MySQL进阶-索引-使用规则-索引失效情况一(索引列运算,字符串不加引号,头部模糊匹配)

1、索引列运算

不要在索引列上进行运算操作,索引将失效

1.1、查询表tb_user

mysql> select * from tb_user;
+----+--------+-------------+-----------------------+----------------------+------+--------+--------+---------------------+
| id | name   | phone       | email                 | profession           | age  | gender | status | createtime          |
+----+--------+-------------+-----------------------+----------------------+------+--------+--------+---------------------+
|  1 | 吕布   | 17799990000 | lvbu666@163.com       | 软件工程             |   23 | 1      | 6      | 2001-02-02 00:00:00 |
|  2 | 曹操   | 17799990001 | caocao666@qq.com      | 通讯工程             |   33 | 1      | 0      | 2001-03-05 00:00:00 |
|  3 | 赵云   | 17799990002 | 17799990@139.com      | 英语                 |   34 | 1      | 2      | 2002-03-02 00:00:00 |
|  4 | 孙悟空 | 17799990003 | 17799990@sina.com     | 工程造价             |   54 | 1      | 0      | 2001-07-02 00:00:00 |
|  5 | 花木兰 | 17799990004 | 19980729@sina.com     | 软件工程             |   23 | 2      | 1      | 2001-04-22 00:00:00 |
|  6 | 大乔   | 17799990005 | daqiao666@sina.com    | 舞蹈                 |   22 | 2      | 0      | 2001-02-07 00:00:00 |
|  7 | 露娜   | 17799990006 | luna_love@sina.com    | 应用数学             |   24 | 2      | 0      | 2001-02-08 00:00:00 |
|  8 | 程咬金 | 17799990007 | chengyaojin@163.com   | 化工                 |   38 | 1      | 5      | 2001-05-23 00:00:00 |
|  9 | 项羽   | 17799990008 | xiaoyu666@qq.com      | 金属材料             |   43 | 1      | 0      | 2001-09-18 00:00:00 |
| 10 | 白起   | 17799990009 | baiqi666@sina.com     | 机械工程及其自动
化 |   27 | 1      | 2      | 2001-08-16 00:00:00 |
| 11 | 韩信   | 17799990010 | hanxin520@163.com     | 无机非金属材料工
程 |   27 | 1      | 0      | 2001-06-12 00:00:00 |
| 12 | 荆轲   | 17799990011 | jingke123@163.com     | 会计                 |   29 | 1      | 0      | 2001-05-11 00:00:00 |
| 13 | 兰陵王 | 17799990012 | lanlinwang666@126.com | 工程造价             |   44 | 1      | 1      | 2001-04-09 00:00:00 |
| 14 | 狂铁   | 17799990013 | kuangtie@sina.com     | 应用数学             |   43 | 1      | 2      | 2001-04-10 00:00:00 |
| 15 | 貂蝉   | 17799990014 | 84958948374@qq.com    | 软件工程             |   40 | 2      | 3      | 2001-02-12 00:00:00 |
| 16 | 妲己   | 17799990015 | 2783238293@qq.com     | 软件工程             |   31 | 2      | 0      | 2001-01-30 00:00:00 |
| 17 | 芈月   | 17799990016 | xiaomin2001@sina.com  | 工业经济             |   35 | 2      | 0      | 2000-05-03 00:00:00 |
| 18 | 嬴政   | 17799990017 | 8839434342@qq.com     | 化工                 |   38 | 1      | 1      | 2001-08-08 00:00:00 |
| 19 | 狄仁杰 | 17799990018 | jujiamlm8166@163.com  | 国际贸易             |   30 | 1      | 0      | 2007-03-12 00:00:00 |
| 20 | 安琪拉 | 17799990019 | jdodm1h@126.com       | 城市规划             |   51 | 2      | 0      | 2001-08-15 00:00:00 |
| 21 | 典韦   | 17799990020 | ycaunanjian@163.com   | 城市规划             |   52 | 1      | 2      | 2000-04-12 00:00:00 |
| 22 | 廉颇   | 17799990021 | lianpo321@126.com     | 土木工程             |   19 | 1      | 3      | 2002-07-18 00:00:00 |
| 23 | 后羿   | 17799990022 | altycj2000@139.com    | 城市园林             |   20 | 1      | 0      | 2002-03-10 00:00:00 |
| 24 | 姜子牙 | 17799990023 | 37483844@qq.com       | 工程造价             |   29 | 1      | 4      | 2003-05-26 00:00:00 |
+----+--------+-------------+-----------------------+----------------------+------+--------+--------+---------------------+
24 rows in set (0.00 sec)

