定义
对于正整数 n n n , ϕ ( n ) = \phi(n)= ϕ(n)= 小于等于 n n n 的数中与 n n n 互质的数的数目。
定理
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若 p p p 为素数,则 ϕ ( p ) = p − 1 \phi(p)=p-1 ϕ(p)=p−1 。
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若 n n n 为 p a p^a pa ( p p p 为素数) ,则 ϕ ( p a ) = ( p − 1 ) × p a − 1 \phi(p^a)=(p-1) \times p^{a-1} ϕ(pa)=(p−1)×pa−1 。
因为 p p p 为素数,所以 1 − − − p a 1---p^a 1−−−pa 中与 p p p 不互质的数有 p a − 1 p^{a-1} pa−1 个,所以 ϕ ( p a ) = p a − p a − 1 = p a − 1 × ( p − 1 ) \phi(p^a)=p^a-p^{a-1}=p^{a-1} \times (p-1) ϕ(pa)=pa−pa−1=pa−1×(p−1)
- 若 n n n 为 a × b a\times b a×b 并且 a , b a,b a,b 互质, 则 ϕ ( a × b ) = ϕ ( a ) × ϕ ( b ) \phi(a\times b)=\phi(a) \times \phi(b) ϕ(a×b)=ϕ(a)×ϕ(b) 。
将 n n n 质因数分解: n = p 1 a 1 × p 2 a 2 × p 3 a 3 × p 4 a 4 × p 5 a 5 × . . . p k a k n=p^{a_1}_1 \times p^{a_2}_2 \times p^{a_3}_3 \times p^{a_4}_4 \times p^{a_5}_5 \times ... p^{a_k}_k n=p1a1×p2a2×p3a3×p4a4×p5a5×...pkak
因为 a , b a,b a,b 互质,所以 a , b a,b a,b 不会有相同的因子。
所以 a = p 1 a 1 × p 2 a 2 × p 3 a 3 × p 4 a 4 × p 5 a 5 × . . . p x a x a=p^{a_1}_1 \times p^{a_2}_2 \times p^{a_3}_3 \times p^{a_4}_4 \times p^{a_5}_5 \times ... p^{a_x}_x a=p1a1×p2a2×p3a3×p4a4×p5a5×...pxax
b = p x + 1 a x + 1 × p x + 2 a x + 2 × p x + 3 a x + 3 × p x + 4 a x + 4 × p x + 5 a x + 5 × . . . p k a k b=p^{a_{x+1}}_{x+1} \times p^{a_{x+2}}_{x+2} \times p^{a_{x+3}}_{x+3} \times p^{a_{x+4}}_{x+4} \times p^{a_{x+5}}_{x+5} \times ... p^{a_k}_k b=px+1ax+1×px+2ax+2×px+3ax+3×px+4ax+4×px+5ax+5×...pkak
因为 p 1 a 1 , p 2 a 2 , p 3 a 3 , p 4 a 4 , p 5 a 5 . . . p k a k p^{a_1}_1 ,p^{a_2}_2 ,p^{a_3}_3 ,p^{a_4}_4 ,p^{a_5}_5 ... p^{a_k}_k p1a1,p2a2,p3a3,p4a4,p5a5...pkak 互质所以 : ϕ ( n ) = ϕ ( p 1 a 1 ) × ϕ ( p 2 a 2 ) × ϕ ( p 3 a 3 ) × ϕ ( p 4 a 4 ) × . . . × ϕ ( p k a k ) \phi(n)=\phi(p^{a_1}_1) \times \phi(p^{a_2}_2) \times \phi(p^{a_3}_3) \times \phi(p^{a_4}_4) \times ... \times \phi(p^{a_k}_k) ϕ(n)=ϕ(p1a1)×ϕ(p2a2)×ϕ(p3a3)×ϕ(p4a4)×...×ϕ(pkak)
