英语--动词

概念

动词（v.）是英语中重要的一种此类，一般用来表示动作或状态的词语

五种句型结构

1.  主 谓（vi.不及物动词）
2.  主 系 表
3.  主 谓（vt.及物动词）宾
4.  主 谓（vt.及物动词）双宾
5.  主 谓（vt.及物动词）宾-宾补

主要句子成分

主语（句子的主体）

谓语（句子核心）

宾语 （动作承受者）

分类

谓语动词

在句子中可以单独作谓语的动词，主要由实义动词充当。（助/情态动词不单独作谓语）

 注意

• 谓语动词是一个句子最重要，最核心的成分，就像一个人的心脏一样
• 一个句子一般只能有一个谓语
• 只用动词能做谓语

系动词（be动词/感官动词）

表达主语“是什么”过着“怎么样”的词，构成“主系表”的结构

be动词是常见的系动词

We are young

We are a team

Learning English is important

感官类动词

look 看起来...         sound 听起来...         smell 闻起来...    taste 尝起来...        feel（触感）感到...

She looks happy

The birthday cake smells/tastes delicious

3.感官系动词+形容词 adj.

感官动词表示状态的动词，属于系动词，无进行时，无被动，多用一般现在时。

This flower smells very sweet

The twins look alike

4.感官系动词+like(介)+宾语:

1. look like ... 看起来像
2. sound like ... 听起来像
3. smell like ... 闻起来像
4. taste like ... 尝起来像

 We look like twins !

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 feel like

1.感觉好像(感官动词+介词）

Sometimes I feel like I`m losing my mind

lose mind 失去理智

2.想要... feel like doing sth

Do you feel like eating out tonight?

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 其他系动词：系动词+adj.

变得：get,turn,become

保持：remain,keep,stay...

似乎,看起来：seem(to be),appear

The leaves turned yellow in the hills

He seems (to be) very sad

助动词

 协助只要动词（实义动词）构成谓语动词词组，助动词无词意，不可单独使用。

 助动词+实义动词：构成句型结构（时态/被动/语态）

 常见的助动词：do/does/did/will/have...

He likes English

He doesn`t like English

We will hold a meeting next week

助动词协助动词的作用

a.表示时态

He is singing 他在唱歌 （现在进行时）

b.表示被动语态，例如：be+过去分词

He was to England （被动语态）

c.构成疑问句

Do you like college like?    (一般疑问句)

 d.与否定副词not合用，构成否定词

He doesn`t like English

 常见的助动词:(无词义，不单独使用)

1. be(am,is,are,was,were)   be V-ing/V-ed
2. will,would,shall,should     +动词原形
3. do,does,did                      +动词原形
4. have,has,had                    hava+V-ed

 助动词do/have/will/be

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be + doing = 进行时态

We are singing now.

be + done 过去分词v-ed = 被动语态

The task is finished by them

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 will一般将来时（will+动词原形）

We will hava a meeting in five days

shall 一般将来时（第一人称独家冠名）

I shall by twenty years old soon

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do/does用于一般现在时

I don`t like geography

She doesn`t want to go abroad

did一般过去时

I don`t wear glasses ten years age

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have/has 现在完成时 hava/has-V-ed过去分词

had现在完成时（had-V-ed）

I have lived in Xi`an since 2015

 情态动词

表达说话人的语气和情态，包括请求，命令，需要，愿意等。常用的情态动词有：

should/must/can/ought to

need/hava to/may...

 I have to look after my little sister

You shouldn`t be so careless

You must obey the school rules

The light is on.She must be working in her office

He may/might know the anower to this question

 情态动词本身具有词义，不能单独做谓语，没有人称和数的变化吗，后+动词原形

 常用于一般现在时

 否定结构：情态动词+not

 被动语态

 情态动词+be done 

 can/must/should + be done

Tom can work out the problem.

The problem can be worked out by Tom.

 It is said/reported/believed/suggested/known/accepted that... 据说/据报道/据建议...

It is/was done that...

It is said that Jim has gone abroad.

句首it作形式主语

It is said/reported that... 据说/据报道

sb/sth is said reported/believe/thought to do...  某人据说...

It is said that Jim has gone abroad.

He is said to graduate from Harvard University.

The thief is said to have escaped.

can/could 能/可以

1.表示“可以”，能力=be able to do

Mary can (is able to) speak English

He can`t English (不会)

He could (was able to) play chess at the age

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2.表示“可能”，推测

 否定：can`t "不可能"，非常明确

He can`t be here,he is ill today

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3.could在疑问句中，表示委婉的语气，"可以吗？"

Could you do me a favor?

