概念
在英语中，如果要体现一件事情，一个动作发生的时间或方式，需要在句子的谓语动词上进行相应的改变。
（实义）动词的形式变化：do-did-done does doing
形式变化
| do | did | done | does | doing | |
| 一般情况 （规则） | 现在式 | 过去式 | 过去分词 | 单三形式 | 现在分词 |
| 动词原形 work | V-ed worked | V-ed worked | V-s/es works | V-ing working |
| 第三人称单数 | 现在分词 | 过去式 | 过去分词 | |
| watch | watches | watching | watched | watched |
| take | takes | taking | took | taken |
被动语态
英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出来的，说明主语和谓语动词之间的关系
英语的语态共有两种：主语语态和被动语态
主动语态：表示主语是动作的执行着，发出者
Many people speak Chinese.
被动语态：表示主语是动作的承受者
Chinese is spoken by many people.
不用被动语态的时候
1.不及物动词(vi.)或者词组(主+谓)
sth + vi.
break out(爆发)，sth happen/take place(发生)
sth break down 发生故障 break up
A fire broke out in the forest
The event took place in 2008
Great changes take place.
sth + v.:
appear (出现)，disappear,
lie (位于...),happen,dream come true
the plane take off (起飞)等
These kinds of question often appear in the exam.
2表示“静态”动词(词组) 物体特质
sth+ v: last(持续)，hold(容纳)
sth consist of 某物由...组成
The game lasts about an hour.
This hall holds 500 people.
A healthy diet should consist of mainly meat and some healthy vegetable/.
3.表示归属类的动词不用被动
be belong to sb (宾格)：
The car belong to me.
主动表被动
1.某些系动词（感官动词）主动表示被动含义
某物 look/taste/sound/smell/feel+adj.
You idea sounds great.
This shirt feels much softer than that one.
2.V+doing：主动表被动
1.sth need/want/require +doing 某物需要
sth need doing = sth need to be sth
The flower needs watering. (need to be watering)
The house requires reparing.(require to be repaired)
2.sth deserve 值得 +doing
My watch needs repairing. (needs to be repaired)
The book deserves reading
3.固定搭配中的被动含义（主动表被动）
sth be worth doing 某物值得......
sth deserve值得 +doing
The book is worth reading.
The film is worth seeing.
结构：be + done(过去分词)
be,is /am/are,was/wer,been,being
原形 does did done doing
| be动词 | 实义动词 | |
| 一般现在时 | am is are | do/does(V-s) |
| 一般过去时 | was/were | did(V-ed) |
| 一般将来时 | will be | will do |
Many trees are planted on the hill.
Many trees were planted on the hill last year
Many trees will be planted on the hill
主动语态和被动语态的转换
We invite him to give us a speech
He is invited to give us a speech
时态
| 过去 | 现在 | 将来 | |
| 一般 | was/were did 过去式 | am/is/are do/does 原/V-s | will do/be |
| 进行 | was/were doing | am/is/are doing | will be doing |
| 过去将来 | would do was/were going to do was/were (about) to do,was/were doing | ||
一般现在时
含义
1.表示经常或习惯的动作或存在的状态
Emma watches movies every day
2.表示客观事实或真理等（永一现）
The earth moves around the sun
3.时间标志：（习惯）
every day/week/month...
always/often/usually/sometimes 有时;
once/twice...three times...a week/month
注意：
感官动词表示状态的动词，属于系动词，无被动，所以不能用于进行时，多用一般现在时。
look sounf smell taste feel +adj. ...起来...
用法
谓语动词使用原形do/动词单三does
在一般现在时中，当主语是第三人称单数时，谓语动词要用第三人称单数形式，即常在动词原形后加-s或-es。(主单三，v单三) be(is),have-has
动词的变化
1.系动词/be动词：“am,is,are”表示：是。
2.助动词：do/does+动词原形;疑问句/否定
I don`t like pop music.(否定)
He gets up very early every day.(肯定)
He doesn`t get up very early every day.(否定)
3.谓语(实义)动词 V原形/V单三
主语是第三人称单数时，谓语动词要变成单三的形式（规则变化：V-s或者V-es）
| 动词单三 规则变化 | |
| 一般动词后加-s | like-likes,take-takes |
| 以s,x,ch,sh结尾，后加es | watch-watches wash-washes |
| 以辅音字母+y结尾的单词， 变y为i，加-es | study-studied try-tries play-plays |
| 以辅音字母+o结尾的单词,一般加-es | go-goes,do-does |
| 不规则变化 | have-has |
被动语态
am/is/are done
Many people speak Chinese
Chinese is spoken by many people
一般过去时
含义
1.表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，动词变过去式did(V-ed),be(was/were)
Emma watched a movie yesterday
Someone called you just now
There were (are) many people in the supermarket last night
2.隐形的一般过去时 used to ...
used to be/do 表示“过去曾经...（现在不这样了）”
I used to be rich.
