前言
广外21级软件工程计算机英语期末复习，考试据说只考前10页的内容
期末考试题型：
1.名词解释
2.翻译
（如果有翻译错误/小道消息/未补充的知识点请评论，祝大家期末科科4.0！）
Chapter 0
1. 名词解释
computer science
It is the discipline that seeks to build a scientific foundation for such topics as computer design,computer programming, information processing, algorithmic solutions of problems, and the algorithmic process itself.
2. 原文翻译
1 Computer science is the discipline that seeks to build a scientific foundation for such topics as computer design, computer programming, information processing, algorithmic solutions of problems, and the algorithmic process itself.
计算机科学是一门旨在为计算机设计，计算机编程，信息处理，问题的算法解决方案以及算法过程本身等主题建立科学基础的学科。
2 It provides the underpinnings for today’s computer applications as well as the foundations for tomorrow’s computing infrastructure.
它为今天的计算机应用提供了基础，也为明天的计算基础设施奠定了基础。
3 This book provides a comprehensive introduction to this science.
本书对这门科学进行了全面的介绍。
4 We will investigate a wide range of topics including most of those that constitute a typical university computer science curriculum.
我们将研究广泛的主题，包括构成典型大学计算机科学课程的大多数主题。
5 We want to appreciate the full scope and dynamics of the field.
我们希望全面了解该领域的范围和动态。
6 Thus, in addition to the topics themselves, we will be interested in their historical development, the current state of research, and prospects for the future.
因此，除了主题本身之外，我们还会对它们的历史发展、研究现状和未来前景感兴趣。
7 Our goal is to establish a functional understanding of computer science—one that will support those who wish to pursue more specialized studies in the science as well as one that will enable those in other fields to
flourish in an increasingly technical society.
我们的目标是建立对计算机科学的功能性理解——这种理解将支持那些希望在科学领域进行更专业研究的人，也将使其他领域的人在日益技术化的社会中蓬勃发展。
3. 单词
discipline n.学科，训练 vt. 训练，处罚
underpinning n.基础材料；基础结构
infrastructure n.基础设施，基础建设
curriculum n.全部课程
scope n.（处理、研究事务的）范围；眼界，见识； v.审视，仔细研究；
dynamics n.动力学、力学
prospect n.前景；期望；眺望处；景象； vi.勘探；勘察 vt.找矿；对…进行仔细调查；
precise adj.清晰的；精确的；正规的；精密
Chapter 1
1. 名词解释
algorithm
a set of steps that defines how a task is performed
program
A representation of an algorithm
programming
The process of developing a program, encoding it in machine-compatible form,and inserting it into a machine
software
Programs, and the algorithms they represent, are collectively referred to as software
hardware
machinery itself, which is known as hardware.
Euclid
Greek mathematician ,who created the Euclidean algorithm, for finding the greatest common divisor of two positive integers.
Kurt Gödel’s incompleteness theorem
Published by Kurt Gödel in the 1930s , this theorem essentially states that in any mathematical theory
encompassing our traditional arithmetic system, there are statements whose truth or falseness cannot be established by algorithmic means.
2. 原文翻译
1. We begin with the most fundamental concept of computer science—that of an algorithm.
我们从计算机科学最基本的概念——算法开始。
Informally, an algorithm is a set of steps that defines how a task is performed. (We will be more precise later in Chapter 5.)
通俗地说，算法是定义任务如何执行的一组步骤。 （稍后我们将在第 5 章中进行更精确的说明。）
2. For example, there are algorithms for cooking (called recipes), for finding your way through a strange city (more commonly called directions), for operating washing machines (usually displayed on the inside of the washer’s lid or perhaps on the wall of a laundromat), for playing music (expressed in the form of sheet music), and for performing magic tricks.
3. Before a machine such as a computer can perform a task, an algorithm for performing that task must be discovered and represented in a form that is compatible with the machine.
