一、线程简介
1.多任务
一人同时做多项事情
2.多线程
加宽道路避免堵塞
3.程序、进程(Process)、线程(Thread)
一个进程可以有多个线程,如视频中同时听声音,看图像
二、线程创建
1.继承Thread类
(1)自定义线程类继承Thread类
(2)重写run()方法,编写线程执行体
(3)创建线程对象,调用start()方法启动线程、
package Thread;
//创建线程方式一:继承Thread类,重写run()方法,调用start开启线程
public class TestThread1 extends Thread {
@Override
public void run() {
//run方法线程体
for (int i = 0; i < 20; i++) {
System.out.println("我在看代码---"+i);
}
}
//两条线程同时交替执行
public static void main(String[] args) {
//main线程,主线程
//创建一个线程对象
TestThread1 testThread1=new TestThread1();
//调用start()方法开启线程
testThread1.start();//如果这里用run就正常顺序从上往下进行
for (int i = 0; i < 2000; i++) {
System.out.println("我在学习多线程--"+i);
}
}
}
//线程开启不一定立即执行,由CPU调度执行
运行结果:
2.网图下载
package Thread;
import java.io.File;
import java.net.MalformedURLException;
import java.net.URL;
//练习Thread,实现多线程同步下载图片
public class TestThread2 extends Thread {
private String url;//网络图片地址
private String name;//保存的文件名
public TestThread2 (String url,String name){
this.url=url;
this.name=name;
}
//下载图片线程的执行体
@Override
public void run() {
WebDownloader webDownloader=new WebDownloader();
webDownloader.downloader(url,name);
System.out.println("下载的文件名为:"+name);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
TestThread2 t1=new TestThread2(url:"图片路径",name:"图片名字");
t1.start();
}
}
//下载器
class WebDownloader{
//下载方法
public void downloader(String url,String name){
try {
FileUtils.copyURLTOFile(new URL(url),new File(name));
} catch (MalformedURLException e) {
throw new RuntimeException(e);
System.out.println("IO异常,downloader方法出现问题");
}
}
}//多个线程是同时执行的,谁先下完就是谁
3.实现Runnable接口(Java为单继承,推荐使用此放方法)
(1)定义MyRunnable类实现Runnable接口
(2)实现run()方法,编写线程执行体
(3)创建线程对象,调用start()方法启动线程
package Thread;
//创建线程方式2:实现runnable接口,重写run方法,执行线程需要丢入runnable接口实现类,调用start方法
public class TestThread3 implements Runnable{
@Override
public void run() {
//run方法线程体
for (int i = 0; i < 200; i++) {
System.out.println("我在看代码--"+i);
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
//创建runnable接口实现类对象
TestThread3 testThread3=new TestThread3();
//创建线程对象,通过线程对象开启我们的线程,代理
// Thread thread=new Thread(testThread3);
//thread.start(); 这种方法也可以
new Thread(testThread3).start();
for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
System.out.println("我在学习多线程--"+i);
}
}
}
runnable与thread对比
4.初识并发问题
package Thread;
//多个线程同时操作同一个对象
//买火车票例子
//发现问题:多个线程操作同一个资源的情况下,线程不安全,数据紊乱
public class TestThread4 implements Runnable {
//票数
private int ticketNums = 10;
@Override
public void run() {
while (true) {
if (ticketNums <= 0) {
break;
}
try {
Thread.sleep(200);//模拟延迟
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
throw new RuntimeException(e);
}
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+"-->拿到了第" + ticketNums-- + "票");
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
TestThread4 ticket = new TestThread4();
new Thread(ticket,"小明").start();
new Thread(ticket,"老师").start();
new Thread(ticket,"黄牛").start();
}
}
5.龟兔赛跑
package Thread;
//模拟龟兔赛跑
public class Race implements Runnable {
//胜利者
private static String winner;
@Override
public void run() {
for (int i = 0; i <=100; i++) {
//模拟兔子休息
if (Thread.currentThread().getName().equals("兔子")&&i%10==0){
try {
Thread.sleep(10);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
throw new RuntimeException(e);
}
}
//判断比赛是否结束
boolean flag=gameOver(i);
//如果比赛结束了,就停止程序
if (flag){
break;
}
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "-->跑了" + i + "步");
