Spring简介与IOC容器

一、Spring简介

开源：源码公开、免费试用；

简化：简化企业级开发。

解耦：耦合度降低、可插拔，便于后续维护更新升级拓展。

二、Sping核心模块

 

Spring 框架的这些模块可以满足一切企业级应用开发的需求，在开发过程中可以根据需求有选择性地使用所需要的模块。

官网：Spring | Home

Core 核心模块：提供了 Spring 框架的基本组成部分，包括 IoC 和 DI 功能。

Context 上下文模块：建立在核心和 Beans 模块的基础之上，它是访问定义和配置任何对象的媒介。ApplicationContext 接口是上下文模块的焦点。

三、Spring IOC

1、基础概念

容器：Spring 是一个容器，因为它包含并且管理应用对象的生命周期。

控制反转：IOC (Inversion of Control)，指的是将对象的创建权交给 Spring 去创建。

使用 Spring 之前，对象的创建都是由我们自己在代码中 new 创建。而使用 Spring之后。对象的创建都是由给了 Spring 框架。

IOC (Inversion of Control) 是指在程序开发中，对象实例的创建不再由调用者管理，而是由 Spring 容器创建。Spring 容器会负责控制程序之间的关系，而不是由程序代码直接控制，因此，控制权由程序代码转移到了 Spring 容器中，控制权发生了反转，这就是 Spring 的 IOC 思想。

IOC容器的概念：IOC 容器就是具有依赖注入功能的容器，IOC 容器负责实例化、定位、配置应用程序中的对象及建立这些对象间的依赖。应用程序无需直接在代码中 new 相关的对象，应用程序由 IOC 容器进行组装。在 Spring 中 BeanFactory 是 IOC 容器的实际代表者。

Bean的概念：在 Spring 中，被 Spring 容器所管理的对象称之为”Bean”对象。一个 Spring 的 Bean 对象可以是任何形式的 POJO。

依赖注入：DI (Dependency Injection)，是指依赖的对象不需要手动调用 setXX 方法去设置，而是通过配置赋值。

2、核心API

SpringIOC容器类型：Spring 提供了两种 IoC 容器，分别为 BeanFactory 和 ApplicationContext。

BeanFactory 是基础类型的 IoC 容器。它由org.springframework.beans.facytory.BeanFactory 接口定义，并提供了完整的 IoC服务支持。简单来说， BeanFactory 就是一个管理 Bean 的工厂，它主要负责初始化各种Bean，并调用它们的生命周期方法。

ApplicationContext 是 BeanFactory 的子接口，也被称为应用上下文。

ClassPathXmlApplicationContext：该 类 从 类 路 径 ClassPath 中 寻 找 指 定 的 XML 配 置 文 件 ， 找 到 并 装 载 完 成ApplicationContext 的实例化工作。

<span style="background-color:#f8f8f8"><span style="color:#333333"><span style="color:#000000">ApplicationContext</span> <span style="color:#000000">applicationContext</span> <span style="color:#981a1a">=</span> <span style="color:#770088">new</span>   <span style="color:#000000">ClassPathXmlApplicationContext</span>(<span style="color:#008855">String</span> <span style="color:#000000">configLocation</span>);</span></span>

四、Spring IOC容器的使用

使用Spring之前的痛点：对象自己创建，每次修改源码都需要重新编译，耦合度过高，不便于后续更新升级。

下面以找对象为例。

 

<span style="background-color:#f8f8f8"><span style="color:#333333"><span style="color:#770088">public</span> <span style="color:#770088">interface</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">GirlFriend</span> {
    <span style="color:#008855">void</span> <span style="color:#000000">say</span>();
}</span></span>

