2024年3月28日 Linux命令、nginx应用学习
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文章目录
查看文件内容
[*cat* - 连接多个文件并打印到标准输出。]
-n, --number 对所有行编号，从1开始编号。
-A, 查看文件内容，并显示控制字符(空格、制表符)，可以看文件内容最后是否多出一些看不到的信息
# 仅查看文件内容，以绝对路径的方式
[root@bogon ~]# cat /etc/passwd
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin
lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin
sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync
shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown
halt:x:7:0:halt:/sbin:/sbin/halt
mail:x:8:12:mail:/var/spool/mail:/sbin/nologin
operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin
games:x:12:100:games:/usr/games:/sbin/nologin
ftp:x:14:50:FTP User:/var/ftp:/sbin/nologin
nobody:x:99:99:Nobody:/:/sbin/nologin
systemd-network:x:192:192:systemd Network Management:/:/sbin/nologin
dbus:x:81:81:System message bus:/:/sbin/nologin
polkitd:x:999:998:User for polkitd:/:/sbin/nologin
sshd:x:74:74:Privilege-separated SSH:/var/empty/sshd:/sbin/nologin
postfix:x:89:89::/var/spool/postfix:/sbin/nologin
ntp:x:38:38::/etc/ntp:/sbin/nologin
# 以相对路径的方式
[root@bogon ~]# cd /etc/
[root@bogon etc]# cat passwd
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin
lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin
sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync
shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown
halt:x:7:0:halt:/sbin:/sbin/halt
mail:x:8:12:mail:/var/spool/mail:/sbin/nologin
operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin
games:x:12:100:games:/usr/games:/sbin/nologin
ftp:x:14:50:FTP User:/var/ftp:/sbin/nologin
nobody:x:99:99:Nobody:/:/sbin/nologin
systemd-network:x:192:192:systemd Network Management:/:/sbin/nologin
dbus:x:81:81:System message bus:/:/sbin/nologin
polkitd:x:999:998:User for polkitd:/:/sbin/nologin
sshd:x:74:74:Privilege-separated SSH:/var/empty/sshd:/sbin/nologin
postfix:x:89:89::/var/spool/postfix:/sbin/nologin
ntp:x:38:38::/etc/ntp:/sbin/nologin
# 查看文件内容，并显示行号： -n
[root@bogon ~]# cat -n /etc/passwd
1 root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
2 bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
3 daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
4 adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin
5 lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin
6 sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync
7 shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown
8 halt:x:7:0:halt:/sbin:/sbin/halt
9 mail:x:8:12:mail:/var/spool/mail:/sbin/nologin
10 operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin
11 games:x:12:100:games:/usr/games:/sbin/nologin
12 ftp:x:14:50:FTP User:/var/ftp:/sbin/nologin
13 nobody:x:99:99:Nobody:/:/sbin/nologin
14 systemd-network:x:192:192:systemd Network Management:/:/sbin/nologin
15 dbus:x:81:81:System message bus:/:/sbin/nologin
16 polkitd:x:999:998:User for polkitd:/:/sbin/nologin
17 sshd:x:74:74:Privilege-separated SSH:/var/empty/sshd:/sbin/nologin
18 postfix:x:89:89::/var/spool/postfix:/sbin/nologin
19 ntp:x:38:38::/etc/ntp:/sbin/nologin
# 查看文件内容，并查看控制字符（换行符/制表符/空格）
[root@bogon ~]# cat -A /etc/passwd
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash$
bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin$
daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin$
adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin$
lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin$
sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync$
shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown$
halt:x:7:0:halt:/sbin:/sbin/halt$
mail:x:8:12:mail:/var/spool/mail:/sbin/nologin$
operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin$
games:x:12:100:games:/usr/games:/sbin/nologin$
ftp:x:14:50:FTP User:/var/ftp:/sbin/nologin$
nobody:x:99:99:Nobody:/:/sbin/nologin$
systemd-network:x:192:192:systemd Network Management:/:/sbin/nologin$
dbus:x:81:81:System message bus:/:/sbin/nologin$
polkitd:x:999:998:User for polkitd:/:/sbin/nologin$
sshd:x:74:74:Privilege-separated SSH:/var/empty/sshd:/sbin/nologin$
postfix:x:89:89::/var/spool/postfix:/sbin/nologin$
ntp:x:38:38::/etc/ntp:/sbin/nologin$
[*head* - 显示文件的开头部分。]
-n, --lines=[-]NUM 显示前NUM行而不是默认的10行；如果NUM前有"-"，那么会打印除了文件末尾的NUM行以外的其他行。
# 默认显示文件的前十行
[root@bogon ~]# head /var/log/messages
Mar 13 03:46:01 bogon systemd: Removed slice User Slice of root.