在诸如计算机之类的机器可以执行任务之前，必须发现执行该任务的算法并以与机器兼容的形式表示。
4. A representation of an algorithm is called a program.
算法的表示称为程序。
5. For the convenience of humans, computer programs are usually printed on paper or displayed on computer screens.
为了方便人类，计算机程序通常被打印在纸上或显示在计算机屏幕上。
6. For the convenience of machines, programs are encoded in a manner compatible with the technology of the machine.
为了机器的方便，程序以与机器的技术兼容的方式编码。
7. The process of developing a program, encoding it in machine-compatible form,and inserting it into a machine is called programming.
开发一个程序，将其编码为机器兼容的形式，并将其插入机器的过程称为编程。
8. Programs, and the algorithms they represent, are collectively referred to as software, in contrast to the
machinery itself, which is known as hardware.
程序和它们所代表的算法统称为软件，而机器本身则称为硬件。
9. The study of algorithms began as a subject in mathematics.
算法的研究始于数学的一个主题。
10. Indeed, the search for algorithms was a significant activity of mathematicians long before the development of today’s computers.
事实上，在今天的计算机发展之前，寻找算法是数学家的一项重要活动
11. The goal was to find a single set of directions that described how all problems of a particular type could be solved.
目标是找到一个单一的方向，描述如何解决所有特定类型的问题
12. One of the best known examples of this early research is the long division algorithm for finding the quotient of two multiple-digit numbers.
这种早期研究最著名的例子之一是寻找两个多位数的商的长除法算法。
13. Another example is the Euclidean algorithm, discovered by the ancient Greek mathematician Euclid, for finding the greatest common divisor of two positive integers.
另一个例子是欧几里德算法，由古希腊数学家欧几里德发现，用于求两个正整数的最大公约数
14. Once an algorithm for performing a task has been found, the performance of that task no longer requires an understanding of the principles on which the algorithm is based.
一旦找到了执行任务的算法，执行该任务就不再需要理解算法所基于的原理。
15. Instead, the performance of the task is reduced to the process of merely following directions.
相反，任务的执行被简化为仅仅遵循方向的过程。
16. We can follow the long division algorithm to find a quotient or the Euclidean algorithm to find a greatest common divisor without understanding why the algorithm works.
我们可以按照长除法求商，或者按照欧几里德算法求最大公约数，而不需要理解算法的工作原理。
17. In a sense, the intelligence required to solve the problem at hand is encoded in the algorithm.
从某种意义上说，解决当前问题所需的智能被编码在算法中。
18. It is through this ability to capture and convey intelligence (or at least intelligent behavior) by means of algorithms that we are able to build machines that perform useful tasks.
正是通过这种通过算法捕获和传达智能（或至少是智能行为）的能力，我们才能够构建执行有用任务的机器。
19. Consequently, the level of intelligence displayed by machines is limited by the intelligence that can be conveyed through algorithms.
因此，机器显示的智能水平受到可以通过算法传达的智能的限制。
20. We can construct a machine to perform a task only if an algorithm exists for performing that task.
我们可以构造一台机器来执行一项任务，只有当一个算法存在执行该任务。
21. In turn, if no algorithm exists for solving a problem, then the solution of that problem lies beyond the capabilities of machines.
反过来，如果没有算法来解决一个问题，那么这个问题的解决方案就超出了机器的能力。
22. Identifying the limitations of algorithmic capabilities solidified as a subject in mathematics in the 1930s with the publication of Kurt Gödel’s incompleteness theorem.
在20世纪30年代，随着库尔特·哥德尔不完备性定理的发表，确定算法能力的局限性成为数学中的一个主题。
23. This theorem essentially states that in any mathematical theory encompassing our traditional arithmetic system, there are statements whose truth or falseness cannot be established by algorithmic means.
这个定理本质上是说，在任何包含我们传统算术系统的数学理论中，都有一些陈述的真假不能用算法手段来确定。
24. In short, any complete study of our arithmetic system lies beyond the capabilities of algorithmic activities.
简而言之，对我们的算术系统的任何完整的研究都超出了算法活动的能力。
24. This realization shook the foundations of mathematics, and the study of algorithmic capabilities that ensued was the beginning of the field known today as computer science.