ϕ ( n ) = ϕ ( p 1 a 1 × p 2 a 2 × p 3 a 3 × . . . p x a x ) × ϕ ( p x + 1 a x + 1 × p x + 2 a x + 2 × p x + 3 a x + 3 × . . . p k a k ) \phi(n)=\phi(p^{a_1}_1 \times p^{a_2}_2 \times p^{a_3}_3 \times ... p^{a_x}_x) \times \phi(p^{a_{x+1}}_{x+1} \times p^{a_{x+2}}_{x+2} \times p^{a_{x+3}}_{x+3} \times ... p^{a_k}_k) ϕ(n)=ϕ(p1a1×p2a2×p3a3×...pxax)×ϕ(px+1ax+1×px+2ax+2×px+3ax+3×...pkak)
ϕ ( n ) = ϕ ( a ) × ϕ ( b ) \phi(n)=\phi(a) \times \phi(b) ϕ(n)=ϕ(a)×ϕ(b)
- 若 n = p 1 a 1 × p 2 a 2 × p 3 a 3 × p 4 a 4 × p 5 a 5 × . . . p k a k n=p^{a_1}_1 \times p^{a_2}_2 \times p^{a_3}_3 \times p^{a_4}_4 \times p^{a_5}_5 \times ... p^{a_k}_k n=p1a1×p2a2×p3a3×p4a4×p5a5×...pkak , 则 ϕ ( n ) = n × ( 1 − 1 p 1 ) × ( 1 − 1 p 2 ) × ( 1 − 1 p 3 ) × . . . × ( 1 − 1 p k ) \phi(n)=n\times(1-\dfrac{1}{p_1}) \times(1-\dfrac{1}{p_2}) \times(1-\dfrac{1}{p_3}) \times ... \times(1-\dfrac{1}{p_k}) ϕ(n)=n×(1−p11)×(1−p21)×(1−p31)×...×(1−pk1)
n = p 1 a 1 × p 2 a 2 × p 3 a 3 × p 4 a 4 × p 5 a 5 × . . . p k a k n=p^{a_1}_1 \times p^{a_2}_2 \times p^{a_3}_3 \times p^{a_4}_4 \times p^{a_5}_5 \times ... p^{a_k}_k n=p1a1×p2a2×p3a3×p4a4×p5a5×...pkak
ϕ ( n ) = ϕ ( p 1 a 1 ) × ϕ ( p 2 a 2 ) × ϕ ( p 3 a 3 ) × ϕ ( p 4 a 4 ) × . . . × ϕ ( p k a k ) \phi(n)=\phi(p^{a_1}_1) \times \phi(p^{a_2}_2) \times \phi(p^{a_3}_3) \times \phi(p^{a_4}_4) \times ... \times \phi(p^{a_k}_k) ϕ(n)=ϕ(p1a1)×ϕ(p2a2)×ϕ(p3a3)×ϕ(p4a4)×...×ϕ(pkak)
ϕ ( n ) = p 1 a 1 × ( 1 − 1 p 1 ) × p 2 a 2 × ( 1 − 1 p 2 ) × p 3 a 3 × ( 1 − 1 p 3 ) × . . . p k a k × ( 1 − 1 p k ) \phi(n)=p^{a_1}_1 \times(1-\dfrac{1}{p_1}) \times p^{a_2}_2 \times(1-\dfrac{1}{p_2}) \times p^{a_3}_3 \times(1-\dfrac{1}{p_3}) \times ... p^{a_k}_k \times(1-\dfrac{1}{p_k}) ϕ(n)=p1a1×(1−p11)×p2a2×(1−p21)×p3a3×(1−p31)×...pkak×(1−pk1)
ϕ ( n ) = n × ( 1 − 1 p 1 ) × ( 1 − 1 p 2 ) × ( 1 − 1 p 3 ) × . . . × ( 1 − 1 p k ) \phi(n)=n\times(1-\dfrac{1}{p_1}) \times(1-\dfrac{1}{p_2}) \times(1-\dfrac{1}{p_3}) \times ... \times(1-\dfrac{1}{p_k}) ϕ(n)=n×(1−p11)×(1−p21)×(1−p31)×...×(1−pk1)
- 欧拉定理
若 a , m a,m a,m 互质,则 a ϕ ( m ) ≡ 1 ( m o d m ) a^{\phi(m)} \equiv 1 \pmod{m} aϕ(m)≡1(modm)