : 20 }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("6274d2d0acc235794634012e"), "name" : "初中生教材", "price" : 30 }

大于 {:{$gt:}}

> db.books.find({price:{$gt:30}})
{ "_id" : ObjectId("6274cfa1acc235794634012b"), "name" : "C语言编程", "price" : 32 }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("6274cfd6acc235794634012c"), "name" : "Python入门", "price" : 48 }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("6274d2d0acc235794634012f"), "name" : "高中生教材", "price" : 40 }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("6274d351acc2357946340130"), "name" : "英文教材", "price" : 49 }

大于等于 {:{$gte:}}

> db.books.find({price:{$gte:30}})
{ "_id" : ObjectId("6274cfa1acc235794634012b"), "name" : "C语言编程", "price" : 32 }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("6274cfd6acc235794634012c"), "name" : "Python入门", "price" : 48 }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("6274d2d0acc235794634012e"), "name" : "初中生教材", "price" : 30 }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("6274d2d0acc235794634012f"), "name" : "高中生教材", "price" : 40 }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("6274d351acc2357946340130"), "name" : "英文教材", "price" : 49 }

不等于 {:{$ne:}}

> db.books.find({price:{$ne:30}})
{ "_id" : ObjectId("6274cfa1acc235794634012b"), "name" : "C语言编程", "price" : 32 }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("6274cfd6acc235794634012c"), "name" : "Python入门", "price" : 48 }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("6274d2d0acc235794634012d"), "name" : "小学教材", "price" : 20 }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("6274d2d0acc235794634012f"), "name" : "高中生教材", "price" : 40 }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("6274d351acc2357946340130"), "name" : "英文教材", "price" : 49 }

正则表达式 :{$regex:/pattern}

查询值得固定后一部分
> db.books.find({name:{$regex:/教材$/}}).pretty()
{
        "_id" : ObjectId("6274d2d0acc235794634012d"),
        "name" : "小学教材",
        "price" : 20
}
{
        "_id" : ObjectId("6274d2d0acc235794634012e"),
        "name" : "初中生教材",
        "price" : 30
}
{
        "_id" : ObjectId("6274d2d0acc235794634012f"),
        "name" : "高中生教材",
        "price" : 40
}
{
        "_id" : ObjectId("6274d351acc2357946340130"),
        "name" : "英文教材",
        "price" : 49
}
查询值的固定前一部分
> db.books.find({name:{$regex:/^C语言/}}).pretty()
{
        "_id" : ObjectId("6274cfa1acc235794634012b"),
        "name" : "C语言编程",
        "price" : 32
}
查询值得任意部分
> db.books.find({name:{$regex:/Python/}}).pretty()
{
        "_id" : ObjectId("6274cfd6acc235794634012c"),
        "name" : "Python入门",
        "price" : 48
}
不区大小写
> db.books.find({name:{$regex:/python/i}}).pretty()
{
        "_id" : ObjectId("6274cfd6acc235794634012c"),
        "name" : "Python入门",
        "price" : 48
}

区间条件查找

> db.books.find({price:{$gt:15,$lt:35}}).pretty()
{
        "_id" : ObjectId("6274cfa1acc235794634012b"),
        "name" : "C语言编程",
        "price" : 32
}
{
        "_id" : ObjectId("6274d2d0acc235794634012d"),
        "name" : "小学教材",
        "price" : 20
}
{
        "_id" : ObjectId("6274d2d0acc235794634012e"),
        "name" : "初中生教材",
        "price" : 30
}

更新文档

语法

db.collection.update

修改一条简单的文档

在集合order里，先插入一条订单信息，然后用update命令修改订单名称

> db.order.insert(
... {
... title:"商品购物单1",
... amount:35,
... detail:[
...    {name:"苹果",price:22},{name:"面粉",price:18}
... ]
... }
... )
WriteResult({ "nInserted" : 1 })
> db.order.update(
... {title:"商品购物单1"},
... {$set:{title:"商品购物单2"}})
WriteResult({ "nMatched" : 1, "nUpserted" : 0, "nModified" : 1 })