这一认识动摇了数学的基础，随之而来的算法能力的研究是今天被称为计算机科学的领域的开始。
25. Indeed, it is the study of algorithms that forms the core of computer science.
事实上，正是对算法的研究构成了计算机科学的核心。
3. 单词
recipe n.菜谱
compatible adj.兼容的，相容的；和谐的，协调的
quotient n.商，商数
multiple adj.多重的；多个的；复杂的；多功能的； n.<数>倍数.
digit n.数字；手指，足趾；一指宽
divisor n.<数>除数；分水设备；因子；
integer n.整数
incompleteness n.不完全；
arithmetic n.算术，计算；算法；
encompass vt.围绕，包围；包含或包括某事物；完成
Chapter 2
1. 名词解释
abacus
beads strung on rods that are in turn mounted in a rectangular frame.As the beads are moved back and forth on the rods, their positions represent stored values.
Blaise Pascal
Data input mechanically by establishing initial gear positions. Pascal’s machine was built to perform only addition.
Charles Babbage
Data input mechanically by establishing initial gear positions.Babbage envisioned machines that would print results of computations on paper so that the possibility of transcription errors would be eliminated.
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
Data input mechanically by establishing initial gear positions.Leibniz’s machine had its algorithms firmly embedded in its architecture and offered a variety of arithmetic operations from which the operator could select.
Ada Lovelace
She published a paper in which she demonstrated how Babbage’s Analytical Engine could be programmed to perform various computations, is often identified today as the world’s first programmer.
Joseph Jacquard
He developed a weaving loom in which the steps to be performed during the weaving process were determined by patterns of holes in large thick cards made of wood (or cardboard).
Herman Hollerith
He applied the concept of representing information as holes in paper cards to speed up the tabulation process in the 1890 U.S. census.
Tommy Flowers (Colossus)
Colossus is a machine made by Tommy Flowers in England to decode German messages during the latter part of World War II.
2. 原文翻译
1. Today’s computers have an extensive genealogy.
今天的计算机有一个广泛的谱系。
2. One of the earlier computing devices was the abacus.
早期的计算设备之一是算盘。
3. History tells us that it most likely had its roots in ancient China and was used in the early Greek and Roman civilizations.
历史告诉我们，它很可能起源于古代中国，并在早期的希腊和罗马文明中得到使用。
4. The machine is quite simple, consisting of beads strung on rods that are in turn mounted in a rectangular frame.
该机器非常简单，由串在杆上的珠子组成，杆又安装在矩形框架中
5. It is in the positions of the beadsthat this “computer” represents and stores data.
这台“计算机”正是在珠子的位置上表示和存储数据。
6. For control of an algorithm’s execution, the machine relies on the human operator.
为了控制算法的执行，机器依赖于人类操作员。
7. Thus the abacus alone is merely a data storage system; it must be combined with a human to create a
complete computational machine.
因此，算盘本身只是一个数据存储系统；它必须与人类结合才能创建一个完整的计算机器。
8. In the time period after the Middle Ages and before the Modern Era the quest for more sophisticated computing machines was seeded.
在中世纪之后和现代之前的时期，人们对更复杂的计算机的追求已经萌芽。
9. A few inventors began to experiment with the technology of gears. Among these were Blaise Pascal
(1623–1662) of France, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646–1716) of Germany, and Charles Babbage (1792–1871) of England.
一些发明家开始尝试齿轮技术。其中包括法国的布莱斯·帕斯卡（Blaise Pascal，1623-1662 年）、德国的戈特弗里德·威廉·莱布尼茨（Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz，1646-1716 年）和英国的查尔斯·巴贝奇（Charles Babbage，1792-1871 年）。
10. These machines represented data through gear positioning, with data being input mechanically by establishing initial gear positions.
这些机器通过齿轮定位来表示数据，通过建立初始齿轮位置来机械地输入数据。
11. Output from Pascal’s and Leibniz’s machines was achieved by observing the final gear positions.
帕斯卡和莱布尼茨机器的输出是通过观察最终的齿轮位置来实现的
12. Babbage, on the other hand, envisioned machines that would print results of computations on paper so that the possibility of transcription errors would be eliminated.