}
}
//判断是否完成比赛
private boolean gameOver(int steps) {
//判断是否有胜利者
if (winner != null) {//已经存在胜利者
return true;
}
if (steps >= 100) {
winner = Thread.currentThread().getName();
System.out.println("winner is" + winner);
return true;
}
return false;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Race race=new Race();
new Thread(race,"兔子").start();
new Thread(race,"乌龟").start();
}
}
6.静态代理模式
package Thread;
//静态代理模式总结:
//真实对象和代理对象都要实现同一个接口
//代理对象要代理真实角色
//好处:
//代理对象可以做很多真实对象做不了的事情
//真实对象专注做自己的事情
public class StacticProxy {
public static void main(String[] args) {
WeddingCompany weddingCompany=new WeddingCompany(new You());
weddingCompany.HappyMarry();
}
}
interface Marry{
void HappyMarry();
}
//真实角色,你去结婚
class You implements Marry{
@Override
public void HappyMarry() {
System.out.println("结婚了超开心");
}
}
//代理角色,帮助你结婚
class WeddingCompany implements Marry{
private Marry terget;
public WeddingCompany(Marry target){
this.terget=target;
}
@Override
public void HappyMarry() {
before();
this.terget.HappyMarry();//这就是真实对象
after();
}
private void before(){
System.out.println("结婚之前,布置现场");
}
private void after(){
System.out.println("结婚之后,收尾款");
}
}
7.Lamda表达式
函数式接口:任何接口,如果只包含唯一一个抽象方法,那么它就是一个函数式接口
public interface Runnable{
public abstract void run();
}
对于函数式接口,我们可以通过lambda表达式来创建该接口的对象
package lambda;
public class Testlambda1 {
//3.静态内部类
static class Like2 implements ILike{
@Override
public void lambda() {
System.out.println("i like lambda2");
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
ILike like=new Like();
like.lambda();
like=new Like2();
like.lambda();
//4.局部内部类(方法里面)
class Like3 implements ILike{
@Override
public void lambda() {
System.out.println("i like lambda3");
}
}
like=new Like3();
like.lambda();
//5.匿名内部类,没有类的名称,必须借助接口或者父类
like=new ILike() {
@Override
public void lambda() {
System.out.println("i like lambda4");
}
};
like.lambda();
//6.用lamdba简化
like= ()-> {
System.out.println("i like lambda5");
};
like.lambda();
}
}
//1.定义一个函数式接口
interface ILike{
void lambda();
}
//2.实现类
class Like implements ILike{
@Override
public void lambda() {
System.out.println("i like lambda");
}
}
package lambda;
public class Testlambda2 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//1.lambda表示简化
Ilove love=(int a)->{
System.out.println("i love you-->"+a);
};
//简化1.参数类型
love=(a)->{
System.out.println("i love you-->"+a);
};
//简化2.简化括号
love=a->{
System.out.println("i love you-->"+a);
};
//简化3.去掉花括号
love=a->System.out.println("i love you-->"+a);
//总结
//lambda表达式只有一行代码的请款下才能去掉花括号,如果有多行,就必须用代码块包裹(花括号)
//前提是函数式接口
//多个参数也可以去掉参数类型,要去掉都去,必须加上括号
love.love(520);
}
}
interface Ilove{
void love(int a);
}
三、线程状态
1.线程停止
package state;
//测试stop
//1.建议线程正常停止--》利用次数,不建议使用死循环
//2.建议设置一个标志位
//3.不要使用stop或destory等JDK不推荐使用的方法
public class TestStop implements Runnable{
//1.设置一个标识位
private boolean flag=true;
@Override
public void run() {
int i=0;
while (flag){
System.out.println("run...Thread"+i++);
}
}
//2.设置一个公开的方法停止线程,转换标志位
public void stop(){
this.flag=false;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
TestStop testStop = new TestStop();
new Thread(testStop).start();
for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
System.out.println("main"+i);
if (i==900){
//调用stop方法切换标志位,让线程停止
testStop.stop();
System.out.println("线程该停止了");
}
}
}
}
2.线程休眠 sleep
package state;