实现类：

<span style="background-color:#f8f8f8"><span style="color:#333333"><span style="color:#aa5500">// 吴俊峰找女朋友的标准</span>
<span style="color:#770088">public</span> <span style="color:#770088">class</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">GirlfriendImplWJF</span> <span style="color:#770088">implements</span> <span style="color:#000000">GirlFriend</span>{
    <span style="color:#555555">@Override</span>
    <span style="color:#770088">public</span> <span style="color:#008855">void</span> <span style="color:#000000">say</span>() {
        <span style="color:#000000">System</span>.<span style="color:#000000">out</span>.<span style="color:#000000">println</span>(<span style="color:#aa1111">"小峰峰"</span>);
    }
}</span></span>

实现类2：

<span style="background-color:#f8f8f8"><span style="color:#333333"><span style="color:#aa5500">// 杨涵找女朋友的标准</span>
<span style="color:#770088">public</span> <span style="color:#770088">class</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">GirlfriendImplYh</span> <span style="color:#770088">implements</span> <span style="color:#000000">GirlFriend</span>{
    <span style="color:#555555">@Override</span>
    <span style="color:#770088">public</span> <span style="color:#008855">void</span> <span style="color:#000000">say</span>() {
        <span style="color:#000000">System</span>.<span style="color:#000000">out</span>.<span style="color:#000000">println</span>(<span style="color:#aa1111">"小涵涵"</span>);
    }
}</span></span>

测试：

<span style="background-color:#f8f8f8"><span style="color:#333333"><span style="color:#770088">public</span> <span style="color:#770088">class</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">TestGirlfriend</span> {
    <span style="color:#770088">public</span> <span style="color:#770088">static</span> <span style="color:#008855">void</span> <span style="color:#000000">main</span>(<span style="color:#008855">String</span>[] <span style="color:#000000">args</span>) {
        <span style="color:#aa5500">/*GirlFriend gf = new GirlfriendImplWJF();</span>
        <span style="color:#aa5500">gf.say();*/</span>
        <span style="color:#aa5500">// 任玉涛要换成杨涵的标准，强耦合，每次都需要修改源码，重新编译</span>
        <span style="color:#000000">GirlFriend</span> <span style="color:#000000">gf</span> <span style="color:#981a1a">=</span> <span style="color:#770088">new</span> <span style="color:#000000">GirlfriendImplYh</span>();
        <span style="color:#000000">gf</span>.<span style="color:#000000">say</span>();
    }
}</span></span>

1、搭建项目

2、通过 IOC 容器管理 Bean 对象

2.1 配置主配置文件application_context.xml

 

配置内容如下：

<span style="background-color:#f8f8f8"><span style="color:#333333"><span style="color:#555555"><?xml</span> <span style="color:#555555">version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?></span>
<span style="color:#117700"><</span><span style="color:#117700">beans</span> <span style="color:#0000cc">xmlns</span>=<span style="color:#aa1111">"http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"</span>
       <span style="color:#0000cc">xmlns:xsi</span>=<span style="color:#aa1111">"http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"</span>
       <span style="color:#0000cc">xsi:schemaLocation</span>=<span style="color:#aa1111">"http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd"</span><span style="color:#117700">></span>
    <span style="color:#aa5500"><!--scope属性值：singleton表示单例模式(默认值)，prototype 表示原型--></span>
    <span style="color:#117700"><</span><span style="color:#117700">bean</span> <span style="color:#0000cc">id</span>=<span style="color:#aa1111">"girlFriendWJF"</span> <span style="color:#0000cc">class</span>=<span style="color:#aa1111">"com.dyh.pojo.impl.GirlfriendImplWJF"</span>
          <span style="color:#0000cc">scope</span>=<span style="color:#aa1111">"singleton"</span><span style="color:#117700">></span>
​
    <span style="color:#117700"></</span><span style="color:#117700">bean</span><span style="color:#117700">></span>
    <span style="color:#117700"><</span><span style="color:#117700">bean</span> <span style="color:#0000cc">id</span>=<span style="color:#aa1111">"girlFriendYh"</span> <span style="color:#0000cc">class</span>=<span style="color:#aa1111">"com.dyh.pojo.impl.GirlfriendImplYh"</span>
          <span style="color:#0000cc">scope</span>=<span style="color:#aa1111">"prototype"</span><span style="color:#117700">></span>
​
    <span style="color:#117700"></</span><span style="color:#117700">bean</span><span style="color:#117700">></span>
<span style="color:#117700"></</span><span style="color:#117700">beans</span><span style="color:#117700">></span></span></span>