另一方面，巴贝奇设想机器可以将计算结果打印在纸上，从而消除转录错误的可能性。
13. As for the ability to follow an algorithm, we can see a progression of flexibility in these machines.
至于遵循算法的能力，我们可以看到这些机器的灵活性不断提高。
14. Pascal’s machine was built to perform only addition.
帕斯卡的机器仅用于执行加法
15. Consequently, the appropriate sequence of steps was embedded into the structure of the machine itself.
因此，适当的步骤顺序被嵌入到机器本身的结构中。
16. In a similar manner, Leibniz’s machine had its algorithms firmly embedded in its architecture, although it offered a variety of arithmetic operations from which the operator could select.
以类似的方式，莱布尼茨的机器将其算法牢固地嵌入其架构中，尽管它提供了多种算术运算供操作员选择。
17. Babbage’s Difference Engine (of which only a demonstration model was constructed) could be modified to perform a variety of calculations, but his Analytical Engine (the construction for which he never received funding) was designed to read instructions in the form of holes in paper cards.
巴贝奇的差分机（仅构建了一个演示模型）可以进行修改以执行各种计算，但他的分析机（他从未收到过资助的构建）被设计为读取纸卡上的孔形式的指令。
18. Thus Babbage’s Analytical Engine was programmable.
因此，巴贝奇的分析机是可编程的。
19. In fact,Augusta Ada Byron (Ada Lovelace), who published a paper in which she demonstrated how Babbage’s Analytical Engine could be programmed to perform various computations, is often identified today as the world’s first programmer.
事实上，奥古斯塔·艾达·拜伦 (Ada Lovelace) 发表了一篇论文，在论文中演示了如何对巴贝奇的分析引擎进行编程以执行各种计算，如今，她经常被认为是世界上第一位程序员。
20. The idea of communicating an algorithm via holes in paper was not originated by Babbage.
通过纸上的洞来传达算法的想法并不是巴贝奇提出的。
21. He got the idea from Joseph Jacquard (1752–1834), who, in 1801, had developed a weaving loom in which the steps to be performed during the weaving process were determined by patterns of holes in large thick cards made of wood (or cardboard).
他从约瑟夫·雅卡尔（Joseph Jacquard，1752-1834 年）那里得到了这个想法，后者于 1801 年开发了一台织布机，其中编织过程中要执行的步骤由木头（或纸板）制成的大厚卡片上的孔图案决定）
22. In this manner, the algorithm followed by the loom could be changed easily to produce different woven designs.
通过这种方式，可以轻松更改织机遵循的算法以产生不同的编织设计
23. Another beneficiary of Jacquard’s idea was Herman Hollerith (1860–1929), who applied the concept of representing information as holes in paper cards to speed up the tabulation process in the 1890 U.S. census. (It was this work by Hollerith that led to the creation of IBM.)
Jacquard 想法的另一个受益者是 Herman Hollerith（1860-1929 年），他在 1890 年美国人口普查中应用了将信息表示为纸卡上的孔的概念，以加快制表过程。（正是 Hollerith 的这项工作促成了 IBM 的创建。）
24. Such cards ultimately came to be known as punched cards and survived as a popular means of communicating with computers well into the 1970s.
此类卡最终被称为穿孔卡，并作为与计算机通信的流行方式一直延续到 20 世纪 70 年代。
25. Indeed, the technique lives on today, as witnessed by the voting issues raised in the 2000 U.S. presidential election.
事实上，这种技术至今仍然存在，2000 年美国总统选举中提出的投票问题就证明了这一点
26. The technology of the time was unable to produce the complex gear-driven machines of Pascal, Leibniz, and Babbage in a financially feasible manner.
当时的技术无法以经济上可行的方式生产帕斯卡、莱布尼茨和巴贝奇的复杂齿轮驱动机器。
27. But with the advances in electronics in the early 1900s, this barrier was overcome.
但随着 20 世纪 00 年代初电子技术的进步，这一障碍被克服了。
28. Examples of this progress include the electromechanical machine of George Stibitz, completed in 1940 at Bell Laboratories, and the Mark I, completed in 1944 at Harvard University by Howard Aiken and a group of IBM engineers.