还可以做数值运算

----------$inc加法运算，正数，负数，小数----------
> db.order.update(
... {title:"商品购物单2"},
... {$inc:{amount:5}})           $inc加法运算，正数，负数，小数
WriteResult({ "nMatched" : 1, "nUpserted" : 0, "nModified" : 1 })
> db.order.find().pretty()
{
        "_id" : ObjectId("6274f05eacc2357946340131"),
        "title" : "商品购物单2",
        "amount" : 40,
        "detail" : [
                {
                        "name" : "苹果",
                        "price" : 22
                },
                {
                        "name" : "面粉",
                        "price" : 18
                }
        ]
}
----------$mul 可以做乘法运算-----------
> db.order.update(
... {title:"商品购物单2"},
... {$mul:{amount:2}}
... )
WriteResult({ "nMatched" : 1, "nUpserted" : 0, "nModified" : 1 })
> db.order.find().pretty()
{
        "_id" : ObjectId("6274f05eacc2357946340131"),
        "title" : "商品购物单2",
        "amount" : 80,
        "detail" : [
                {
                        "name" : "苹果",
                        "price" : 22
                },
                {
                        "name" : "面粉",
                        "price" : 18
                }
        ]
}
----------$rename 可以修改错误的键名----------




----------$unset删除一个字段----------
> db.order.update( {title:"商品购物单2"}, {$unset:{title:"商品购物单2"}} )
WriteResult({ "nMatched" : 1, "nUpserted" : 0, "nModified" : 1 })
> db.order.find().pretty()
{
        "_id" : ObjectId("6274f05eacc2357946340131"),
        "amount" : 80,
        "detail" : [
                {
                        "name" : "苹果",
                        "price" : 22
                },
                {
                        "name" : "面粉",
                        "price" : 18
                }
        ]
}

修改一条文档里的数组和嵌套文档

> db.order.insert(
... {
... _id:12,
... title:"商品购物单5",
... amount:90,
... unit:"元",
... detail:[
... {name:"葡萄",price:60},{name:"面粉",price:30}
... ],
... ocerview:{shop:"京东电子商务平台",shopno:5,adress:"地球村"}
... }
... ）
... ^C

> db.order.insert(
... {
... _id:12,
... title:"商品购物单5",
... amount:90,
... unit:"元",
... detail:[
... {name:"葡萄",price:60},{name:"面粉",price:30}
... ],
... overview:{shop:"京东电子商务平台",shopno:5,address:"地球村"}
... })
WriteResult({ "nInserted" : 1 })
> db.order.update(
... {_id:12},
... {
...  $set:{
...  "detail.1":{name:"大米",price:40},
... "overview.address":"北京市丰台区南里道15号"
... }
... }
... )
WriteResult({ "nMatched" : 1, "nUpserted" : 0, "nModified" : 1 })
> db.order.find({_id:12}).pretty()
{
        "_id" : 12,
        "title" : "商品购物单5",
        "amount" : 90,
        "unit" : "元",
        "detail" : [
                {
                        "name" : "葡萄",
                        "price" : 60
                },
                {
                        "name" : "大米",
                        "price" : 40
                }
        ],
        "overview" : {
                "shop" : "京东电子商务平台",
                "shopno" : 5,
                "address" : "北京市丰台区南里道15号"
        }
}

多文档修改

> db.order.update(
{"detail.name":"面粉","detail.price":{$lte:30}},
{
$set:{
"detail.1":{name:"面粉",price:40}
}
}，
{multi:true})

删除文档

语法：

db.集合名.remove({查询条件}) # 删除符合条件的文档

db.集合名.remove({}) # 删除全部数据

实例：

> db.tests.insertMany( [ {item:"铅笔",price:2}, {item:"钢笔",price:60} ] )
{
        "acknowledged" : true,
        "insertedIds" : [
                ObjectId("627496ba0b5af0d2f5c7d620"),
                ObjectId("627496ba0b5af0d2f5c7d621")
        ]
}
> db.tests.remove({price:{$lt:3}})
WriteResult({ "nRemoved" : 1 })
> db.tests.find().pretty()
{
        "_id" : ObjectId("627496ba0b5af0d2f5c7d621"),
        "item" : "钢笔",
        "price" : 60
}
> db.tests.remove({})
WriteResult({ "nRemoved" : 1 })
> db.tests.find().pretty()
>

用户管理

开启访问控制

1.添加管理员角色

> use admin
switched to db admin
> db.createUser(
... {
... user:"admin",
... pwd:"Com.123456",
... roles:[{role: "userAdminAnyDatabase", db: "admin"},"readWriteAnyDatabase" ]
... }
... )
Successfully added user: {
        "user" : "admin",
        "roles" : [
                {
                        "role" : "userAdminAnyDatabase",
                        "db" : "admin"
                },
                "readWriteAnyDatabase"
        ]
}

