SQL 语句的类别
传统上将 SQL 语句划分为以下逻辑类别:
数据定义语句
这些数据定义语言(DDL)语句可声明、重命名、修改或破坏数据库对象。
数据操纵语句
这些数据操纵语言(DML)语句可检索、插入、删除或修改数据值。
游标操纵语句
这些语句可声明、打开和关闭游标,游标是用于对多行数据操作的数据结构。
动态管理语句
这些语句支持内存管理并运行用户在运行时指定 DML 操作的详细信息。
数据访问语句
这些语句指定访问特权并支持多个用户对数据库的同时访问。
数据完整性语句
这些语句执行事务日志记录并支持数据库的参照完整性。
优化语句
这些语句可用于提高数据库操作的性能。
例程定义语句
这些语句可声明、定义、修改、执行或破坏数据库存储的用户定义的例程。
客户机/服务器连接语句
这些语句可打开或关闭数据库和客户机应用程序之间的连接。
辅助语句
这些语句可提供关于数据库的信息。(这也是一个剩余类别,用于不与其他语句紧密相关的语句。)
数据定义语言语句
SQL 数据定义语言(DDL)创建、修改、重命名或销毁数据库对象并对数据库中系统目录表中的行进行相应的修改。
- ALTER ACCESS_METHOD
- ALTER FRAGMENT
- ALTER FUNCTION
- ALTER INDEX
- ALTER PROCEDURE
- ALTER ROUTINE
- ALTER SEQUENCE
- ALTER SECURITY LABEL COMPONENT
- ALTER TABLE
- ALTER TRUSTED CONTEXT
- ALTER USER
- CLOSE DATABASE
- CREATE ACCESS_METHOD
- CREATE AGGREGATE
- CREATE CAST
- CREATE DATABASE
- CREATE DEFAULT USER
- CREATE DISTINCT TYPE
- CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE
- CREATE FUNCTION
- CREATE FUNCTION FROM
- CREATE INDEX
- CREATE OPAQUE TYPE
- CREATE OPCLASS
- CREATE PROCEDURE
- CREATE PROCEDURE FROM
- CREATE ROLE
- CREATE ROUTINE FROM
- CREATE ROW TYPE
- CREATE SCHEMA
- CREATE SECURITY LABEL
- CREATE SECURITY LABEL COMPONENT
- CREATE SECURITY POLICY
- CREATE SEQUENCE
- CREATE SYNONYM
- CREATE TABLE
- CREATE TEMP TABLE
- CREATE TRIGGER
- CREATE TRUSTED CONTEXT
- CREATE USER
- CREATE VIEW
- CREATE XADATASOURCE
- CREATE XADATASOURCE TYPE
- DROP ACCESS_METHOD
- DROP AGGREGATE
- DROP CAST
- DROP DATABASE
- DROP FUNCTION
- DROP INDEX
- DROP OPCLASS
- DROP PROCEDURE
- DROP ROLE
- DROP ROUTINE
- DROP ROW TYPE
- DROP SECURITY
- DROP SEQUENCE
- DROP TRUSTED CONTEXT
- DROP SYNONYM
- DROP TABLE
- DROP TRIGGER
- DROP TYPE
- DROP USER
- DROP VIEW
- DROP XADATASOURCE
- DROP XADATASOURCE TYPE
- RENAME COLUMN
- RENAME DATABASE
- RENAME INDEX
- RENAME SECURITY
- RENAME SEQUENCE
- RENAME TABLE
- RENAME TRUSTED CONTEXT
- RENAME USER
- TRUNCATE
- UPDATE STATISTICS
数据操纵语言语句
- DELETE
- INSERT
- LOAD
- MERGE
- SELECT
- UNLOAD
- UPDATE
注: SQL 的 ANSI/ISO 标准中的 DML 语句包括 DELETE 、INSERT 、MERGE 、SELECT 和 UPDATE 语句。MERGE 可模拟 INSERT 和 DELETE 或 UPDATE 。尽管 LOAD 和 UNLOAD 在功能上类似于 DML ,但这些 DB-Access 宏不在本手册中对“DML 语句”的大多数引用范围内。
数据完整性语句
- BEGIN WORK
- COMMIT WORK