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may 可以；祝愿；也许/可能

1.表示请求和允许

May I borrow your bike?

2.表示“祝...,但愿”

May you be happy!

3.表示推测“可能，或许”，不确定

It may rain tomorrow

She may (not) be at home 

过去式might,语气比may弱，可能性低于may

必须must&have to

1.must 必须/一定要     （主观）

have to 不得不 （客观） has/had to

I must work hard.

It`s rainy,we have to stayat home.

 2.常用于肯定的推测：

一定/确定是，肯定是100%

反义词：肯定不是，不可能can`t

The light is on,so he must be at home now

The light is off,so he can`t be at home now

 3.否定用法

must	have to
mustn`t 不允许&禁止	don`t have to 没有必要=needn`t

 You mustn`t park your car here. 禁止（法）

 Children mustn`t play with fire.

理应should（主观）/ought to（客观）

  否定：shouldn`t = oughtn`t to 不应该（建议）

You should get up early 建议

You shouldn`t drink and drive.(不应当/谴责)

 need需要&dare敢于

1.作为情态动词（后跟动词原形）；

2.作实义动词（need to do sth）

You needn`t worry about him.=(don`t have to)

I need to think about it carefully

had better 最好...(忠告/建议)

缩写：You`d better do sth

否定：had better not do sth

You`d better sit here and have a rest.

You`d had better not stay up late.

will/world

will/world 表 “主观意愿/习惯”；

would主要用于过去的习惯

When I was young,I would listen to the radio,waiting for my favorite songs

used to(be/do)

表示“过去曾经...(现在不这样了)”，强调与现在对比，今昔对比

I use to be rich

I use to get up early.But now I usually stay in bed until late morning

used to do 过去/曾经

be/get used to(介词) doing sth 习惯于做...

I used to walk along the river after dinner before.

I am/get used to walking along the river after dinner

总结

情态动词		否定
can/could be able to	能，可以	can`t	不会；不可能
may might	可以，也许， 祝愿	may not	可能不是
must	必须；肯定是	mustn`t	不允许
have/has/ had to	不得不	don`t/doesn`t didn`t have to	不必
`d better `d rather would rather do than do	最好 宁可/宁愿	`d better not would rather not do	最好不要； 宁可不

肯定的推测	must	一定，肯定
否定的推测	can`t	不可能
不确定的推测	may	可能

情态动词+完成时（have done过去分词）have + V-ed

表示对过去发生（last night/week,was/V-ed）的动作或状态的推测或估计

may/might/must/can/needn`t...have done

情态动词+v原（现在）

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推测1.may/might have done

表示对过去事实不太肯定的推测：“可能做过”

--What happened to Jim

--I don`t know.He may have got lost

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推测2.must have done

表示对过去事实非常肯定的推测：“肯定做过”

You must have gone to bed very late last night,for your eyes are red

It must have rained last night,for the road is quite muddy

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 推测3.can`t have done

表示对过去事实否定的推测: "不可能做过"

The can`t have sent her to hospital,because she was with me yesterday

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情态动词+have done 的推测

肯定的推测	must have done	肯定做过
否定的推测	can`t have done (because/as,for)	不可能做过
不确定的推测	may/might have done	可能做过

情态动词 + have done （双层含义）

can/could have done

表示“本能做，（但未作）”，过去的事的遗憾

He could have passed the exam,but he was too careless.

What a pity! Considering his ability and experience,he can have done better.

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should/ought to have done

表示“本应该做，（但是却没有做）”。（责备/自责）

Tom,you are too lazy.You should have finished the task yesterday

I should have called you,but I forgot

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shouldn`t have done

表示“本不应该做，（但是却做了）”。（指责）

Mary is crying.I shouldn`t have spoken to her so rudely just now.

You shouldn`t have left home without a word last night. I was worried about you.

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needn`t have done

表示“本没必要做，（但是却做了）”。（多此一举）

I needn`t have bought so much wine--only three people came

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结构	意义	用法
can/could have done	本来能够	过去本能做 但未作（遗憾）
should/ought to have done	本应该	本应该做 但未作
shouldn`t/oughtn`t to have done	本不应该做	本不应该做， 但是已经做了
needn`t have done	本没有必要	本没必要做 但实际上做了