2.2 测试TestGirlfriendSpringIOC.java

<span style="background-color:#f8f8f8"><span style="color:#333333"><span style="color:#770088">package</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">com</span>.<span style="color:#000000">dyh</span>.<span style="color:#000000">test</span>;
​
<span style="color:#770088">import</span> <span style="color:#000000">com</span>.<span style="color:#000000">dyh</span>.<span style="color:#000000">pojo</span>.<span style="color:#000000">iter</span>.<span style="color:#000000">GirlFriend</span>;
<span style="color:#770088">import</span> <span style="color:#000000">org</span>.<span style="color:#000000">springframework</span>.<span style="color:#000000">context</span>.<span style="color:#000000">ApplicationContext</span>;
<span style="color:#770088">import</span> <span style="color:#000000">org</span>.<span style="color:#000000">springframework</span>.<span style="color:#000000">context</span>.<span style="color:#000000">support</span>.<span style="color:#000000">ClassPathXmlApplicationContext</span>;
​
<span style="color:#770088">public</span> <span style="color:#770088">class</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">TestGirlfriendSpringIOC</span> {
    <span style="color:#770088">public</span> <span style="color:#770088">static</span> <span style="color:#008855">void</span> <span style="color:#000000">main</span>(<span style="color:#008855">String</span>[] <span style="color:#000000">args</span>) {
        <span style="color:#aa5500">// ac 是一个Spring IoC 容器，需要的时候去容器中获取，不需要new</span>
        <span style="color:#000000">ApplicationContext</span> <span style="color:#000000">ac</span> <span style="color:#981a1a">=</span> <span style="color:#770088">new</span> <span style="color:#000000">ClassPathXmlApplicationContext</span>(<span style="color:#aa1111">"application_context.xml"</span>);
        <span style="color:#aa5500">//GirlFriend girlFriend = (GirlFriend) ac.getBean("girlFriendWJF");</span>
        <span style="color:#aa5500">/*GirlFriend girlFriend = (GirlFriend) ac.getBean("girlFriendYh");</span>
        <span style="color:#aa5500">girlFriend.say();</span>
        <span style="color:#aa5500">System.out.println(girlFriend);</span>
        <span style="color:#aa5500">girlFriend = (GirlFriend) ac.getBean("girlFriendYh");</span>
        <span style="color:#aa5500">System.out.println(girlFriend);*/</span>
        <span style="color:#000000">GirlFriend</span> <span style="color:#000000">girlFriend</span> <span style="color:#981a1a">=</span> (<span style="color:#000000">GirlFriend</span>) <span style="color:#000000">ac</span>.<span style="color:#000000">getBean</span>(<span style="color:#aa1111">"girlFriendWJF"</span>);
        <span style="color:#000000">girlFriend</span>.<span style="color:#000000">say</span>();
        <span style="color:#000000">System</span>.<span style="color:#000000">out</span>.<span style="color:#000000">println</span>(<span style="color:#000000">girlFriend</span>);
        <span style="color:#000000">girlFriend</span> <span style="color:#981a1a">=</span> (<span style="color:#000000">GirlFriend</span>) <span style="color:#000000">ac</span>.<span style="color:#000000">getBean</span>(<span style="color:#aa1111">"girlFriendWJF"</span>);
        <span style="color:#000000">System</span>.<span style="color:#000000">out</span>.<span style="color:#000000">println</span>(<span style="color:#000000">girlFriend</span>);
    }
}</span></span>

