A forest is usually defined by the presence of【…的存在】 trees. It can be classified into six broad categories: temperate needleleaf, temperate broadleaf and mixed, tropical moist, tropical dry, sparse【稀少的】 trees and parkland and forest plantations. Global forest resources asessment 【评估】 can help people learn about the forest area dynamics【动态变化】. A reduction in forest area can happen mainly through** deforestation【砍伐森林】**, which is driven by multiple causes like land conversion and logging【伐木】. Nowadays, forests are faced with great challenges in many aspects like climate change, competing uses of land, growing demand for forest products, forest governance, private financing for sustainable forest management, rights over forests and so forth. However, opportunities have also emerged that could transform the dilemma【困境】.
Biodiversity【生物多样性】 is the diversity of life on Earth including diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems. It can be divided into three groups: genetic diversity, **organismal【生物的】**diversity, ecological diversity and the three levels are all interconnected【相互关联】. Biodiversity is facing great challenge mainly due to humans. The expansion of human populations and human activities inevitably result in the habitat destruction which is the primary cause of the decay【衰减】 of organic diversity. Therefore, it is urgent to increase public awareness of biodiversity conservation. In order to make protected areas more effectively in conserving global biodiversity, experts share their four priorities for the world’s parks.
Currently, many humankind activities have resulted in the increasing amount of CO2 which brings serious consequences to the environment. In wrestling【处理；应付】 with the situation, we can do carbon sequestration【封存】, allow countries carbon credit and utilize new technologies like CCS. Meanwhile, we should also learn what the ecological footprint is and how big our footprints are. It is highly desirable for us to reduce our footprints, such as using cleaner transport, add energy-saving features to our home, cultivate【培养】 energy-saving habits and so forth. What’s more, it is conceivable【可预见】 that we should also make joint efforts and establish strong governance structures capable of managing human impacts on nature, where there are signs of hope for nature.
With a long history, landscape architecture is a multi-disciplinary【多学科】 field, where landscape architects do a widerange of tasks, including parks of general design, sustainable development and so forth. The cooperation of landscape managers, planners and scientists is undoubtedly vital for a good program. What’s more, people are now reallzing green infrastructure brings numerous economic, ecological and social benefits.
Therefore, it is conceivable that people can harness nature by establishing forests and nature reserves, constructing wetlands and utilizing green roofs and walls technology. Needless to say, the sponge【海绵】 city program is a typical example of green infrastructure, which can mitigate the water scarce by mimicking【模仿】 and supporting the natural water cycle though it may have some **blocks of 【…的短缺】**financing.
Desertification is a type of land degradation【衰减；退化】, which exerts【施加】 a penetrating【深刻的】 impact on economic, political and ecological conditions, especially in underdeveloped regions. The causes of desertification include the loss of vegetation, climate change, human overexploitation【过度开采】, overgrazing and so forth. Therefore, national strategies and action plans have been taken to address the problem. Governments learn from successful practices, make joint efforts and have longterm commitment and investment in combating desertification. Meanwhile, as to the serious water contamination【污染】 and water scarcity all over the world, we should also explore nature-based solutions for source water protection on World Water Day, such as investing in green infrastructure and tipping off the cascade【小瀑布；一连串】.
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