1.2、查看tb_user的索引

mysql> show index from tb_user;
+---------+------------+----------------------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+---------+------------+
| Table   | Non_unique | Key_name             | Seq_in_index | Column_name | Collation | Cardinality | Sub_part | Packed | Null | Index_type | Comment | Index_comment | Visible | Expression |
+---------+------------+----------------------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+---------+------------+
| tb_user |          0 | PRIMARY              |            1 | id          | A         |          24 |     NULL |   NULL |      | BTREE      |         |               | YES     | NULL       |
| tb_user |          0 | idx_user_phone       |            1 | phone       | A         |          24 |     NULL |   NULL |      | BTREE      |         |               | YES     | NULL       |
| tb_user |          1 | idx_user_name        |            1 | name        | A         |          24 |     NULL |   NULL |      | BTREE      |         |               | YES     | NULL       |
| tb_user |          1 | idx_user_pro_age_sta |            1 | profession  | A         |          16 |     NULL |   NULL | YES  | BTREE      |         |               | YES     | NULL       |
| tb_user |          1 | idx_user_pro_age_sta |            2 | age         | A         |          22 |     NULL |   NULL | YES  | BTREE      |         |               | YES     | NULL       |
| tb_user |          1 | idx_user_pro_age_sta |            3 | status      | A         |          24 |     NULL |   NULL | YES  | BTREE      |         |               | YES     | NULL       |
| tb_user |          1 | idx_email            |            1 | email       | A         |          24 |     NULL |   NULL | YES  | BTREE      |         |               | YES     | NULL       |
+---------+------------+----------------------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+---------+------------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql>

1.3、查询 phone=‘17799990015’

mysql> select * from tb_user where phone='17799990015';
+----+------+-------------+-------------------+------------+------+--------+--------+---------------------+
| id | name | phone       | email             | profession | age  | gender | status | createtime          |
+----+------+-------------+-------------------+------------+------+--------+--------+---------------------+
| 16 | 妲己 | 17799990015 | 2783238293@qq.com | 软件工程   |   31 | 2      | 0      | 2001-01-30 00:00:00 |
+----+------+-------------+-------------------+------------+------+--------+--------+---------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql>

1.4、执行计划 phone=‘17799990015’

mysql> explain select * from tb_user where phone='17799990015';
+----+-------------+---------+------------+-------+----------------+----------------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+
| id | select_type | table   | partitions | type  | possible_keys  | key            | key_len | ref   | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+---------+------------+-------+----------------+----------------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | tb_user | NULL       | const | idx_user_phone | idx_user_phone | 46      | const |    1 |   100.00 | NULL  |
+----+-------------+---------+------------+-------+----------------+----------------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

mysql>

1.5、查询 substring(phone,10,2) =‘15’

mysql> select * from tb_user where substring(phone,10,2) ='15';
+----+------+-------------+-------------------+------------+------+--------+--------+---------------------+
| id | name | phone       | email             | profession | age  | gender | status | createtime          |
+----+------+-------------+-------------------+------------+------+--------+--------+---------------------+
| 16 | 妲己 | 17799990015 | 2783238293@qq.com | 软件工程   |   31 | 2      | 0      | 2001-01-30 00:00:00 |
+----+------+-------------+-------------------+------------+------+--------+--------+---------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql>

1.6、执行计划 substring(phone,10,2) =‘15’

mysql> explain select * from tb_user where substring(phone,10,2) ='15';
+----+-------------+---------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table   | partitions | type | possible_keys | key  | key_len | ref  | rows | filtered | Extra       |
+----+-------------+---------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | tb_user | NULL       | ALL  | NULL          | NULL | NULL    | NULL |   24 |   100.00 | Using where |
+----+-------------+---------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

mysql>

phone索引失效

2、字符串不加引号

字符串类型字段使用时,不加引号,索引将失效。

2.1、查询 phone=17799990015

mysql> select * from tb_user where phone=17799990015;
+----+------+-------------+-------------------+------------+------+--------+--------+---------------------+
| id | name | phone       | email             | profession | age  | gender | status | createtime          |
+----+------+-------------+-------------------+------------+------+--------+--------+---------------------+
| 16 | 妲己 | 17799990015 | 2783238293@qq.com | 软件工程   |   31 | 2      | 0      | 2001-01-30 00:00:00 |
+----+------+-------------+-------------------+------------+------+--------+--------+---------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql>

