8.结构体

目录

结构体类型的声明

结构体初始化

结构体成员访问

结构体传参

---

结构体类型的声明

结构是一些值的集合，这些值称为成员变量。结构的每个成员可以是不同类型的变量。        

声明：

struct tag
{
	member - list;
} variable - list;

struct stu
{
	char name[20];
	int age;
	char sex[10];
	float score;
}st1;

结构体成员的类型：标量，数组，指针，结构体

结构体初始化

1.初始化：

#include <stdio.h>
struct stu//定义一个结构体变量
{
	char name[20];
	int age;
	char sex[10];
	float score;
}stu2 = {"lisi",19,"male",78.4},stu3 = { "wangwu",20,"female",78.8 };//处世化结构变量，全局
struct stu stu4 = { "zhaoliu",21,"male",95.2 };
int main()
{
	struct stu stu1 = { "zhangsan",18,"female",98.9 };//初始化结构体变量，局部
	printf("%s %d %s %.1f\n", stu1.name, stu1.age, stu1.sex, stu1.score);
	printf("%s %d %s %.1f\n", stu2.name, stu2.age, stu2.sex, stu2.score);
	printf("%s %d %s %.1f\n", stu3.name, stu3.age, stu3.sex, stu3.score);
	printf("%s %d %s %.1f\n", stu4.name, stu4.age, stu4.sex, stu4.score);
	return 0;
}

2.结构体可以 嵌套初始化：

#include <stdio.h>
struct s
{
	int a;
	char b;
	double c;
};
struct stu
{
	char name[20];
	int age;
	char sex[10];
	double score;
	struct s ss;
}stu2 = { "lisi",19,"male",92.22,{24,'b',24.21} };
struct stu stu3 = { "wangwu",20,"female",93.22,{25,'c',25.21} };
int main()
{
	struct stu stu1 = { "zhangsan",18,"female",91.22,{23,'a',23.21} };
	printf("%s %d %s %.2lf %d %c %.2lf\n", stu1.name, stu1.age, stu1.sex, stu1.score, stu1.ss.a, stu1.ss.b, stu1.ss.c);
	printf("%s %d %s %.2lf %d %c %.2lf\n", stu2.name, stu2.age, stu2.sex, stu2.score, stu2.ss.a, stu2.ss.b, stu2.ss.c);
	printf("%s %d %s %.2lf %d %c %.2lf\n", stu3.name, stu3.age, stu3.sex, stu3.score, stu3.ss.a, stu3.ss.b, stu3.ss.c);
	return 0;
}

 结构体成员访问

三种访问方式

#include <stdio.h>
struct stu
{
	char name[20];
	int age;
	char sex[20];
	double score;
}stu1 = { "zhangsan",18,"female",98.22 };
int main()
{
	struct stu* p = &stu1;
	printf("%s %d %s %.2f\n", stu1.name, stu1.age, stu1.sex, stu1.score);
	printf("%s %d %s %.2f\n", (*p).name, (*p).age, (*p).sex, (*p).score);
	printf("%s %d %s %.2f\n", p->name, p->age, p->sex, p->score);
	return 0;
}

结构体传参

利用函数将结构体打印出来；2种方式，选择传址调用较好，因为传址调用时，在堆栈区中开辟的空间小。而传值调用时，在堆栈中开辟的内存较大，会导致压栈，内存溢出；

#include <stdio.h>
struct S
{
	int arr[1000];
	float f;
	char ch[100];
};
void print(struct S tmp)
{
	int i = 0;
	for (i = 0; i < 10; i++)
	{
		printf("%d ", tmp.arr[i]);//打印结构体成员arr中前10个元素
	}
	printf("\n");
	printf("%f\n", tmp.f);
	printf("%s\n", tmp.ch);
}
int main()
{
	struct S s = { {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}, 5.5f, "hello world" };
	print(s);//将结构体变量传给函数，传值调用
	return 0;
}

 

#include <stdio.h>
struct stu 
{
	int arr[1000];
	float f;
	char ch[20];
}a = { {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10},3.14,"hello world"};
void print(struct stu* a)
{
	for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
	{
		printf("%d ", a->arr[i]);
	}
	printf("\n");
	printf("%.2f\n", a->f);
	printf("%s\n", a->ch);
}
int main()
{
	print(&a);//传址调用
	return 0;
}

#include <stdio.h>
struct stu
{
	int arr[1000];
	float f;
	char ch[20];
}a = { {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10},3.14,"hello world" };
void print(struct stu* a)
{
	for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
	{
		printf("%d ", (*a).arr[i]);
	}
	printf("\n");
	printf("%.2f\n", (*a).f);
	printf("%s\n", (*a).ch);
}
int main()
{
	print(&a);//传址调用
	return 0;
}