这一进步的例子包括 1940 年贝尔实验室完成的 George Stibitz 机电机器和 1944 年由 Howard Aiken 和一组 IBM 工程师在哈佛大学完成设计的 Mark I.
29. These machines made heavy use of electronically controlled mechanical relays.
这些机器大量使用电子控制机械继电器。
30. In this sense they were obsolete almost as soon as they were built, because other researchers were applying the technology of vacuum tubes to construct totally electronic computers.
从这个意义上说，它们几乎一建成就过时了，因为其他研究人员正在应用真空管技术来构建完全电子计算机。
31. The first of these machines was apparently the Atanasoff-Berry machine, constructed during the period from 1937 to 1941 at Iowa State College (now Iowa State University) by John Atanasoff and his assistant, Clifford Berry.
这些机器中的第一台显然是 AtanasoffBerry 机器，由约翰·阿塔纳索夫 (John Atanasoff) 和他的助手克利福德·贝里 (Clifford Berry) 于 1937 年至 1941 年间在爱荷华州立学院（现为爱荷华州立大学）建造。
32. Another was a machine called Colossus, built under the direction of Tommy Flowers in England to decode German messages during the latter part of World War II.(Actually, as many as ten of these machines were apparently built, but military secrecy and issues of national security kept their existence from becoming part of the “computer family tree.”)
另一个是一台名为 Colossus 的机器，是在英国汤米·弗劳尔斯 (Tommy Flowers) 的指导下制造的，用于在第二次世界大战后期解码德国信息。（实际上，显然已经制造了多达十台这样的机器，但军事保密和国家安全问题使它们的存在无法成为“计算机家族树”的一部分。）
33. Other, more flexible machines, such as the ENIAC (electronic numerical integrator and calculator) developed by John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, soon followed.
其他更灵活的机器，例如宾夕法尼亚大学摩尔电气工程学院的 John Mauchly 和 J. Presper Eckert 开发的 ENIAC（电子数值积分器和计算器）很快也随之出现
34. From that point on, the history of computing machines has been closely linked to advancing technology, including the invention of transistors (for which physicists William Shockley, John Bardeen, and Walter Brattain were awarded a Nobel Prize) and the subsequent development of complete circuits constructed as single units, called integrated circuits (for which Jack Kilby also won a Nobel Prize in physics).
从那时起，计算机的历史就与先进技术紧密相连，包括晶体管的发明（物理学家威廉·肖克利、约翰·巴丁和沃尔特·布拉顿因此获得诺贝尔奖）以及随后开发的完整电路作为单个单元，称为集成电路（杰克·基尔比也因此获得了诺贝尔物理学奖）
35. With these developments, the room-sized machines of the 1940s were reduced over the decades to the size of single cabinets.
随着这些发展，20 世纪 40 年代房间大小的机器在几十年内缩小到单个机柜的大小。
36. At the same time, the processing power of computing machines began to double every two years (a trend that has continued to this day).
与此同时，计算机的处理能力开始每两年翻一番（这一趋势一直持续至今）
37. As work on integrated circuitry progressed, many of the circuits within a computer became readily available on the open market as integrated circuits encased in toy-sized blocks of plastic called chips.
随着集成电路研究的进展，计算机内的许多电路在公开市场上很容易获得，因为集成电路被封装在玩具大小的塑料块（称为芯片）中。
38. A major step toward popularizing computing was the development of desktop computers.
普及计算机的一个重要步骤是台式计算机的发展。
39. The origins of these machines can be traced to the computer hobbyists who built homemade computers from combinations of chips.
这些机器的起源可以追溯到计算机爱好者，他们通过芯片组合构建了自制计算机。
40. It was within this “underground” of hobby activity that Steve Jobs and Stephen Wozniak built a
commercially viable home computer and, in 1976, established Apple Computer,Inc. (now Apple Inc.) to manufacture and market their products.