2.查看创建的用户

> show users
{
        "_id" : "admin.admin",
        "userId" : UUID("313aeb76-6413-468f-bed2-f16a8ec3f942"),
        "user" : "admin",
        "db" : "admin",
        "roles" : [
                {
                        "role" : "userAdminAnyDatabase",
                        "db" : "admin"
                },
                {
                        "role" : "readWriteAnyDatabase",
                        "db" : "admin"
                }
        ],
        "mechanisms" : [
                "SCRAM-SHA-1",
                "SCRAM-SHA-256"
        ]
}

3.关闭MongoDB实例，并启用访问控制（两种方法）

方法一：

db.adminCommand( { shutdown: 1 } 
使用带访问控制的shell命令启动（另起一个终端敲下一条命令）
mongod --auth --port 27017 --dbpath /var/lib/mongo

方法二：更改配置文件，启用认证

[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/mongod.conf
security:
authorization: enabled
[root@localhost ~]#systemctl restart mongod

4.连接数据库，两种人认证方式

1）连接期间提供认证信息

[root@localhost ~]#mongo --port 27017 --authenticationDatabase "admin" -u
"admin" -p
MongoDB shell version v4.2.2
Enter password:
connecting to: mongodb://127.0.0.1:27017/?
authSource=admin&compressors=disabled&gssapiServiceName=mongodb
Implicit session: session { "id" : UUID("3b80127d-99f8-4b73-8982-
4e2f7a19a8b7") }
MongoDB server version: 4.2.2
> show tables
books
mytest
order
tests
>

2）连接后再进行认证

[root@localhost mongo
MongoDB shell version v4.2.2
connecting to: mongodb://127.0.0.1:27017/?
compressors=disabled&gssapiServiceName=mongodb
Implicit session: session { "id" : UUID("cc7966ec-5b07-45bb-b7d4-
282b6b81b5cd") }
MongoDB server version: 4.2.2
> show tables
Warning: unable to run listCollections, attempting to approximate collection
names by parsing connectionStatus
> use admin
switched to db admin
> db.auth("admin","Com.123456")
1
> show tables
system.users
system.version
> use test
switched to db test
> show tables
books
mytest
order
tests
>

5.认证成功后，根据需要创建其他角色

> use test
switched to db test
> db.createUser(
... {
... user:"myTestUser",
... pwd:"Com.123456",
... roles:[
... {role: "readWrite", db: "test" },
... { role: "read", db: "reporting" } ]
... })
Successfully added user: {
        "user" : "myTestUser",
        "roles" : [
                {
                        "role" : "readWrite",
                        "db" : "test"
                },
                {
                        "role" : "read",
                        "db" : "reporting"
                }
        ]
}

6.使用新创建的用户进行连接

[root@localhost ~]# mongo --port 27017 -u "myTester1" --authenticationDatabase "test" -p
MongoDB shell version v5.0.8
Enter password:
connecting to: mongodb://127.0.0.1:27017/?authSource=test&compressors=disabled&gssapiServiceName=mongodb
Implicit session: session { "id" : UUID("21c46e44-a0b5-49c8-8d73-c1e5759bc436") }
MongoDB server version: 5.0.8
================
Warning: the "mongo" shell has been superseded by "mongosh",
which delivers improved usability and compatibility.The "mongo" shell has been deprecated and will be removed in
an upcoming release.
For installation instructions, see
https://docs.mongodb.com/mongodb-shell/install/
================
>

7.插入数据进行测试

> db.foo.insert( { x: 1, y: 1 } )
WriteResult({ "nInserted" : 1 })
> db.foo.find().pretty()
{ "_id" : ObjectId("6274a6327ba4c1a412060b0f"), "x" : 1, "y" : 1 }
>

数据备份及恢复

数据库备份及回复

备份

[root@localhost ~]#  mongodump -d test -o /backup -u "myTester1" -p "Com.123456"
2022-05-06T12:40:30.518+0800    writing test.order to /backup/test/order.bson
2022-05-06T12:40:30.525+0800    done dumping test.order (1 document)
2022-05-06T12:40:30.531+0800    writing test.foo to /backup/test/foo.bson
2022-05-06T12:40:30.535+0800    done dumping test.foo (1 document)
2022-05-06T12:40:30.536+0800    writing test.books to /backup/test/books.bson
2022-05-06T12:40:30.538+0800    done dumping test.books (1 document)
2022-05-06T12:40:30.541+0800    writing test.tests to /backup/test/tests.bson
2022-05-06T12:40:30.545+0800    done dumping test.tests (0 documents)
[root@localhost ~]# cd /backup
[root@localhost backup]# ls
test
[root@localhost backup]# ll test
总用量 28
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root  37 5月   6 12:40 books.bson
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 172 5月   6 12:40 books.metadata.json
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root  44 5月   6 12:40 foo.bson
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 170 5月   6 12:40 foo.metadata.json
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 281 5月   6 12:40 order.bson
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 172 5月   6 12:40 order.metadata.json
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root   0 5月   6 12:40 tests.bson
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 172 5月   6 12:40 tests.metadata.json