Mar 13 04:01:01 bogon systemd: Created slice User Slice of root.
Mar 13 04:01:01 bogon systemd: Started Session 102 of user root.
Mar 13 04:01:01 bogon systemd: Removed slice User Slice of root.
Mar 13 05:01:01 bogon systemd: Created slice User Slice of root.
Mar 13 05:01:01 bogon systemd: Started Session 103 of user root.
Mar 13 05:01:01 bogon systemd: Removed slice User Slice of root.
Mar 13 06:01:01 bogon systemd: Created slice User Slice of root.
Mar 13 06:01:01 bogon systemd: Started Session 104 of user root.
Mar 13 06:01:01 bogon systemd: Removed slice User Slice of root.
# /var/log/messages 显示该文件的前20行
[root@bogon ~]# head -n 20 /var/log/messages
[*tail* - 在屏幕上显示指定文件的末尾若干行]-n, --line=NUM 输出文件的尾部NUM（NUM位数字）行内容。
-n, --line=NUM 输出文件的尾部NUM（NUM位数字）行内容。
-f, 显示文件最新追加的内容。
# # 默认显示文件的后十行
[root@bogon ~]# tail /var/log/messages
Mar 15 13:01:01 bogon systemd: Created slice User Slice of root.
Mar 15 13:01:01 bogon systemd: Started Session 162 of user root.
Mar 15 13:01:01 bogon systemd: Removed slice User Slice of root.
Mar 15 13:03:45 bogon kernel: perf: interrupt took too long (3160 > 3131), lowering kernel.perf_event_max_sample_rate to 63000
Mar 15 14:01:01 bogon systemd: Created slice User Slice of root.
Mar 15 14:01:01 bogon systemd: Started Session 163 of user root.
Mar 15 14:01:01 bogon systemd: Removed slice User Slice of root.
Mar 15 14:04:24 bogon systemd: Created slice User Slice of root.
Mar 15 14:04:24 bogon systemd: Started Session 164 of user root.
Mar 15 14:04:24 bogon systemd-logind: New session 164 of user root.
# /var/log/messages 显示该文件的后20行
[root@bogon ~]# tail -n 20 /var/log/messages
# 动态查看文件的尾部
[root@bogon ~]# tail -f /var/log/messages
Linux管道符（使用竖线符号“|”）的主要作用是连接两个命令，使得第一个命令的输出成为第二个命令的输入
将yum切换到国内阿里yum克隆源
## 将系统自带的yum源进行备份
[root@bogon ~]# cd /etc/yum.repos.d/
[root@bogon yum.repos.d]# ls
CentOS-Base.repo CentOS-Debuginfo.repo CentOS-Media.repo CentOS-Vault.repo epel.repo
CentOS-CR.repo CentOS-fasttrack.repo CentOS-Sources.repo CentOS-x86_64-kernel.repo epel-testing.repo
[root@bogon yum.repos.d]# mkdir backup
[root@bogon yum.repos.d]# mv *.repo backup/
## 配置阿里云的yum源
## 网站：https://developer.aliyun.com/mirror/
## 下载基础yum源
[root@bogon ~]# curl -o /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo https://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/Centos-7.repo
## 下载扩展yum源
[root@bogon ~]# curl -o /etc/yum.repos.d/epel.repo https://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/epel-7.repo
## 清理yum源缓存
[root@bogon ~]# yum clean all
## 重新加载新的yum源缓存
[root@bogon ~]# yum makecache
## 显示当前系统中所有的yum源仓库
[root@bogon yum.repos.d]# yum repolist
配置yum源
rpm exe apk
# 将系统自带的yum源进行备份
[root@bogon ~]# cd /etc/yum.repos.d/
[root@bogon yum.repos.d]# ls
CentOS-Base.repo CentOS-Debuginfo.repo CentOS-Media.repo CentOS-Vault.repo epel.repo
CentOS-CR.repo CentOS-fasttrack.repo CentOS-Sources.repo CentOS-x86_64-kernel.repo epel-testing.repo
[root@bogon yum.repos.d]# mkdir backup
[root@bogon yum.repos.d]# mv *.repo backup/
# 配置阿里云的yum源
# 网站：https://developer.aliyun.com/mirror/
# 下载基础yum源
[root@bogon ~]# curl -o /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo https://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/Centos-7.repo
# 下载扩展yum源
[root@bogon ~]# curl -o /etc/yum.repos.d/epel.repo https://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/epel-7.repo
# 清理yum源缓存
[root@bogon ~]# yum clean all
# 重新加载新的yum源缓存
[root@bogon ~]# yum makecache
# 显示当前系统中所有的yum源仓库
[root@bogon yum.repos.d]# yum repolist
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: mirrors.aliyun.com
* extras: mirrors.aliyun.com
* updates: mirrors.aliyun.com
repo id repo name status
base/7/x86_64 CentOS-7 - Base - mirrors.aliyun.com 10,072