正是在这种“地下”的业余爱好活动中，史蒂夫·乔布斯 (Steve Jobs) 和史蒂芬·沃兹尼亚克 (Stephen Wozniak) 制造了商业上可行的家用电脑，并于 1976 年成立了苹果电脑公司（现为苹果公司）来制造和销售他们的产品。
41. Other companies that marketed similar products were Commodore, Heathkit, and Radio Shack.
其他销售类似产品的公司包括 Commodore、Heathkit 和 Radio Shack。
42. Although these products were popular among computer hobbyists, they were not widely accepted by the business community, which continued to look to the well-established IBM for the majority of its computing needs
尽管这些产品在计算机爱好者中很受欢迎，但它们并没有被商业界广泛接受，商业界仍然依赖成熟的 IBM 来满足其大部分计算需求。
43. In 1981, IBM introduced its first desktop computer, called the personal computer, or PC, whose underlying software was developed by a newly formed company known as Microsoft.
1981年，IBM推出了第一台台式计算机，称为个人计算机，简称PC，其底层软件是由新成立的微软公司开发的。
44. The PC was an instant success and legitimized the desktop computer as an established commodity in the minds of the business community.
PC 立即获得成功，并使台式计算机在商业界的心目中合法化为一种既定商品。
45. Today, the term PC is widely used to refer to all those machines (from various manufacturers) whose design has evolved from IBM’s initial desktop computer, most of which continue to be marketed with software from Microsoft.
如今，PC 一词被广泛用来指代所有那些（来自不同制造商的）其设计从 IBM 最初的台式计算机演变而来的机器，其中大多数继续使用 Microsoft 的软件进行销售。
46. At times, however, the term PC is used interchangeably with the generic terms desktop or laptop.
然而，有时，术语“PC”可与通用术语“台式机”或“笔记本电脑”互换使用。
47. As the twentieth century drew to a close, the ability to connect individual computers in a world-wide system called the Internet was revolutionizing communication.
二十世纪即将结束时，在称为互联网的全球系统中连接个人计算机的能力正在彻底改变通信。
48. In this context, Tim Berners-Lee (a British scientist) proposed a system by which documents stored on computers throughout the Internet could be linked together producing a maze of linked information called the World Wide Web (often shortened to “Web”).
在这种背景下，蒂姆·伯纳斯·李（英国科学家）提出了一种系统，通过该系统可以将整个互联网上计算机上存储的文档链接在一起，产生一个链接信息的迷宫，称为万维网（通常简称为“Web”）。
49. To make the information on the Web accessible,software systems, called search engines, were developed to “sift through” the Web, “categorize” their findings, and then use the results to assist users researching particular topics. Major players in this field are Google, Yahoo, and Microsoft.
为了使网络上的信息易于访问，人们开发了称为搜索引擎的软件系统来“筛选”网络，对他们的发现进行“分类”，然后使用结果来帮助用户研究特定主题。该领域的主要参与者是谷歌、雅虎和微软。
50. These companies continue to expand their Web-related activities, often in directions that challenge our traditional way of thinking.
这些公司继续扩展其与网络相关的活动，常常朝着挑战我们传统思维方式的方向发展。
51. At the same time that desktop computers (and the newer mobile laptop computers) were being accepted and used in homes, the miniaturization of computing machines continued.
在台式电脑（以及较新的移动笔记本电脑）被家庭接受和使用的同时，计算机器的小型化仍在继续。
52. Today, tiny computers are embedded within various devices.
如今，微型计算机被嵌入到各种设备中。
53. For example, automobiles now contain small computers running Global Positioning Systems (GPS), monitoring the function of the engine,and providing voice command services for controlling the car’s audio and phone communication systems.
例如，汽车现在包含运行全球定位系统（GPS）的小型计算机，监控发动机的功能，并提供语音命令服务来控制汽车的音频和电话通信系统。
54. Perhaps the most potentially revolutionary application of computer miniaturization is found in the expanding capabilities of portable telephones.
也许计算机小型化最有潜力的革命性应用是便携式电话功能的扩展。
55. Indeed, what was recently merely a telephone has evolved into a small hand-held general-purpose computer known as a smartphone on which telephony is only one of many applications.