import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
import java.util.Date;
import java.util.logging.SimpleFormatter;
//模拟倒计时
public class TestSleep {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//打印当前系统时间
Date startTime=new Date(System.currentTimeMillis());//获取系统当前时间
while (true){
try {
Thread.sleep(1000);
System.out.println(new SimpleDateFormat("HH:mm:ss").format(startTime));
startTime=new Date(System.currentTimeMillis());//更新系统时间
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
throw new RuntimeException(e);
}
}
}
//模拟倒计时
public static void tenDown(){
int num=10;
try {
while (true) {
Thread.sleep(1000);
System.out.println(num--);
if (num <= 0) {
break;
}
}
}catch (Exception e){
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
每个对象都有一个锁,sleep不会释放锁
3.线程礼让 yield
让cpu重新调度,礼让不一定成功
package state;
//测试礼让线程
//礼让不一定成功,看cpu心情
public class TestYield {
public static void main(String[] args) {
MyYield myYield=new MyYield();
new Thread(myYield,"a").start();
new Thread(myYield,"b").start();
}
}
class MyYield implements Runnable{
@Override
public void run() {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+"线程开始执行");
Thread.yield();//礼让
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+"线程停止执行");
}
}
4.线程强制执行 join
插队
package state;
//测试join方法想象成插队
public class TestJoin implements Runnable{
@Override
public void run() {
for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
System.out.println("线程vip来了"+i);
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
//启动我们的线程
TestJoin testJoin=new TestJoin();
Thread thread=new Thread(testJoin);
thread.start();
//主线程
for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
if (i==200){
thread.join();//插队
}
System.out.println("main"+i);
}
}
}
5.线程状态观测
package state;
//观察测试线程的状态
public class TestState {
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
Thread thread=new Thread(()->{
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
try {
Thread.sleep(1000);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
throw new RuntimeException(e);
}
System.out.println("/");
}
});
//观察状态
Thread.State state = thread.getState();
System.out.println(state);
//观察启动后
thread.start();//启动线程
state=thread.getState();
System.out.println(state);//Run
while (state!=Thread.State.TERMINATED){//只要线程不中止
Thread.sleep(100);
state=thread.getState();//更新线程状态
System.out.println(state);//输出状态
}
}
}
6.线程的优先级
线程的优先级只是意味着获得调度的概率
package state;
//测试线程的优先级
public class TestPriority {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//主线程默认优先级
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "--->" + Thread.currentThread().getPriority());
MyPriority myPriority=new MyPriority();
Thread t1=new Thread(myPriority);
Thread t2=new Thread(myPriority);
Thread t3=new Thread(myPriority);
Thread t4=new Thread(myPriority);
Thread t5=new Thread(myPriority);
Thread t6=new Thread(myPriority);
//先设置优先级,再启动
t1.start();
t2.setPriority(1);
t2.start();
t3.setPriority(4);
t3.start();
t4.setPriority(Thread.MAX_PRIORITY);//最大优先级为10,最小优先级为1
t4.start();
}
}
class MyPriority implements Runnable{
@Override
public void run() {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+"--->"+Thread.currentThread().getPriority());
}
}
7.守护线程
package state;
//测试守护线程
//上帝守护你
public class TestDaemon {
public static void main(String[] args) {
God god=new God();
You you=new You();
Thread thread=new Thread(god);