五、Spring IOC 容器创建 Bean 对象的三种方式

1、通过构造方法创建Bean

上面案例就是，也就是如下配置，会调用GirlfriendImplYh类默认的无参构造方法实实例化对象得到id为girlFriendYh的一个Bean。

<span style="background-color:#f8f8f8"><span style="color:#333333"><span style="color:#117700"><</span><span style="color:#117700">bean</span> <span style="color:#0000cc">id</span>=<span style="color:#aa1111">"girlFriendYh"</span> <span style="color:#0000cc">class</span>=<span style="color:#aa1111">"com.dyh.pojo.impl.GirlfriendImplYh"</span>
          <span style="color:#0000cc">scope</span>=<span style="color:#aa1111">"prototype"</span><span style="color:#117700">></span>
​
    <span style="color:#117700"></</span><span style="color:#117700">bean</span><span style="color:#117700">></span></span></span>

2、通过静态工厂

2.1 静态工厂类

<span style="background-color:#f8f8f8"><span style="color:#333333"><span style="color:#770088">public</span> <span style="color:#770088">class</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">GirlFriendFactory</span> {
    <span style="color:#770088">public</span> <span style="color:#770088">static</span> <span style="color:#000000">Girlfriend</span> <span style="color:#000000">getGirlFriendFJC</span>(){
        <span style="color:#770088">return</span> <span style="color:#770088">new</span> <span style="color:#000000">GirlfriendFJC</span>();
    }
    <span style="color:#770088">public</span> <span style="color:#770088">static</span> <span style="color:#000000">Girlfriend</span> <span style="color:#000000">getGirlFriendCWS</span>(){
        <span style="color:#770088">return</span> <span style="color:#770088">new</span> <span style="color:#000000">GirlfriendCWS</span>();
    }
}</span></span>

2.2 application_context.xml配置

静态工厂内部的方法都为静态方法，静态方法可以通过对象名直接方法，故不需要配置工厂相关的bean，只需要配置class和factory-method，也就是告诉Spring容器创建对象的时候使用那个工厂的哪个静态方法，如下所示：

<span style="background-color:#f8f8f8"><span style="color:#333333">    <span style="color:#aa5500"><!--表示使用静态工厂GirlFriendFactory的getGirlFriendFJC方法创建id为gf_Factory_fjc的对象--></span>
    <span style="color:#117700"><</span><span style="color:#117700">bean</span> <span style="color:#0000cc">id</span>=<span style="color:#aa1111">"gf_Factory_fjc"</span> <span style="color:#0000cc">class</span>=<span style="color:#aa1111">"com.dyh.factory.GirlFriendFactory"</span>
          <span style="color:#0000cc">factory-method</span>=<span style="color:#aa1111">"getGirlFriendFJC"</span><span style="color:#117700">></span>
​
    <span style="color:#117700"></</span><span style="color:#117700">bean</span><span style="color:#117700">></span>
    <span style="color:#117700"><</span><span style="color:#117700">bean</span> <span style="color:#0000cc">id</span>=<span style="color:#aa1111">"gf_Factory_cws"</span> <span style="color:#0000cc">class</span>=<span style="color:#aa1111">"com.dyh.factory.GirlFriendFactory"</span>
          <span style="color:#0000cc">factory-method</span>=<span style="color:#aa1111">"getGirlFriendCWS"</span><span style="color:#117700">></span>
​
    <span style="color:#117700"></</span><span style="color:#117700">bean</span><span style="color:#117700">></span></span></span>