- SAVEPOINT
- RELEASE SAVEPOINT
- ROLLBACK WORK
- SET Database Object Mode
- SET LOG
- SET Transaction Mode
- START VIOLATIONS TABLE
- STOP VIOLATIONS TABLE
游标操纵语句
- CLOSE
- DECLARE
- FETCH
- FLUSH
- FREE
- OPEN
- OPEN FOR
- PUT
- SET AUTOFREE
动态管理语句
- ALLOCATE COLLECTION
- ALLOCATE DESCRIPTOR
- ALLOCATE ROW
- DEALLOCATE COLLECTION
- DEALLOCATE DESCRIPTOR
- DEALLOCATE ROW
- DESCRIBE
- DESCRIBE INPUT
- EXECUTE
- EXECUTE IMMEDIATE
- FREE
- GET DESCRIPTOR
- INFO
- PREPARE
- SET DEFERRED_PREPARE
- SET DESCRIPTOR
数据访问语句
- GRANT
- GRANT FRAGMENT
- LOCK TABLE
- REVOKE
- REVOKE FRAGMENT
- SET ISOLATION
- SET LOCK MODE
- SET ROLE
- SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION
- SET TRANSACTION
- SET Transaction Mode
- UNLOCK TABLE
优化语句
- SAVE EXTERNAL DIRECTIVES
- SET ENVIRONMENT
- SET EXPLAIN
- SET OPTIMIZATION
- SET PDQPRIORITY
- SET STATEMENT CACHE
例程定义语句
- ALTER FUNCTION
- ALTER PROCEDURE
- ALTER ROUTINE
- CREATE FUNCTION
- CREATE FUNCTION FROM
- CREATE PROCEDURE
- CREATE PROCEDURE FROM
- CREATE ROUTINE FROM
- DROP FUNCTION
- DROP PROCEDURE
- DROP ROUTINE
- EXECUTE FUNCTION
- EXECUTE PROCEDURE
- SET DEBUG FILE TO
辅助语句
- GET DIAGNOSTICS
- INFO
- OUTPUT
- SET COLLATION
- SET DATASKIP
- SET ENCRYPTION PASSWORD
- SET USER PASSWORD
- WHENEVER
客户机/服务器连接语句
- CONNECT
- DATABASE
- DISCONNECT
- SET CONNECTION
- ANSI/ISO 的一致性和扩展
以下列表显示了在入门级别上符合 ANSI SQL-92 标准的语句、符合 ANSI 但包括 GBase 8s 扩展的语句和 ANSI/ISO 标准的 GBase 8s 扩展语句。
符合 ANSI/ISO 的语句
- CLOSE
- COMMIT WORK
- RELEASE SAVEPOINT
- SET CONSTRAINTS(请参阅 SET Transaction Mode 语句)
- SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION
- SET TRANSACTION
具有 GBase 8s 扩展的符合 ANSI/ISO 的语句
- ALLOCATE DESCRIPTOR
- ALTER TABLE
- CONNECT
- COMMENT
- CREATE FUNCTION
- CREATE PROCEDURE
- CREATE TRIGGER
- CREATE SCHEMA
- CREATE TABLE
- CREATE TEMP TABLE
- CREATE VIEW
- DEALLOCATE DESCRIPTOR
- DECLARE
- DELETE
- DESCRIBE
- DESCRIBE INPUT
- DISCONNECT
- EXECUTE
- EXECUTE IMMEDIATE
- FETCH
- GET DESCRIPTOR
- GET DIAGNOSTICS
- GRANT
- INSERT
- MERGE
- OPEN
- PREPARE
- REVOKE
- ROLLBACK WORK
- SAVEPOINT
- SELECT
- SET CONNECTION
- SET DESCRIPTOR
- UPDATE STATISTICS
- WHENEVER
ANSI/ISO 标准的扩展语句
- ALLOCATE COLLECTION