thread.setDaemon(true);//默认是false表示是用户线程,正常的线程都是用户线程
thread.start();//上帝守护线程启动
new Thread(you).start();//用户线程启动
}
}
//上帝
class God implements Runnable{
@Override
public void run() {
while (true) {
System.out.println("上帝保佑着你");
}
}
}
//你
class You implements Runnable{
@Override
public void run() {
for (int i = 0; i < 36500; i++) {
System.out.println("你一生都开心的活着");
}
System.out.println("====goodbyeworld");
}
}
四、线程同步
1.线程同步机制
队列:排队 锁:让队列稳定排序
形成条件:队列+锁(安全性)
锁机制 synchronized
2.三大不安全案例
1.不安全买票
package syn;
//不安全的买票
public class UnsafeBuyTicket {
public static void main(String[] args) {
BuyTicket station=new BuyTicket();
new Thread(station,"我").start();
new Thread(station,"你").start();
new Thread(station,"黄牛").start();
}
}
class BuyTicket implements Runnable{
//票
private int ticketNums=10;
boolean flag=true;//外部停止方式
@Override
public void run() {
//买票
while (flag){
try {
buy();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
throw new RuntimeException(e);
}
}
}
private void buy() throws InterruptedException {
//判断是否有票
if (ticketNums<=0){
flag=false;
return;
}
//模拟延时
Thread.sleep(100);
//买票
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+"拿到"+ticketNums--);
}
}
2.不安全取钱
package syn;
//不安全取钱
//两个人去银行取钱,账户
public class UnsafeBank {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//账户
Account account=new Account(100,"结婚基金");
Drawing you=new Drawing(account,50,"你");
Drawing girlFriend=new Drawing(account,100,"girlFriend");
you.start();
girlFriend.start();
}
}
//账户
class Account{
int money;//余额
String name;//卡名
public Account(int money,String name){
this.money=money;
this.name=name;
}
}
//银行:模拟取款
class Drawing extends Thread{
Account account;//账户
//取了多少钱
int drawingMoney;
//现在手里还有多少钱
int nowMoney;
public Drawing(Account account,int drawingMoney,String name){
super(name);
this.account=account;
this.drawingMoney=drawingMoney;
}
//取钱
@Override
public void run() {
//判断有没有钱
if (account.money-drawingMoney<0){
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+"钱不够,取不了");
return;
}
//sleep可以放大问题的发生性
try {
Thread.sleep(1000);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
throw new RuntimeException(e);
}
//卡内余额=余额-取得钱
account.money=account.money-drawingMoney;
//你手里的钱
nowMoney=nowMoney+drawingMoney;
System.out.println(account.name+"余额为:"+account.money);
System.out.println(this.getName()+"手里的钱"+nowMoney);
}
}
3.线程不安全
package syn;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
//线程不安全的集合
public class UnsafeList {
public static void main(String[] args) {
List<String> list=new ArrayList<String>();
for (int i = 0; i < 10000; i++) {
new Thread(()->{
list.add(Thread.currentThread().getName());
}
).start();
}
System.out.println(list.size());
}
}
4.同步方法及同步块
synchronized(在方法类型上加 public synchronized) 锁的对象就是变化的量
synchronized(锁的对象){} 同步块
5.死锁
package syn;
//解决死锁:一条资源每次只能被一个进程使用
//死锁:多个线程互相抱着对方需要的资源,形成僵持
public class DeadLock {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Makeup g1 = new Makeup(0,"灰姑娘");
Makeup g2=new Makeup(1,"白雪公主");
g1.start();
g2.start();
}
}
//口红
class Lipstick{
}
//镜子
class Mirror{
}
class Makeup extends Thread{
//需要的资源只有一份,用static来保证只有一份
static Lipstick lipstick=new Lipstick();
static Mirror mirror=new Mirror();
int choice;//选择
String girlName;//使用化妆品的人
Makeup(int choice,String girlName){
this.choice=choice;
this.girlName=girlName;
}
@Override
public void run() {
//化妆
try {