epel/x86_64 Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 7 - x86_64 13,786
extras/7/x86_64 CentOS-7 - Extras - mirrors.aliyun.com 519
updates/7/x86_64 CentOS-7 - Updates - mirrors.aliyun.com 5,766
repolist: 30,143
安装web服务：nginx
# 安装nginx
[root@bogon ~]# yum install -y nginx
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: mirrors.aliyun.com
* extras: mirrors.aliyun.com
* updates: mirrors.aliyun.com
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package nginx.x86_64 1:1.20.1-10.el7 will be installed
--> Processing Dependency: nginx-filesystem = 1:1.20.1-10.el7 for package: 1:nginx-1.20.1-10.el7.x86_64
--> Processing Dependency: libcrypto.so.1.1(OPENSSL_1_1_0)(64bit) for package: 1:nginx-1.20.1-10.el7.x86_64
--> Processing Dependency: libssl.so.1.1(OPENSSL_1_1_0)(64bit) for package: 1:nginx-1.20.1-10.el7.x86_64
--> Processing Dependency: libssl.so.1.1(OPENSSL_1_1_1)(64bit) for package: 1:nginx-1.20.1-10.el7.x86_64
--> Processing Dependency: nginx-filesystem for package: 1:nginx-1.20.1-10.el7.x86_64
--> Processing Dependency: redhat-indexhtml for package: 1:nginx-1.20.1-10.el7.x86_64
--> Processing Dependency: libcrypto.so.1.1()(64bit) for package: 1:nginx-1.20.1-10.el7.x86_64
--> Processing Dependency: libprofiler.so.0()(64bit) for package: 1:nginx-1.20.1-10.el7.x86_64
--> Processing Dependency: libssl.so.1.1()(64bit) for package: 1:nginx-1.20.1-10.el7.x86_64
--> Running transaction check
---> Package centos-indexhtml.noarch 0:7-9.el7.centos will be installed
---> Package gperftools-libs.x86_64 0:2.6.1-1.el7 will be installed
---> Package nginx-filesystem.noarch 1:1.20.1-10.el7 will be installed
---> Package openssl11-libs.x86_64 1:1.1.1k-7.el7 will be installed
--> Finished Dependency Resolution
Dependencies Resolved
===========================================================================================================================================================
Package Arch Version Repository Size
===========================================================================================================================================================
Installing:
nginx x86_64 1:1.20.1-10.el7 epel 588 k
Installing for dependencies:
centos-indexhtml noarch 7-9.el7.centos base 92 k
gperftools-libs x86_64 2.6.1-1.el7 base 272 k
nginx-filesystem noarch 1:1.20.1-10.el7 epel 24 k
openssl11-libs x86_64 1:1.1.1k-7.el7 epel 1.5 M
Transaction Summary
===========================================================================================================================================================
Install 1 Package (+4 Dependent packages)
Total download size: 2.4 M
Installed size: 6.7 M
Downloading packages:
(1/5): centos-indexhtml-7-9.el7.centos.noarch.rpm | 92 kB 00:00:00
(2/5): nginx-filesystem-1.20.1-10.el7.noarch.rpm | 24 kB 00:00:00
(3/5): gperftools-libs-2.6.1-1.el7.x86_64.rpm | 272 kB 00:00:00
(4/5): nginx-1.20.1-10.el7.x86_64.rpm | 588 kB 00:00:01
(5/5): openssl11-libs-1.1.1k-7.el7.x86_64.rpm | 1.5 MB 00:00:03
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total 655 kB/s | 2.4 MB 00:00:03
Running transaction check
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded
Running transaction
Installing : 1:openssl11-libs-1.1.1k-7.el7.x86_64 1/5
Installing : 1:nginx-filesystem-1.20.1-10.el7.noarch 2/5
Installing : centos-indexhtml-7-9.el7.centos.noarch 3/5
Installing : gperftools-libs-2.6.1-1.el7.x86_64 4/5
Installing : 1:nginx-1.20.1-10.el7.x86_64 5/5
Verifying : gperftools-libs-2.6.1-1.el7.x86_64 1/5
Verifying : centos-indexhtml-7-9.el7.centos.noarch 2/5
Verifying : 1:nginx-filesystem-1.20.1-10.el7.noarch 3/5
Verifying : 1:nginx-1.20.1-10.el7.x86_64 4/5
