Docker快速上手

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初识Docker

什么是Docker

Docker 是一个开源的应用容器引擎，让开发者可以打包他们的应用以及依赖包到一个可移植的镜像中，然后发布到任何流行的 Linux或Windows操作系统的机器上，也可以实现虚拟化。容器是完全使用沙箱机制，相互之间不会有任何接口。

Docker如何解决项目依赖问题

• Docker允许开发中将应用,依赖,函数库,配置一起打包,形成可移植镜像
• Docker应用运行在容器中,使用沙箱机制,相互隔离

镜像和容器

• 镜像(image)：Docker将应用及其所需的依赖,函数库,环境等打包,称为镜像 ----readonly
• 容器(container):镜像中的应用程序运行后形成的进程就是容器,只是Docker会给容器做隔离,对外不可见

Docker架构

Docker配置阿里云镜像

mkdir -p /etc/docker
tee /etc/docker/daemon.json <<-'EOF'
{
"registry-mirrors":["https://n0dwemtq.mirror.aliyuncs.com"]
}
EOF
systemctl daemon-reload
systemctl restart docker

Docker基本操作

docker操作

systemctl start docker #开启docker
systemctl status docker #查看docker状态
systemctl stop docker #停止docker
systemctl status docker #重启docker

镜像操作

示例

[root@iz2vcaf13jzrddh914393ez ~]# docker pull nginx  #拉取操作
....
[root@iz2vcaf13jzrddh914393ez ~]# docker images #查看镜像
REPOSITORY   TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED         SIZE
nginx        latest    605c77e624dd   10 months ago   141MB
[root@iz2vcaf13jzrddh914393ez ~]# docker save --help #查看docker save指令文档

Usage:  docker save [OPTIONS] IMAGE [IMAGE...]

Save one or more images to a tar archive (streamed to STDOUT by default)

Options:
  -o, --output string   Write to a file, instead of STDOUT
[root@iz2vcaf13jzrddh914393ez ~]# docker save -o nginx.tar nginx # 将nginx镜像保存到nginx.tar
[root@iz2vcaf13jzrddh914393ez ~]# docker rmi nginx  #删除镜像
....
[root@iz2vcaf13jzrddh914393ez ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY   TAG       IMAGE ID   CREATED   SIZE
[root@iz2vcaf13jzrddh914393ez ~]# docker load --help  #查看docker load指令文档

Usage:  docker load [OPTIONS]

Load an image from a tar archive or STDIN

Options:
  -i, --input string   Read from tar archive file, instead of STDIN
  -q, --quiet          Suppress the load output
[root@iz2vcaf13jzrddh914393ez ~]# docker load -i nginx.tar #将镜像加载到docker
...
[root@iz2vcaf13jzrddh914393ez ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY   TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED         SIZE
nginx        latest    605c77e624dd   10 months ago   141MB

容器相关命令

示例

[root@localhost ~]# docker run --name nm -p 80:80 -d nginx #运行容器
															# --name：指定容器名称  
															#-p:指定端口映射  -d：后台运行
															#-d:后台运行
7d50e60a2c349c377d0d92f7f3c517b8f009176a214e5e5e186cafa0f7396f67
[root@localhost ~]# docker ps 	#查看容器状态
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND                  CREATED          STATUS          PORTS                NAMES
7d50e60a2c34   nginx     "/docker-entrypoint.…"   26 seconds ago   Up 26 seconds   0.0.0.0:80->80/tcp   mn
[root@localhost ~]# docker logs mn
Error: No such container: mn
[root@localhost ~]# docker logs nm 			#查看名为nm的容器的日志信息
...
[root@localhost ~]# docker exec -it nm bash   #进入容器内部

# 修改nginx容器的index页面
root@e2a9f52aedd6:/#cd  /usr/share/nginx/html  #路径在dockerhub nginx官方可以找到
root@e2a9f52aedd6:/usr/share/nginx/html# ls
50x.html  index.html
root@e2a9f52aedd6:/usr/share/nginx/html# vi index.html  
bash: vi: command not found  #在容器中的命令都是系统必须的而vi是在centos中下载的并不是必须的,所以容器中不能执行vi操作
							 #在容器内的修改是不会保存的,当再次开启容器时之前的操作不会保留,对容器的操作应该使用容器卷技术
root@e2a9f52aedd6:/usr/share/nginx/html# exit  #退出容器
exit
[root@localhost ~]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND                  CREATED          STATUS          PORTS                               NAMES
e2a9f52aedd6   nginx     "/docker-entrypoint.…"   20 minutes ago   Up 20 minutes   0.0.0.0:80->80/tcp, :::80->80/tcp   nm 
[root@localhost ~]# docker stop nm   #停止指定容器
nm
[root@localhost ~]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND   CREATED   STATUS    PORTS     NAMES
[root@localhost ~]# docker start nm  #启动停止的容器
nm
[root@localhost ~]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND                  CREATED          STATUS         PORTS                               NAMES
e2a9f52aedd6   nginx     "/docker-entrypoint.…"   22 minutes ago   Up 6 seconds   0.0.0.0:80->80/tcp, :::80->80/tcp   nm
[root@localhost ~]# docker rm nm #删除某个容器
Error response from daemon: You cannot remove a running container e2a9f52aedd6225eac6a592aa3fc8dae72a2902b17ed993c29528d14c47705a3. Stop the container before attempting removal or force remove
[root@localhost ~]# docker rm -f nm #强制删除某个容器
nm
[root@localhost conf]# docker update mysql --restart=always #当docker启动时容器自启