He used to be a pilot but now he has a desk job.(强调:___,)
动词的变化
1.be动词: am/is-was,are-were
2.助动词 did+动词原形（一般疑问句/否定句）
I went to school last Sunday
I didn`t go to school last Sunday
3.谓语动词 过去式：规则（V-ed）/不规则变化
Emma watched a movie yesterday
规则变化
| 动词过去式 规则变化 | did |
| 一般在动词的后面加-ed | work-worked |
| 以e结尾的动词，词尾加-d | like-liked lie-lied(撒谎) |
| 以重读闭音节结尾且词尾只有一个辅音字母， 先双写这个辅音字母，在加-ed | stop-stopped |
| 以辅音字母+y结尾的动词，y变i在加-ed | worry-worried try-tired enjoy-enjoyed |
不规则变化
come(来)--came go--went
run(奔跑)--ran
send(送/邮寄)--sent
lose(失去/丢失)--lost
have--had(有/吃喝/让) eat--ate
meet(遇见)--met
say(说/讲)--said pay(支付)--paid
begin(开始)--began give--gave
know--knew grow(成长/种/变成)--grew
feel(觉得，触摸)--felt sleep(睡觉)--slept
keep(保持，保存)--kept
see(看见/领会)--saw
tell(告诉)--told
find--found make(使...)--made
get(成为/得到/到达)--got
leave(离开/遗留/剩下)--left
take(拿走/花费/服用/乘坐)--took
will-would
bring(带来)--brought
buy(买)--bought
think(想/认为)--thought
被动语态
was/were +done
He planted the tree last were
The tree was planted by him last week
一般将来时
含义
1.表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态
Emma will watch a movie tomorrow
I am going to visit my teacher tonight
2.时间标志
1.tomorrow,the day after tomorrow
2.next year/week,soon 不久
3.in + 时间段：在...之后（in five days）
in the future,from now on,this night,tonight
结构
2个常见的结构
- will/shall do
- be(am/is/are) going to
Emma`ll watch a movie tomorrow.
I am going to visit my teacher tonight.
- be(am/is/are) about to do 即将/马上...
- be(am/is/are) to do 将要做...
The place is about go out.
She is about to go out.
The King is to visit our town next month
注意：
be(am is are) doing come/go/stay/leave/arrive/start,take off
瞬间位移动词进行be doing表将来
They`re leaving.(=They`re about to leave.)
The bus is coming/leaving(soon).
总结：
1.will/shall do (动词原形)
2.be going to do
3,4:be (about) to do
5.be doing 进行表将来
| 用法 | 一般过去时 | 一般现在时 | 一般将来时 |
| 用法 | 过去的动作/状态 | 1.事实/习惯/常态 2.客观真理 | 计划/未发生 |
| 结构 | was/were 助-did | am/is/are 助-do/does | shall will go; be going to do; be (about) to do; |
| did过去式（V-ed） | V原； (V-s/es)单三does | ||
| 标志 | yesterday ago,just now last ... | often/always every ... once/twice a week | next... in+段时间 |
被动语态
will/shall be + done
be to do 被动语态
一般将来时 be to do
+ 被动语态 be done
被动语态： be to be + done
to do 被动：to be done
He is to publish the book next year. 即将，将要
The book is to be published next year.
invite/ask/tell sb to do sth邀请某人做某事
We invited him to make a speech.
He was invited to make a speech.
双宾语动词 tell/give/offer sb sth 告诉/给/提供 某人某物
She told me the good news.
I was told the good news.
He gave me some good advice.
I was given some good news
| 主动 | 被动 | |
| 一般现在时 | be: am is are 动词：_do/does | am/is/are done |
| 一般过去时 | be: am is are 动词：_did_ | was/were done |
| 一般将来时 | will/shall do | will/share be done |
| to do | to do | to be done |
主将从现
含义
如果主句是将来时过表示将来含义时，那么条件状语从句和时间状语从句多用一般现在时。
If it is fine tomorrow（引导词+从句）,we will go out(从句).
