计算机组织与架构期末复习总结--ASCll、奇偶校验

目录

ASCII

ASCII Table

Characters string

Parity（奇偶校验）

Even Parity

Odd Parity

Parity Block（奇偶校验快）

Task1

Task2

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ASCII

 The most common encoding (最常见的编码)is ASCII.

 ASCII uses 7 bits to encode most characters in widespread use long, long ago. (It dates from the 1960s).

 Question: If it uses 7 bits, how many distinct characters can be represented?

 (Aside: There is a thing called ASCIIbetical order.)

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ASCII Table

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                                                3-0位                  ASCII Table               6-4位                

	000	001	010		011	100	101	110	111
0000	NUL	DEL	SP		0	@	P	`	p
0001	SOH	DC1	!		1	A	Q	a	q
0010	STX	DC2	"		2	B	R	b	r
0011	ETX	DC3	#		3	C	S	c	s
0100	EOT	DC4	$		4	D	T	d	t
0101	ENQ	NAK	%		5	E	U	e	u
0110	ACK	SYN	&		6	F	V	f	v
0111	BEL	ETB	'		7	G	W	g	w
1000	BS	CAN	(		8	H	X	h	x
1001	HT	EM	)		9	I	Y	i	y
1010	LF	SUB	*		:	J	Z	j	z
1011	VT	ESC	+		;	K	[	k	{
1100	FF	FS	,		<	L	\	1
1101	CR	GS	-		=	M	]	m	}
1110	SO	RS			>	N	^	n	~
1111	SI	US	/		?	O	_	o	DEL

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Characters string

Other encodings

Unicode includes many, many characters and has begun to replace ASCII in many applications. (ASCII is incorporated into Unicode).（ASCII被并入Unicode）

Extended ASCII uses 8 bits to include additional characters.（扩展的ASCII使用8位来包含附加的字符）

       

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Parity（奇偶校验）

 A useful feature of 7-bit ASCII is that it allows primitive error checking on transmissions（对传输进行原始错误检查）.

 Parity refers to a sender and receiver agreeing that any character transmitted will always  contain an odd or even number of 1s.

 If the receiver sees a pattern that breaks this rule, it can reject the data, or request  retransmission.

Even Parity

Example using even parity.

 'A' is ASCII 6510  .

 Convert 6510 to 10000012  (note 7 bits).

 Bit pattern to send is 01000001 to maintain even parity.（实现偶数奇偶校验）

 Receiver sees an even number of 1s（接收器看到的偶数为1）, so knows all   is well. (If the receiver sees, say, 01000000 it knows something has gone wrong, but cannot determine  what.)

Odd Parity

 Example using odd parity.

 'A' is ASCII 6510  .

 Convert 6510 to 10000012  (note 7 bits).

 Bit pattern to send is 11000001 to achieve odd parity.（实现奇数奇偶校验）

 Receiver sees an odd number of 1s（接收器看到的奇数为1）, so knows all is well.(If the receiver sees, say, 11001001 it knows   something has gone wrong, but cannot determine what.)

Parity Block（奇偶校验快）

Send "ab" together in a parity block using even parity.

 'a' is 1100001.

 'b' is 1100010.

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Task1

 What bytes will be transmitted when sending “CFS” in  standardASCII encoding using odd parity （奇数校验）over the network?

 ANS: The following bytes will be transmitted:

        01000011, 01000110, 11010011.

C	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	1
S	0	1	0	0	0	1	1	0
F	1	1	0	1	0	0	1	1

what is the parity byte if we transmit    “CFS”？

in a parity block using the same parity scheme?  ANS: The parity byte is 00101001.

0	1	0	0	0	0	1	1
0	1	0	0	0	1	1	0
1	1	0	1	0	0	1	1
0	0	1	0	1	0	0	1

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Task2

Suppose that an even parity scheme is used. The  receiver sees the below parity block that sends two characters over. What are the two most likely  characters being sent?

1	1	1	0	1	0	0	0
0	1	1	0	0	0	0	1
1	0	0	0	0	0	0	1

ANS: The two most likely characters sent over should be “hi”.

According to the given parity block, we can see that there is something wrong with the

second byte,  which contains only an odd number of 1s

1	1	1	0	1	0	0	0
0	1	1	0	0	0	0	1
1	0	0	0	0	0	0	1

We can also see that there is something wrong with the fifth column from the left-hand side,

which contains only an odd number of 1s

1	1	1	0	1	0	0	0
0	1	1	0	0	0	0	1
1	0	0	0	0	0	0	1

Then we can infer that it is mostly likely that the bit in the cell at row 2 and column 5 has been altered  during transmission.

1	1	1	0	1	0	0	0
0	1	1	0	0	0	0	1
1	0	0	0	0	0	0	1

Therefore, the original parity block should be the following with a very high probability:

1	1	1	0	1	0	0	0
0	1	1	0	1	0	0	1
1	0	0	0	0	0	0	1

 Then we can infer that the two most likely characters  sent over should be ‘h’ (01101000) and ‘i’ (01101001).