Verifying : 1:openssl11-libs-1.1.1k-7.el7.x86_64 5/5
Installed:
nginx.x86_64 1:1.20.1-10.el7
Dependency Installed:
centos-indexhtml.noarch 0:7-9.el7.centos gperftools-libs.x86_64 0:2.6.1-1.el7 nginx-filesystem.noarch 1:1.20.1-10.el7
openssl11-libs.x86_64 1:1.1.1k-7.el7
Complete!
# 启动nginx
[root@bogon ~]# nginx
# 验证nginx服务是否启动成功, 看到 LISTEN …… *:80,即可，或者是通过浏览器访问服务器ip地址
[root@bogon ~]# ss -tlnp
State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port
LISTEN 0 128 *:80 *:* users:(("nginx",pid=19035,fd=6),("nginx",pid=19034,fd=6),("nginx",pid=19033,fd=6))
LISTEN 0 128 [::]:80 [::]:* users:(("nginx",pid=19035,fd=7),("nginx",pid=19034,fd=7),("nginx",pid=19033,fd=7))
[root@bogon ~]# ps -ef |grep nginx
root 19033 1 0 14:44 ? 00:00:00 nginx: master process nginx
nginx 19034 19033 0 14:44 ? 00:00:00 nginx: worker process
nginx 19035 19033 0 14:44 ? 00:00:00 nginx: worker process
本地文件上传至服务器
[root@bogon ~]# yum install -y lrzsz
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: mirrors.aliyun.com
* extras: mirrors.aliyun.com
* updates: mirrors.aliyun.com
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package lrzsz.x86_64 0:0.12.20-36.el7 will be installed
--> Finished Dependency Resolution
Dependencies Resolved
===========================================================================================================================================================
Package Arch Version Repository Size
===========================================================================================================================================================
Installing:
lrzsz x86_64 0.12.20-36.el7 base 78 k
Transaction Summary
===========================================================================================================================================================
Install 1 Package
Total download size: 78 k
Installed size: 181 k
Downloading packages:
lrzsz-0.12.20-36.el7.x86_64.rpm | 78 kB 00:00:00
Running transaction check
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded
Running transaction
Installing : lrzsz-0.12.20-36.el7.x86_64 1/1
Verifying : lrzsz-0.12.20-36.el7.x86_64 1/1
Installed:
lrzsz.x86_64 0:0.12.20-36.el7
Complete!
# rz 将本地文件上传至服务器，在弹出的窗口选择要上传的文件即可
[root@bogon ~]# rz
# sz 的文件下载至本地，sz 后面跟需要下载的文件，然后在弹出的窗口中选择要保存到的位置
[root@bogon ~]# sz /etc/passwd
上传前端项目至服务器
[root@bogon ~]# cd /opt/
# 解压zip的压缩包，需要解压工具unzip
[root@bogon opt]# yum install -y unzip
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: mirrors.aliyun.com
* extras: mirrors.aliyun.com
* updates: mirrors.aliyun.com
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package unzip.x86_64 0:6.0-24.el7_9 will be installed
--> Finished Dependency Resolution
Dependencies Resolved
===========================================================================================================================================================
Package Arch Version Repository Size
===========================================================================================================================================================
Installing:
unzip x86_64 6.0-24.el7_9 updates 172 k
Transaction Summary
===========================================================================================================================================================
Install 1 Package
Total download size: 172 k
Installed size: 369 k
Downloading packages:
unzip-6.0-24.el7_9.x86_64.rpm | 172 kB 00:00:00
Running transaction check
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded
Running transaction
Installing : unzip-6.0-24.el7_9.x86_64 1/1
Verifying : unzip-6.0-24.el7_9.x86_64 1/1
Installed:
unzip.x86_64 0:6.0-24.el7_9
Complete!