事实上，最近的电话已经发展成为一种小型手持式通用计算机，称为智能手机，电话只是其中的众多应用程序之一。
56. These “phones” are equipped with a rich array of sensors and interfaces including cameras,microphones, compasses, touch screens, accelerometers (to detect the phone’s orientation and motion), and a number of wireless technologies to communicate with other smartphones and computers.
这些“手机”配备了丰富的传感器和接口，包括摄像头、麦克风、指南针、触摸屏、加速计（用于检测手机的方向和运动）以及多种与其他智能手机和计算机通信的无线技术。
57. The potential is enormous. Indeed, many argue that the smartphone will have a greater effect on society than the PC.
潜力是巨大的。事实上，许多人认为智能手机对社会的影响比个人电脑更大。
58. The miniaturization of computers and their expanding capabilities have brought computer technology to the forefront of today’s society.
计算机的小型化及其不断扩展的功能使计算机技术成为当今社会的前沿。
59. Computer technology is so prevalent now that familiarity with it is fundamental to being a member of modern society.
计算机技术现在如此普遍，熟悉它是成为现代社会一员的基础。
60.Computing technology has altered the ability of governments to exert control; had enormous impact on global economics; led to startling advances in scientific research; revolutionized the role of data collection, storage, and applications; provided new means for people to communicate and interact; and has repeatedly challenged society’s status quo.
计算技术改变了政府实施控制的能力；对全球经济产生了巨大影响；导致科学研究取得惊人的进步；彻底改变了数据收集、存储和应用程序的作用；为人们沟通和互动提供了新的手段；并多次挑战社会现状。
61. The result is a proliferation of subjects surrounding computer science, each of which is now a significant field of study in its own right.
其结果是围绕计算机科学的学科激增，现在每个学科本身都成为一个重要的研究领域。
62. Moreover, as with mechanical engineering and physics, it is often difficult to draw a line between these fields and computer science itself.
此外，与机械工程和物理学一样，通常很难在这些领域与计算机科学本身之间划清界限。
63. Thus, to gain a proper perspective, our study will not only cover topics central to the core of computer science but will also explore a variety of disciplines dealing with both applications and consequences of the
science.
因此，为了获得正确的视角，我们的研究不仅涵盖计算机科学核心的核心主题，还将探索涉及科学应用和后果的各种学科。
64. Indeed, an introduction to computer science is an interdisciplinary undertaking.
事实上，计算机科学导论是一项跨学科的事业。
3. 单词
genealogy n.系谱，家系，宗谱；
bead n.有孔小珠，念珠；水珠，露珠；珠子项链； vt.用小珠装饰；使成串珠状； vi.形成珠状；起泡
execution n.实行，履行，执行，贯彻；作成，完成，签名盖印使法律文件生效，执行法律
rod n.杆，拉杆；惩罚，体罚；（责打人用的）棍棒；手枪
mechanically adv.机械方面地；机械地；物理上地；呆板地
envision vt.设想；想象；预想
eliminate vt.排除，消除；淘汰；除掉；<口>干掉；
tabulation n.作表，表格；表列结果；列表；造表；
census n.人口普查，统计；人口财产调查；
punch v.用拳猛击；（用压穿器）穿孔，冲孔；挤；按（键），压（按钮）； n.重拳击打；打孔机；冲床；影响力；
feasible adj.可行的；可用的；可实行的；可能的；
vacuum n.真空；空白；空虚；清洁； v.用真空吸尘器清扫
tube n.管，管状物；电子管；地铁；电视机； vt.把…装管；把…弄成管状；用管输送； vi.乘地铁；不及格；
obsolete adj.废弃的；老式的，已过时的；[生]已废退的； n.废词；被废弃的事物； vt.淘汰；废弃；
circuit n.电路，线路；巡回；唤醒，环形道；〔电〕电流； vt.巡回，周游；
integrated adj.完整的；整体的；结合的；（各组成部分）和谐的；
commercially adv.商业上，通商上；
quo 维持现状；
Chapter 3
1. 原文翻译
1. Conditions such as limited data storage capabilities and intricate, time-consuming programming procedures restricted the complexity of the algorithms utilized in early computing machines.