结构
1.if(如果)/unless(除非)引导的条件状语从句：
If you work hard,you will be successful
He will help you,if you ask him
2.时间状语从句的引导词：
when(当...时候)/after/before/not...until(直到)
(一...就...):as soon as/the moment/the minute/the second/once(一旦)
I will tell him this matter when he cames
They will never let you know until it happens
句式
主将从现
will do - 引导词+从句（V/V-s）
I`ll telephone you as soon as I get home
主祈从现
祈使句(句首--动词原形)
Please let me know if he comes back.
Tell him to go home if he fails the interview
主情从现
主情(情态动词)从现：情态动词+V原
If you have a fever,you should go to your doctor`s immediately.
现在进行时
含义
表示说话（对话）时或现在/现阶段正在发生的动作
Look!They are playing basketball now.
时态结构
be(am/is/are)+doing(v-ing)
助动词+现在分词
My father is watching TV now.
We are having English class now.
变化规则
1.一般在动词的后面加-ing
working playing
2.以不发音的字母e结尾，去e，在加-ing
making arriving having coming
3.以-ie结尾，将-ie改为y，再加-ing
die-dying tie-tying(系) lie-lying 撒谎/躺/位于
4,以重读闭音节结尾且词尾只有一个辅音字母的动词，双写辅音字母，再加-ing
running stopping sitting putting dropping（落下）
注意
有的be doing 不表示进行，而是___.
arrive,come,go,leave,start等瞬间动词用进行时表示将来“将到达”和"将离去"：
She is coming to Beijing tomorrow
被动语态
am/is/are being done
She is watering those flowers
Those flowers are being watered by her.
过去进行时
含义
表示过去在某一时间点，段或某一段时间内正在发生或进行的动作
We were having supper when you called us.
This time yesterday Jack was watching TV
时间标志
过去的时间点
1.at the tim/moment,then 当时
2.(at) this time +过去时间(yesterday/last)
3. at + 具体时间 + 过去时间(yesterday/last)
4.as/when(当...时候)/while(在...期间) + 时间状语从句(过去式-did,强调主语当时正在...)
She was writing a letter at 7:00 last night.
It was raining when they left the station
We were having supper when the phone rang
When(当...时候) while(在...期间，与...同时)
as (正当，一边一边)
When/While/as+did
When the teacher came in,we were talking.
He was listening to the music when I went in.
被动语态
was/were being done
She was writing a letter at 7:00 yesterday.
A letter was being written by her at 7:00 yesterday.
将来进行时
含义
表示将来某时间点正在进行的动作
This time tomorrow,I will be lying on the beach.
时态结构
will be doing
This time next day I will be sitting in the cinema.
时间标志
1.this time + 将来时间: (next...)
2,未来时间段：from...to... 将来时间(next)
Please don`t call me between 8:00 and 10:00 tomorrow.I will be having my classes then.
This time next year we will be studying in college.
this time + 过去/将来时间
This time yesterday Jack was watching TV. 过去进行时
This time tomorrow Jack will be having class 将来进行时
过去将来时
含义
表示从过去看将来要发生的动作或存在的状态，“过去的打算”
He said that he would come to pay you a visit next week.
Last Sunday we were going to visit the Great Wall,but it raind.
结构
| 一般将来时 | 过去将来时 |
| will do | would do |
| be (am/is/are) going to do | was/were going to do |
| be (am/is/are)(about) to do | was/were (about) to do |
| be (am/is/are) doing | was/were doing 瞬间 |
常用句型
主过(did),从将(过将)
主句过去时(did/said/told),宾语从句表示过去的打算：过去将来时(next/in...)
The report said that the film star would come to Beijing next Sunday
He told me he was leaving in an hour.
现在完成时
含义
表示一个动作始于过去，持续到现在；或对现在造成了影响
I have lived in Xi`an since 2017
时态结构
have/has + done 助动词 + 过去分词
I have watched the movie three times
She has already finished her job.
变化规则
1.一般直接在词尾-ed
look--looked--looked
2.以e结尾的动词，直接-d。
move--moved--moved
3.以辅音字母+y结尾，变y为i,-ed
carry--carried
4.部分动词需双写尾字母，-ed
stop--stopped
do-did-done不规则变化
see(看见，领会)--saw--seen
fall(落下，倒)--fell--fallen
forget(忘记)--fotgot--forgotten
go(去，到达)--went-gone
时间标志
过去的时间段
1.over/in/during the past + 过去的时间段
China has changed a lot over the past years.
2.for + 时间段：持续...
We have learned English for ten years.