2.3 测试

<span style="background-color:#f8f8f8"><span style="color:#333333"><span style="color:#770088">public</span> <span style="color:#770088">class</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">TestGirlfriendSpringIoC</span> {
    <span style="color:#770088">public</span> <span style="color:#770088">static</span> <span style="color:#008855">void</span> <span style="color:#000000">main</span>(<span style="color:#008855">String</span>[] <span style="color:#000000">args</span>) {
        <span style="color:#000000">ApplicationContext</span> <span style="color:#000000">ac</span> <span style="color:#981a1a">=</span>
                <span style="color:#770088">new</span> <span style="color:#000000">ClassPathXmlApplicationContext</span>(<span style="color:#aa1111">"application_context.xml"</span>);
        <span style="color:#aa5500">// 从Spring IoC容器中获取对象</span>
        <span style="color:#000000">Girlfriend</span> <span style="color:#000000">girlFriend</span>  <span style="color:#981a1a">=</span> (<span style="color:#000000">Girlfriend</span>) <span style="color:#000000">ac</span>.<span style="color:#000000">getBean</span>(<span style="color:#aa1111">"gf_Factory_cws"</span>);
        <span style="color:#000000">girlFriend</span>.<span style="color:#000000">say</span>();
        <span style="color:#000000">System</span>.<span style="color:#000000">out</span>.<span style="color:#000000">println</span>(<span style="color:#000000">girlFriend</span>);
    }
}</span></span>

3、通过动态工厂

3.1 动态工厂

<span style="background-color:#f8f8f8"><span style="color:#333333"><span style="color:#770088">public</span> <span style="color:#770088">class</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">DynamicGirlFriendFactory</span> {
    <span style="color:#770088">public</span> <span style="color:#000000">Girlfriend</span> <span style="color:#000000">getGirlFriendFJC</span>(){
        <span style="color:#770088">return</span> <span style="color:#770088">new</span> <span style="color:#000000">GirlfriendFJC</span>();
    }
    <span style="color:#770088">public</span> <span style="color:#000000">Girlfriend</span> <span style="color:#000000">getGirlFriendCWS</span>(){
        <span style="color:#770088">return</span> <span style="color:#770088">new</span> <span style="color:#000000">GirlfriendCWS</span>();
    }
}</span></span>

3.2 application_context.xml配置

注意动态工厂内部是成员方法，调用成员方法之前，需要先实例化工厂，所以，需要配置工厂的bean。然后通过调用此工厂的方法，实例化得到对应的bean。

<span style="background-color:#f8f8f8"><span style="color:#333333">    <span style="color:#aa5500"><!--配置动态工厂 --></span>
    <span style="color:#117700"><</span><span style="color:#117700">bean</span> <span style="color:#0000cc">id</span>=<span style="color:#aa1111">"dynamicGirlFriendFactory"</span> <span style="color:#0000cc">class</span>=<span style="color:#aa1111">"com.dyh.factory.DynamicGirlFriendFactory"</span><span style="color:#117700">></</span><span style="color:#117700">bean</span><span style="color:#117700">></span>
    <span style="color:#aa5500"><!--通过此动态工厂得到GirlFrend对象--></span>
    <span style="color:#117700"><</span><span style="color:#117700">bean</span> <span style="color:#0000cc">id</span>=<span style="color:#aa1111">"gf_dynFactory_cws"</span> <span style="color:#0000cc">factory-bean</span>=<span style="color:#aa1111">"dynamicGirlFriendFactory"</span> <span style="color:#0000cc">factory-method</span>=<span style="color:#aa1111">"getGirlFriendCWS"</span><span style="color:#117700">></span>
        
    <span style="color:#117700"></</span><span style="color:#117700">bean</span><span style="color:#117700">></span>
    <span style="color:#117700"><</span><span style="color:#117700">bean</span> <span style="color:#0000cc">id</span>=<span style="color:#aa1111">"gf_dynFactory_fjc"</span> <span style="color:#0000cc">factory-bean</span>=<span style="color:#aa1111">"dynamicGirlFriendFactory"</span> <span style="color:#0000cc">factory-method</span>=<span style="color:#aa1111">"getGirlFriendFJC"</span><span style="color:#117700">></span>
        
    <span style="color:#117700"></</span><span style="color:#117700">bean</span><span style="color:#117700">></span></span></span>