[root@bogon opt]# unzip love-master.zip
Archive: love-master.zip
creating: love-master/
inflating: love-master/all.min.js
inflating: love-master/iali53.jpg
inflating: love-master/index.html
inflating: love-master/lovebgm.mp3
inflating: love-master/all.min.css
inflating: love-master/love.min.js
creating: love-master/img/
inflating: love-master/jquery.min.js
inflating: love-master/README.txt
creating: love-master/fonts/
inflating: love-master/img/iali44.jpg
inflating: love-master/img/319280.jpg
inflating: love-master/img/iali51.jpg
inflating: love-master/img/iali45.jpg
inflating: love-master/img/iali53.jpg
inflating: love-master/img/iali76_bg.png
inflating: love-master/img/iali40_bg.jpg
inflating: love-master/img/iali46.jpg
inflating: love-master/img/iali52.jpg
inflating: love-master/img/iali10.gif
inflating: love-master/img/iali42.jpg
inflating: love-master/img/iali57.jpg
inflating: love-master/img/iali69.jpg
inflating: love-master/img/iali68.jpg
inflating: love-master/img/iali40.jpg
inflating: love-master/img/319280_bg.xcf
inflating: love-master/img/iali32.jpg
inflating: love-master/img/iali18.jpg
inflating: love-master/img/iali24.jpg
inflating: love-master/img/iali9.jpg
inflating: love-master/img/iali25.jpg
inflating: love-master/img/iali31.jpg
inflating: love-master/img/iali19.jpg
inflating: love-master/img/music.png
inflating: love-master/img/iali35.jpg
inflating: love-master/img/iali21.jpg
inflating: love-master/img/iali20.jpg
inflating: love-master/img/iali76.gif
inflating: love-master/img/iali22.jpg
inflating: love-master/img/14915.jpg
inflating: love-master/img/iali37.jpg
inflating: love-master/img/iali22_bg.jpg
inflating: love-master/img/iali30_2.jpg
inflating: love-master/img/iali12.jpg
inflating: love-master/img/iali3.jpg
inflating: love-master/img/iali2.jpg
inflating: love-master/img/iali30_1.jpg
inflating: love-master/img/iali11.jpg
inflating: love-master/img/iali0.jpg
inflating: love-master/img/iali14.jpg
inflating: love-master/img/iali5.jpg
inflating: love-master/img/iali4.jpg
inflating: love-master/img/iali8_bg.png
inflating: love-master/img/iali29.jpg
inflating: love-master/img/iali57.gif
inflating: love-master/img/iali6.jpg
inflating: love-master/img/iali75_bg.jpg
inflating: love-master/img/iali16.jpg
inflating: love-master/img/iali59.png
inflating: love-master/img/iali65.jpg
inflating: love-master/img/iali71.jpg
inflating: love-master/img/iali50_1.jpg
inflating: love-master/img/iali64.jpg
inflating: love-master/img/iali58.jpg
inflating: love-master/img/iali66.jpg
inflating: love-master/img/iali59_bg.jpg
inflating: love-master/img/iali50_2.jpg
inflating: love-master/img/iali8.gif
inflating: love-master/img/mute.png
inflating: love-master/img/iali67.jpg
inflating: love-master/img/iali77.jpg
inflating: love-master/img/iali63.jpg
inflating: love-master/img/iali62.jpg
inflating: love-master/img/iali45_bg.jpg
inflating: love-master/img/iali60.jpg
inflating: love-master/img/iali2_bg.jpg
inflating: love-master/img/iali49.jpg
inflating: love-master/img/iali75.jpg
inflating: love-master/fonts/RuiHeiXiTi.otf
[root@bogon opt]# ls
love-master love-master.zip
[root@bogon opt]# rm -rf /usr/share/nginx/html/*
[root@bogon opt]# cp -r /opt/love-master/* /usr/share/nginx/html/
总结
rm
慎重使用！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！
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