makeup();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
throw new RuntimeException(e);
}
}
//化妆,互相持有对方的锁,就是需要拿到对方的资源
private void makeup() throws InterruptedException {
if (choice==0){
synchronized (lipstick){//获得口红的锁
System.out.println(this.girlName+"获得口红的锁");
Thread.sleep(1000);
}
synchronized (mirror){//一秒钟后想获得镜子
System.out.println(this.girlName+"获得镜子的锁");
}
}else {
synchronized (mirror){//获得镜子的锁
System.out.println(this.girlName+"获得镜子的锁");
Thread.sleep(2000);
}
synchronized (lipstick){//一秒钟后想获得口红
System.out.println(this.girlName+"获得口红的锁");
}
}
}
}
6.Lock锁
package syn;
import java.security.spec.PSSParameterSpec;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
//测试Lock锁
public class TestLock {
public static void main(String[] args) {
TestLock2 testLock2=new TestLock2();
new Thread(testLock2).start();
new Thread(testLock2).start();
new Thread(testLock2).start();
}
}
class TestLock2 implements Runnable{
int ticketNums=10;
//定义lock锁
private final ReentrantLock lock=new ReentrantLock();
@Override
public void run() {
while (true){
try {
lock.lock();//加锁
if (ticketNums>0){
try {
Thread.sleep(1000);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
throw new RuntimeException(e);
}
System.out.println(ticketNums--);
}else {
break;
}
}finally {
//解锁
lock.unlock();
}
}
}
}
五、线程协作
1.生产者消费者问题
1.管程法
package gaoji;
//测试:生产者消费者模型--》利用缓冲区解决:管程法
//生产者、消费者、产品、缓冲区
public class TestPC {
public static void main(String[] args) {
SynContainer container=new SynContainer();
new Productor(container).start();
new Consumer(container).start();
}
}
//生产者
class Productor extends Thread {
SynContainer container;
public Productor(SynContainer container){
this.container=container;
}
@Override
public void run() {
for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
try {
container.push(new Chicken(i));
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
throw new RuntimeException(e);
}
System.out.println("生产了"+i+"只鸡");
}
}
}
//消费者
class Consumer extends Thread{
SynContainer container;
public Consumer(SynContainer container){
this.container=container;
}
//消费
@Override
public void run() {
for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
System.out.println("消费了-->"+container.pop().id+"只鸡");
}
}
}
//产品
class Chicken{
int id;//产品编号
public Chicken(int id) {
this.id = id;
}
}
//缓冲区
class SynContainer{
//需要一个容器大小
Chicken[] chickens=new Chicken[10];
//容器计数器
int count=0;
//生产者放入产品
public synchronized void push(Chicken chicken) throws InterruptedException {
//如果容器满了,就需要等待消费者消费
if (count==chickens.length){
//生产等待
this.wait();
}
//如果没有满,就需要投入产品
chickens[count]=chicken;
count++;
//可以通知消费者消费了
}
//消费者消费产品
public synchronized Chicken pop(){
//判断能否消费
if (count==0){
//等待生产者生产
}
//如果可以消费
count--;
Chicken chicken=chickens[count];
//吃完了,,通知生产者生产
return chicken;
}
}
2.信号灯法
2.线程池
package gaoji;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
//测试线程池
public class TestPool {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//1.创建服务,创建线程池
//newFixedThreadPool 参数为:线程池大小
ExecutorService service= Executors.newFixedThreadPool(10);
//执行
service.execute(new MyThread());
service.execute(new MyThread());
service.execute(new MyThread());
service.execute(new MyThread());
//2.关闭链接
service.shutdown();
}
}
class MyThread implements Runnable{
@Override
public void run() {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName());
}
}