3.3 测试TestGirlfriendDynamicFactory

<span style="background-color:#f8f8f8"><span style="color:#333333"><span style="color:#770088">public</span> <span style="color:#770088">class</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">TestGirlfriendDynamicFactory</span> {
    <span style="color:#770088">public</span> <span style="color:#770088">static</span> <span style="color:#008855">void</span> <span style="color:#000000">main</span>(<span style="color:#008855">String</span>[] <span style="color:#000000">args</span>) {
        <span style="color:#000000">ApplicationContext</span> <span style="color:#000000">ac</span> <span style="color:#981a1a">=</span>
                <span style="color:#770088">new</span> <span style="color:#000000">ClassPathXmlApplicationContext</span>(<span style="color:#aa1111">"application_context.xml"</span>);
        <span style="color:#aa5500">// 从Spring IoC容器中获取对象</span>
        <span style="color:#000000">Girlfriend</span> <span style="color:#000000">girlFriend</span> <span style="color:#981a1a">=</span> (<span style="color:#000000">Girlfriend</span>) <span style="color:#000000">ac</span>.<span style="color:#000000">getBean</span>(<span style="color:#aa1111">"gf_dynFactory_fjc"</span>);
        <span style="color:#000000">girlFriend</span>.<span style="color:#000000">say</span>();
        <span style="color:#000000">System</span>.<span style="color:#000000">out</span>.<span style="color:#000000">println</span>(<span style="color:#000000">girlFriend</span>);
    }
}</span></span>

六、在 Spring IOC 容器中获取 Bean 对象的方式

1、通过 id 或 name 获取 Bean 对象

Girlfriend girlFriend = (Girlfriend) ac.getBean("gf_dynFactory_fjc");

2、通过类型获取 Bean 对象

Girlfriend girlFriend = (Girlfriend) ac.getBean(Class clazz);

获取 Bean 对象

<span style="background-color:#f8f8f8"><span style="color:#333333">public class GirlfriendOYY implements Girlfriend {
    @Override
    public void say() {
        System.out.println("OMG");
    }
}</span></span>

配置bean

<span style="background-color:#f8f8f8"><span style="color:#333333"><bean id="gfOYY" class="com.dyh.pojo.impl.GirlfriendOYY"></bean></span></span>

测试

<span style="background-color:#f8f8f8"><span style="color:#333333"><span style="color:#770088">public</span> <span style="color:#770088">class</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">TestGirlfriendGetByClass</span> {
    <span style="color:#770088">public</span> <span style="color:#770088">static</span> <span style="color:#008855">void</span> <span style="color:#000000">main</span>(<span style="color:#008855">String</span>[] <span style="color:#000000">args</span>) {
        <span style="color:#000000">ApplicationContext</span> <span style="color:#000000">ac</span> <span style="color:#981a1a">=</span> <span style="color:#770088">new</span> <span style="color:#000000">ClassPathXmlApplicationContext</span>(<span style="color:#aa1111">"application_context.xml"</span>);
        <span style="color:#aa5500">//GirlfriendFJC bean = ac.getBean(GirlfriendFJC.class);</span>
        <span style="color:#000000">GirlfriendOYY</span> <span style="color:#000000">bean</span> <span style="color:#981a1a">=</span> <span style="color:#000000">ac</span>.<span style="color:#000000">getBean</span>(<span style="color:#000000">GirlfriendOYY</span>.<span style="color:#770088">class</span>);
        <span style="color:#000000">bean</span>.<span style="color:#000000">say</span>();
    }
}</span></span>

运行结果

 

特别注意：通过类型去获取Bean，如果配置文件中配置了多个此类型的bean，容器不知道你要获取哪个，所以，还需要指定bean的id或name属性值。如下操作：

 

原因：

 

总结

1、理解Spring框架的作用，理解IOC（面试题）。

2、代码实现：

<span style="background-color:#f8f8f8"><span style="color:#333333"><span style="color:#000000">ApplicationContext</span> <span style="color:#000000">ac</span> <span style="color:#981a1a">=</span> <span style="color:#770088">new</span> <span style="color:#000000">ClassPathXmlApplicationContext</span>(<span style="color:#aa1111">"application_context.xml"</span>);</span></span>