2.2、执行计划 phone=17799990015

mysql> explain select * from tb_user where phone=17799990015;
+----+-------------+---------+------------+------+----------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table   | partitions | type | possible_keys  | key  | key_len | ref  | rows | filtered | Extra       |
+----+-------------+---------+------------+------+----------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | tb_user | NULL       | ALL  | idx_user_phone | NULL | NULL    | NULL |   24 |    10.00 | Using where |
+----+-------------+---------+------------+------+----------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
1 row in set, 3 warnings (0.00 sec)

mysql>

字符串没有加单引号,所以phon索引失效

2.3、执行计划 profession=‘软件工程’ and age=31 and status=0

mysql> explain select * from tb_user where profession='软件工程' and age=31 and status=0;
+----+-------------+---------+------------+------+----------------------+----------------------+---------+-------------+------+----------+-----------------------+
| id | select_type | table   | partitions | type | possible_keys        | key                  | key_len | ref         | rows | filtered | Extra                 |
+----+-------------+---------+------------+------+----------------------+----------------------+---------+-------------+------+----------+-----------------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | tb_user | NULL       | ref  | idx_user_pro_age_sta | idx_user_pro_age_sta | 49      | const,const |    1 |    10.00 | Using index condition |
+----+-------------+---------+------------+------+----------------------+----------------------+---------+-------------+------+----------+-----------------------+
1 row in set, 2 warnings (0.00 sec)

mysql>

profession的key_len=47
age的key_len=2
由于status是char字符类型,所以需要加单引号,如果不加单引号,索引会失效
此时索引status失效

3、模糊查询

如果仅仅是尾部模糊匹配,索引不会失效。
如果是头部模糊匹配,索引失效。

3.1、查询 profession like ‘软件%’

mysql> select * from tb_user where profession like '软件%';
+----+--------+-------------+--------------------+------------+------+--------+--------+---------------------+
| id | name   | phone       | email              | profession | age  | gender | status | createtime          |
+----+--------+-------------+--------------------+------------+------+--------+--------+---------------------+
|  5 | 花木兰 | 17799990004 | 19980729@sina.com  | 软件工程   |   23 | 2      | 1      | 2001-04-22 00:00:00 |
|  1 | 吕布   | 17799990000 | lvbu666@163.com    | 软件工程   |   23 | 1      | 6      | 2001-02-02 00:00:00 |
| 16 | 妲己   | 17799990015 | 2783238293@qq.com  | 软件工程   |   31 | 2      | 0      | 2001-01-30 00:00:00 |
| 15 | 貂蝉   | 17799990014 | 84958948374@qq.com | 软件工程   |   40 | 2      | 3      | 2001-02-12 00:00:00 |
+----+--------+-------------+--------------------+------------+------+--------+--------+---------------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql>

3.2、执行计划 profession like ‘软件%’

mysql> explain select * from tb_user where profession like '软件%';
+----+-------------+---------+------------+-------+----------------------+----------------------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------------+
| id | select_type | table   | partitions | type  | possible_keys        | key                  | key_len | ref  | rows | filtered | Extra                 |
+----+-------------+---------+------------+-------+----------------------+----------------------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | tb_user | NULL       | range | idx_user_pro_age_sta | idx_user_pro_age_sta | 47      | NULL |    4 |   100.00 | Using index condition |
+----+-------------+---------+------------+-------+----------------------+----------------------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

mysql>

profession的key_len=47
profession命中索引

3.3、执行计划 profession like ‘%软件’

mysql> explain select * from tb_user where profession like '%软件';
+----+-------------+---------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table   | partitions | type | possible_keys | key  | key_len | ref  | rows | filtered | Extra       |
+----+-------------+---------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | tb_user | NULL       | ALL  | NULL          | NULL | NULL    | NULL |   24 |    11.11 | Using where |
+----+-------------+---------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

mysql>

头部模糊匹配,profession索引失效。

3.4、执行计划 profession like ‘%软件%’

mysql> explain select * from tb_user where profession like '%软件%';
+----+-------------+---------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table   | partitions | type | possible_keys | key  | key_len | ref  | rows | filtered | Extra       |
+----+-------------+---------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | tb_user | NULL       | ALL  | NULL          | NULL | NULL    | NULL |   24 |    11.11 | Using where |
+----+-------------+---------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

mysql>

头部尾部都模糊查询,profession索引更失效。

在这里插入图片描述

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