恢复（将备份的数据库恢复到test4数据库）

[root@localhost ~]# mongorestore -d test4 /backup/test/ -u "admin" -p "Com.123456" --authenticationDatabase admin
2022-05-06T12:43:41.304+0800    The --db and --collection flags are deprecated for this use-case; please use --nsInclude instead, i.e. with --nsInclude=${DATABASE}.${COLLECTION}
2022-05-06T12:43:41.304+0800    building a list of collections to restore from /backup/test dir
2022-05-06T12:43:41.304+0800    reading metadata for test4.foo from /backup/test/foo.metadata.json
2022-05-06T12:43:41.304+0800    reading metadata for test4.order from /backup/test/order.metadata.json
2022-05-06T12:43:41.304+0800    reading metadata for test4.tests from /backup/test/tests.metadata.json
2022-05-06T12:43:41.304+0800    reading metadata for test4.books from /backup/test/books.metadata.json
2022-05-06T12:43:41.337+0800    restoring test4.order from /backup/test/order.bson
2022-05-06T12:43:41.341+0800    restoring test4.books from /backup/test/books.bson
2022-05-06T12:43:41.347+0800    restoring test4.tests from /backup/test/tests.bson
2022-05-06T12:43:41.349+0800    finished restoring test4.order (1 document, 0 failures)
2022-05-06T12:43:41.352+0800    restoring test4.foo from /backup/test/foo.bson
2022-05-06T12:43:41.355+0800    finished restoring test4.books (1 document, 0 failures)
2022-05-06T12:43:41.358+0800    finished restoring test4.tests (0 documents, 0 failures)
2022-05-06T12:43:41.364+0800    finished restoring test4.foo (1 document, 0 failures)
2022-05-06T12:43:41.364+0800    no indexes to restore for collection test4.foo
2022-05-06T12:43:41.364+0800    no indexes to restore for collection test4.order
2022-05-06T12:43:41.364+0800    no indexes to restore for collection test4.books
2022-05-06T12:43:41.364+0800    no indexes to restore for collection test4.tests
2022-05-06T12:43:41.364+0800    3 document(s) restored successfully. 0 document(s) failed to restore.

集合备份及恢复过程

导出为.json文件

[root@localhost test]# mongoexport -d test -c books -o /backup/test.books.json -u "admin" -p "Com.123456" --authenticationDatabase admin
2022-05-06T12:55:39.005+0800    connected to: mongodb://localhost/
2022-05-06T12:55:39.032+0800    exported 1 record
[root@localhost test]# cat /backup/test.books.json
{"_id":{"$oid":"62749a3ab3b46183247417aa"},"name":"java"}

导入为.json文件

[root@localhost ~]# mongoimport -d test -c test1 --file=/backup/test/test.order.json -u "admin" -p "Com.123456" --authenticationDatabase="admin"
2022-05-06T14:27:36.370+0800    connected to: mongodb://localhost/
2022-05-06T14:27:36.403+0800    1 document(s) imported successfully. 0 document(s) failed to import.

(s) restored successfully. 0 document(s) failed to restore.

#### 集合备份及恢复过程

###### 导出为.json文件

[root@localhost test]# mongoexport -d test -c books -o /backup/test.books.json -u “admin” -p “Com.123456” --authenticationDatabase admin
2022-05-06T12:55:39.005+0800 connected to: mongodb://localhost/
2022-05-06T12:55:39.032+0800 exported 1 record
[root@localhost test]# cat /backup/test.books.json
{“_id”:{“$oid”:“62749a3ab3b46183247417aa”},“name”:“java”}

###### 导入为.json文件

[root@localhost ~]# mongoimport -d test -c test1 --file=/backup/test/test.order.json -u “admin” -p “Com.123456” --authenticationDatabase=“admin”
2022-05-06T14:27:36.370+0800 connected to: mongodb://localhost/
2022-05-06T14:27:36.403+0800 1 document(s) imported successfully. 0 document(s) failed to import.