- ALLOCATE ROW
- ALTER ACCESS_METHOD
- ALTER FRAGMENT
- ALTER FUNCTION
- ALTER INDEX
- ALTER PROCEDURE
- ALTER ROUTINE
- ALTER SECURITY LABEL COMPONENT
- ALTER SEQUENCE
- ALTER TRUSTED CONTEXT
- ALTER USER
- BEGIN WORK
- CLOSE DATABASE
- CREATE ACCESS_METHOD
- CREATE AGGREGATE
- CREATE CAST
- CREATE DATABASE
- CREATE DEFAULT USER
- CREATE DISTINCT TYPE
- CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE
- CREATE FUNCTION FROM
- CREATE INDEX
- CREATE OPAQUE TYPE
- CREATE OPCLASS
- CREATE PROCEDURE FROM
- CREATE ROLE
- CREATE ROUTINE FROM
- CREATE ROW TYPE
- CREATE SECURITY LABEL
- CREATE SECURITY LABEL COMPONENT
- CREATE SECURITY POLICY
- CREATE SEQUENCE
- CREATE SYNONYM
- CREATE TRUSTED CONTEXT
- CREATE USER
- CREATE XADATASOURCE
- CREATE XADATASOURCE TYPE
- DATABASE
- DEALLOCATE COLLECTION
- DEALLOCATE ROW
- DROP ACCESS_METHOD
- DROP AGGREGATE
- DROP CAST
- DROP DATABASE
- DROP FUNCTION
- DROP INDEX
- DROP OPCLASS
- DROP PROCEDURE
- DROP ROLE
- DROP ROUTINE
- DROP ROW TYPE
- DROP SECURITY LABEL
- DROP SECURITY LABEL COMPONENT
- DROP SECURITY POLICY
- DROP SEQUENCE
- DROP SYNONYM
- DROP TABLE
- DROP TRIGGER
- DROP TRUSTED CONTEXT
- DROP TYPE
- DROP USER
- DROP VIEW
- DROP XADATASOURCE
- DROP XADATASOURCE TYPE
- EXECUTE FUNCTION
- EXECUTE PROCEDURE
- FLUSH
- FREE
- GRANT FRAGMENT
- LOAD
- LOCK TABLE
- OUTPUT
- PUT
- RELEASE SAVEPOINT
- RENAME COLUMN
- RENAME DATABASE
- RENAME INDEX
- RENAME SECURITY LABEL
- RENAME SECURITY LABEL COMPONENT
- RENAME SECURITY POLICY
- RENAME SEQUENCE
- RENAME TABLE
- RENAME TRUSTED CONTEXT
- RENAME USER
- REVOKE FRAGMENT
- SAVE EXTERNAL DIRECTIVES
- SET AUTOFREE
- SET COLLATION
- SET CONSTRAINTS (请参阅 SET Database Object Mode 语句)
- SET Database Object Mode
- SET DATASKIP
- SET DEBUG FILE TO
- SET DEFERRED_PREPARE
- SET ENCRYPTION PASSWORD
- SET ENVIRONMENT
- SET EXPLAIN
- SET INDEXES (请参阅 SET Database Object Mode 语句)
- SET ISOLATION
- SET LOCK MODE
- SET LOG
- SET OPTIMIZATION
- SET PDQPRIORITY
- SET ROLE
- SET STATEMENT CACHE
- SET TRIGGERS (请参阅 SET Database Object Mode 语句)
- SET USER PASSWORD
- START VIOLATIONS TABLE
- STOP VIOLATIONS TABLE
- TRUNCATE
- UNLOAD
- UNLOCK TABLE
- UPDATE STATISTICS