有限的数据存储能力和复杂、耗时的编程过程等条件限制了早期计算机中使用的算法的复杂性。
2. However, as these limitations began to disappear, machines were applied to increasingly larger and more complex tasks.
然而，随着这些限制开始消失，机器被应用于越来越大、越来越复杂的任务。
3. As attempts to express the composition of these tasks in algorithmic form began to tax the abilities of the human mind, more and more research efforts were directed toward the study of algorithms and the programming process.
随着以算法形式表达这些任务的组成的尝试开始对人类思维的能力造成负担，越来越多的研究工作转向算法和编程过程的研究。
4. It was in this context that the theoretical work of mathematicians began to pay dividends.
正是在这种背景下，数学家的理论工作开始得到回报。
5. As a consequence of Gödel’s incompleteness theorem, mathematicians had already been investigating those questions regarding algorithmic processes that advancing technology was now raising.
由于哥德尔不完备定理，数学家们已经开始研究那些与先进技术正在提出的算法过程有关的问题。
6. With that, the stage was set for the emergence of a new discipline known as computer science.
至此，计算机科学这一新学科的出现就奠定了基础。
7. Today, computer science has established itself as the science of algorithms. The scope of this science is broad, drawing from such diverse subjects as mathematics, engineering, psychology, biology, business administration, and linguistics.
如今，计算机科学已成为算法科学。这门科学的范围很广泛，涉及数学、工程学、心理学、生物学、工商管理和语言学等不同学科。
8. Indeed, researchers in different branches of computer science may have very distinct definitions of the science.
事实上，计算机科学不同分支的研究人员可能对科学有非常不同的定义。
9. For example, a researcher in the field of computer architecture may focus on the task of miniaturizing circuitry and thus view computer science as the advancement and application of technology. But, a researcher in the field of database systems may see computer science as seeking ways to make information systems more useful.
例如，计算机体系结构领域的研究人员可能专注于电路小型化的任务，因此将计算机科学视为技术的进步和应用。但是，数据库系统领域的研究人员可能会将计算机科学视为寻求使信息系统更有用的方法。
10. But, a researcher in the field of database systems may see computer science as seeking ways to make information systems more useful.
但是，数据库系统领域的研究人员可能会将计算机科学视为寻求使信息系统更有用的方法。
11. And, a researcher in the field of artificial intelligence may regard computer science as the study of intelligence and intelligent behavior.
并且，人工智能领域的研究人员可能将计算机科学视为对智能和智能行为的研究。
12. Thus, an introduction to computer science must include a variety of topics, which is a task that we will pursue in the following chapters.
并且，人工智能领域的研究人员可能将计算机科学视为对智能和智能行为的研究。
13. In each case, our goal will be to introduce the central ideas in the subject, the current topics of research, and some of the techniques being applied to advance knowledge in the area.
在每种情况下，我们的目标都是介绍该主题的中心思想、当前的研究主题以及用于推进该领域知识的一些技术。
14. With such a variety of topics, it is easy to lose track of the overall picture.
主题如此多样，很容易失去整体情况。
15. We therefore pause to collect our thoughts by identifying some questions that provide a focus for its study.
因此，我们停下来，通过确定一些为其研究提供重点的问题来收集我们的想法。
16. Which problems can be solved by algorithmic processes?
哪些问题可以通过算法过程解决？
17. How can the discovery of algorithms be made easier?
如何才能使算法的发现变得更加容易？
18. How can the techniques of representing and communicating algorithms be improved?
如何改进表示和通信算法的技术？
19. How can the characteristics of different algorithms be analyzed and compared?
如何分析比较不同算法的特点？
20. How can algorithms be used to manipulate information?
如何使用算法来操纵信息？
21. How can algorithms be applied to produce intelligent behavior?
如何应用算法来产生智能行为？
22. How does the application of algorithms affect society?
算法的应用如何影响社会？
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