nginx的index.html文件路径

数据卷

[root@localhost ~]# docker volume --help

Usage:  docker volume COMMAND

Manage volumes

Commands:
  create      Create a volume
  inspect     Display detailed information on one or more volumes
  ls          List volumes
  prune       Remove all unused local volumes
  rm          Remove one or more volumes

Run 'docker volume COMMAND --help' for more information on a command.
[root@localhost ~]# docker volume create html  #创建数据卷
html
[root@localhost ~]# docker volume ls    #显示数据卷
DRIVER    VOLUME NAME
local     3ba00d994ca0b79a3482832ddb870a08dabaafc7fb2115ad140f0b07e619e7d5
local     9efc646d1d18338456272be518609c6e5499bab40c0c230bf706521f3a91aa5e
local     19bae3b01692528be9d4d12d5504f7a045426303435070ed9ffe793fe2a06a3f
local     23a95af39d59a32a72462d6ab917b8ea34845e46abd3ca91c8db3abb4c26da56
local     38ed6ca0bfc41e006d00c2bd66c020ae45363a1e6974b479d0c8d3be3e2f9a44
local     617ed08c7d4f148b9fe696d298d0437d0656c2bedff46ecc31534318c1341c4c
local     909ef9a36586380555f7d0382e0cf8cb7d853a496b289d9d819376a13ce94bf8
local     1690663082c832fbb968ecb00d8e4f2d66bc69d5c7f170c3934b5a092bd1571b
local     html
[root@localhost ~]# docker inspect html   #显示数据卷详细信息
[
    {
        "CreatedAt": "2022-11-22T18:26:32+08:00",
        "Driver": "local",
        "Labels": {},
        "Mountpoint": "/var/lib/docker/volumes/html/_data",   #挂载点
        "Name": "html",
        "Options": {},
        "Scope": "local"
    }
]
[root@localhost ~]# docker volume prune  #删除本地所有未使用的卷

WARNING! This will remove all local volumes not used by at least one container.
Are you sure you want to continue? [y/N] y

Deleted Volumes:
617ed08c7d4f148b9fe696d298d0437d0656c2bedff46ecc31534318c1341c4c
9efc646d1d18338456272be518609c6e5499bab40c0c230bf706521f3a91aa5e
ad0f495e00d82bac3f9f2a12adf33e2cf4c853371c9215e51331dffa73fb0684
ef17d142de5be03d07da1d89f6ecf0173ea7aaa8e61cf16f4b1f2931bb769e0d
1690663082c832fbb968ecb00d8e4f2d66bc69d5c7f170c3934b5a092bd1571b
html

[root@localhost ~]# docker volume create html
html
[root@localhost ~]# docker volume ls
DRIVER    VOLUME NAME
local     html
[root@localhost ~]# docker volume rm html
html
[root@localhost ~]# docker volume ls    #删除指定的卷
DRIVER    VOLUME NAME

数据卷挂载

[root@localhost ~]#docker run --name mn -p 80:80 -v html:/usr/share/nginx/html -d nginx
b33484b837d30762caf81119d664c718ea9a021a9627dfdb5d2c6fff3c39036e
[root@localhost ~]# docker  inspect html
[
    {
        "CreatedAt": "2022-11-22T18:36:49+08:00",
        "Driver": "local",
        "Labels": {},
        "Mountpoint": "/var/lib/docker/volumes/html/_data",
        "Name": "html",
        "Options": {},
        "Scope": "local"
    }
]
[root@localhost ~]# cd /var/lib/docker/volumes/html/_data   #进入数据卷的目录(宿主机)
[root@localhost _data]# ls
50x.html  index.html
[root@localhost _data]# vim index.html 	#修改之后访问会发现nginx页面被修改

Dockerfile自定义镜像

示例：

将以下命令写到Dockerfile文件

# 指定基础镜像
FROM java:8-alpine
#copy当前目录下的docker-demo.jar文件到指定路径
COPY ./docker-demo.jar /tmp/app.jar
# 暴露端口
EXPOSE 8090
# 入口，java项目的启动命令
ENTRYPOINT java -jar /tmp/app.jar

在同级目录下执行

[root@localhost docker-demo]# docker build -t javaweb:2.0 .  #最后一定要在加个空格之后加个点表示Dockerfile的
															 #目录 而.表示当前目录

DockerCompose