3.(ever) since + 过去的时间/did: 自从(过去)
I have know her since we were he
4.by now/so far/up no now/until now（迄今为止）
never 从未 already 已经 yet(否/疑)还
by now/so far/up no now/until now（迄今为止）
twice/次数times（迄今为止的经历）
So far,he has produced many science fiction movies
三大金刚
have been to 曾经去过 去而已归
I have been to Beijing twice.
have gone to 已去某地了 去而未归
My father has gone to Shanghai.He will be back in one month
have been in + 地点 住在某地 待了过久for+时间段
I have been in Xi`an for ten years.
句式
It\This is the 序数词 time (that) +现在完成时
表示某人(迄今为止)的经历，“第...次做某事”
This is the first time that I have visited here
It is the + adj最高级+n.名词(that)+现在完成时
表示某人(迄今为止)的经历，“是...某人最....”
It is the most interesting film I have ever seen.
It is the best of all the coffee that I have had.
It is the only/very + n.名词（that）+现在完成时
表示迄今为止的经历，“是唯一的/恰好就是...
被动语态
have/has been done
Jone has finished the work.
The work has been finished by John,
过去完成时
含义
表示在过去某个时间之前就已经完成的动作。
又称：过去的过去
时态结构
had + done (助动词 + 过去分词)
They had finished the task before I got back.
He told me that he had visited the Great Wall before.
时间标志
表示：“过去的过去”
以一般过去时did为基础
1. by截至/before + 过去的时间last/did
By last year he had studied English for 5 years
2.by the time,by the end of + did(一般过去时)：截至到过去之前.....
We had learned over one thousand words by the end of last term.
主过从过
主句一般过去时did(含said/told/asked/thought/wondered/found等过去式)，从句发生在主句did之前，从句过去完成时。
He told me that he had visited the Great Wall before
Kim said that he has passed the exam
句式
It/This was + the + 序数词/the + adj最高 + n. + that从句 （从句：过去完成时）
It was the first time that I had received a letter.
That was the third time that he had made the same mistake.
hardly/scarcely...when...
no sooner...than...
The sun had hardly appeared when we got up.
正常语序：
主语 had hardly done when did
主语 had no sooner done than did
主语 过去完成时 从句一般过去时
We had hardly started when began to rain.
The play had hardly started when there was a power cut.
倒装（否定意义的词置于句首）
主动部分倒装：
助动词，be动词或情态动词提至主语之前
We had hardly started when it began to rain.
Hardly had we started when it began to rain.
倒装语序：（一...就）
Hardly/Scarcely had 主 done when did
No sooner had 主 done than did
主句过去完成时， 从句一般过去时
被动语态
had been done
I had read the novel before last week.
The novel had been read by me
将来完成时
含义
表示将来某个时间完成的动作。
截止到未来的某个时间之前......
I will have lived here for 6 years by next year.
结构
时态结构 will have done
句式
1.before/by + 将来时间（next）
在未来的某个时间之前/截止到未来时间
By the end of/Before next year he will have lived here for ten years.
2.by the time +一般现在时（do/does）(一现表将来)
By the time you get home,I will have cleaned the house from top to bottom.
by the time +一般现在时（do/does）(V-s)
By the time you get home,I will have cleaned the house from top to bottom
by the time +一般过去时（did）（V-ed）
By the time you got home,I had cleaned the house from top to bottom
被动语态
will have benn done
The workers will have finished the bridge by 2030.
The bridge will have been finished by 2030.
总结
| 过去完成时 | 现在完成时 | 将来完成时 | |
| 结构 | had done | have/has done | will had done |
| 时间 | 1.by/before+过去时间/did 2.主过从过 3.It was the... | 1.since/so far/by now 2.for+一段时间4 3.It is the... | 1.by/before+将来时间 2.by the time + 一般现在时 |
| 主动 | 被动 | |
| 现在完成时 | have/has done | have/has been done |
| 过去完成时 | had done | had been done |
| 将来完成时 | will have done | will have been done |
现在完成进行时
含义
表示一个动作始于过去，持续到现在，并且现在还在进行，有可能继续下去
I has been raining for two hours
结构
现在完成时 have/has done
+ 进行时 be doing
现在完成进行时 have/has been doing
过去完成进行时
含义
表示一个动作始于过去的过去，持续到过去的某个点，并且当时还在进行
结构
过去完成时 had done
+进行时 be doing
过去完成进行时 had been doing
I had been studying Italian before he entered the college.
| 过去 | 现在 | 将来 | |
| 一般 | did | do/does | will do等 |
| 进行 | was/were doing | am/is/are doing | will be doing |
| 完成 | had done | have/has done | will have done |
| 完成 进行 | had been doing | have/has been doing | |
| 过去 将来 | would do等 |
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