目录
EDVAC: The Stored Program Computer(存储程序计算机)
Computer Organisation vs Architecture
计算机发展历史
Question1:How many ways are there to represent information?
Typical ways include base 2, base 8, base 16 and base 256.
Question 2:Who is considered the world's first programmer?
What are the main contributions she made in programming?
Ada Lovelace is considered the world's first programmer(第一程序员).
(1) She came up with an algorithm(运算法则) that would calculate Bernoulli numbers(伯努利数) that was designed to work with Babbage's machine(巴贝奇机);
(2) She outlined(概述) many fundamentals of programming, such as data analysis, looping and memory addressing(内存地址).
Question 3 :Who invented the world‘s first programmable computer(第一台可编程机器)?
A German engineer whowas named Konrad Zuse.
Question 4:What was the first computerbug? Who coined(创造) the word debugging(调试)?
Grace Hopper discovered the first computer bug, a dead moth(一只死去的飞蛾)blocking one of the reading holes of the machine.Hopper is also credited withcoining the word debugging.
Question 5:
What does ENIAC stand for?
ENIAC stands for Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer(电子数字 集成商和计算机。).
ENIAC
The first general purpose digital computer (通用数字计算机)
Atanasoff– Berry Computer,ABC计算机
Colossus computer
ENIAC(通用数字计算机)
The first general purpose digital computer(第一台通用数字计算机)
ENIAC was built at the University of Pennsylvania between 1943 and 1946.
ENIAC weighed 30 tons and covered an area of about 1,800 square feet
ENIAC could perform 5,000 additions in onesecond.
Question 6: How many tubes did ENIAC have?
How many of those tubes would burn out each day?
ENIAC had 18000 tubes, where roughly 50 would burn out (烧坏) per day.
Programming the ENIAC
To program a modern computer, you type out a program with statements like:
Circumference = 3.14 * diameter
To perform this computation on ENIAC you had to rearrange part of the hardware(重新安排部件).
Question 7: When was the first hard drive(硬盘) introduced?
The first hard drive was introduced by IBM in 1957.
Question 8:What is Assembly(汇编) used for?
Assembly is a way to communicate with the machine in pseudo-English (伪英语)instead of
machine language (i.e., binary 即二进制).
Question 9: Who developed the first computer compiler?
Grace Hopper
task:
Digital / Mechanical | Binary / Decimal | Programmable | Stored-program | ||
Z1 (computer) | Mechanical | Binary | Y | N | |
Atanasoff– Berry computer | Digital | Binary | N | N | |
Colossus computer | Digital | Binary | Y | N | |
ENIAC | Digital | Decimal | Y | N | |
EDVAC | Digital | Binary | Y | Y |
EDVAC: The Stored Program Computer(存储程序计算机)
In1945,John von Neumann presented his idea of a computer that would store computer instructions in a memory unit(将计算机指令存储在一个存储单元中)
Von Neumann Architecture
Question 10:What is a stored-program(存储计算机) computer? Why is it so useful?
A stored-program computer is a computer that stores program instructions in electronically(电子) or optically(光学) accessible memory(可访问的内存中).
This contrasts with systems that stored the program instructions with plugboards (插件板)or similar mechanisms(类似机制). Stored-program provides an efficient and less error-prone(有效的和更不易出错) way to reprogram a computer.
Question 11 : What is von Neumann architecture(冯·诺伊曼架构)?
The von Neumann architecture —also known as the von Neumann model or Princeton architecture — is a computer architecture(计算机架构) based on a 1945 description by John von Neumann and others in the First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC(在EDVAC中描述).That document describes a design architecture for an electronic digital computer with these components:
A processing unit (处理单元)that contains an arithmetic logic unit(算数逻辑单元) and processor registers(处理器寄存单元)
A control unit(控制单元) that contains an instruction register(指令寄存器) and program counter(程序计数器)
Memory that stores data and instructions (存储数据和指令的内存)
Input and output mechanisms
External mass storage(外部大容量存储器)
Question 12: What is Harvard architecture? How does it differ from von Neumann architecture?
The Harvard architecture is a computer architecture with separate storage (独立存储器)and signal pathways(信号通路) for instructions and data.
Itcontrasts with the von Neumann architecture, where program instructions and data share the same memory and pathways.A Harvard architecture computer can thus be faster for a given circuit complexity(对于给定的电路复杂度,要更快) because instruction fetches and data access(指令获取和数据访问) do not contend for a single memory pathway(不争夺单一的内存路径指令获取和数据访问).
Computer Organisation vs Architecture
Computer architecture — those attributes(属性) of a system visible to a programmer
instruction set (指令系统)
the number of bits used to represent various data types
I/O mechanisms (输入输出机构)
techniques for addressing memory(寻址存储器)
...
Computer organization — the operational units and their interconnections that realize the architectural specifications
control signals
interfaces between the computer and peripherals(外围设置)
the memory technology used(使用的存储器技术)
……
Instruction set architecture, ISA(指令集架构)
instruction formats
instruction opcodes(操作码)
Registers
instruction and data memory
the effect of executed instructions on the registers and memory
an algorithm for controlling instruction execution ➢ ……