Python编程从入门到实践第六章字典

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已于 2023-04-06 19:11:10 修改

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分类专栏： Python编程从入门到实践—学习笔记文章标签： python

于 2023-03-24 13:33:05 首次发布

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/m0_70225616/article/details/129748925

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11 篇文章 1 订阅

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1. 字典简介

字典是由一系列键值对组成，每个键都与一个值相关联，与键相关联的值可以是数字、字符串、列表、甚至是字典
字典名 = {键1：值1，键2：值2，依此类推}
最简单的字典只有一个键值对

alien_0 ={'color':'green'}

2. 字典使用

要获取与键相关联的值，可依次指定字典名、放在方括号内的键名

alien_0 ={'color':'green','points':5}
print(alien_0['color'])
print(alien_0['points'])

green
5

2.1 访问字典中的值

>>> alien_0 ={'color':'green','points':5}
>>> new_points = alien_0['points']
>>> print("You just earned "+str(new_points)+" points!")
You just earned 5 points!

2.2 添加键—值对

字典是一种动态结构，可随时在其中添加键—值对
添加键值对，依次指定字典名、用方括号括起的键、相关联的值
注意：键—值对的排列顺序与添加顺序不同，Python不关心键—值对的添加顺序，只关心键—值对之间的关联关系**

>>> alien_0 ={'color':'green','points':5}
>>> print(alien_0)
{'color': 'green', 'points': 5}
>>> alien_0['x_position'] = 0
>>> alien_0['y_position'] = 25
>>> print(alien_0)
{'color': 'green', 'points': 5, 'x_position': 0, 'y_position': 25}

2.3 删除键—值对

使用del 语句将相应的键—值对彻底删除
使用del 语句，必须指定字典名、要删除的键

>>> alien_0 ={'color':'green','points':5}
>>> print(alien_0)
{'color': 'green', 'points': 5}
>>> del alien_0['points']
>>> print(alien_0)
{'color': 'green'}

2.4 先创建一个空字典

使用字典来存储用户提供的数据或在编写能自动生成大量键—值对的代码时，通常需要先定义一个空字典

>>> alien_0 = {}
>>> alien_0['color'] = 'green'
>>> alien_0['points'] = 5
>>> print(alien_0)
{'color': 'green', 'points': 5}

2.5 修改字典中的值

修改字典中的值，依次指定字典名、方括号括起的键、相关联的新值

alien_0 ={'color':'green'}
print("The alien is "+alien_0['color']+".")
alien_0['color'] = 'yellow'
print("The alien is now "+alien_0['color']+".")

The alien is green.
The alien is now yellow.

有趣例子

alien_0 = {'x_position':0,'y_position':25,'speed':'medium'}
alien_0['speed'] = 'fast'
print("Original x-position: " + str(alien_0['x_position']))
if alien_0['speed'] == 'slow':
    x_increment = 1
elif alien_0['speed'] == 'medium':
    x_increment = 2
else:
    x_increment = 3
alien_0['x_position']=alien_0['x_position'] + x_increment
print("New x-position: " + str(alien_0['x_position']))

Original x-position: 0
New x-position: 3

2.6 由类似对象组成的字典

前面示例中，字典存储的是一个对象的多种信息；也可以使用字典来存储众多对象的同一种信息
定义好字典后，在最后一个键—值对的下一行添加一个右花括号，并缩进四个空格，使其与字典中的键对齐
可在最后一个键—值对后面也加上逗号，为以后在下一行添加键—值对做好准备
print语句后续各行，用tab键将它们对齐并缩进一级，在最后一行末尾加上右括号

>>> favorite_languages = {
...     'jen':'python',
...     'sarah':'c',
...     'edward':'ruby',
...     'phil':'pyrhon',
...     }
>>> print("Sarah's favorite language is "+
...       favorite_languages['sarah'].title()+
...       ".")
Sarah's favorite language is C.

3. 遍历字典

3.1 遍历所有键—值对

列表名.items()
方法items()返回一个键—值对列表
遍历字典时，键—值对的返回顺序也与存储顺序不同；Python不关心键—值对的返回顺序，它只跟踪键和值之间的关联关系

>>> user_0 = {
...     'username':'efermi',
...     'first':'enrico',
...     'last':'fermi',
...     }
>>> for key ,value in user_0.items():
...     print("\nkey: "+key)
...     print("Value: "+value)
...

key: username
Value: efermi

key: first
Value: enrico

key: last
Value: fermi

>>> favorite_languages = {
...     'jen':'python',
...     'sarah':'c',
...     'edward':'ruby',
...     'phil':'pyrhon',
...     }
>>> for name,language in favorite_languages.items():
...     print(name.title() + "'s favorite language is "+
...           language.title() + ".")
...
Jen's favorite language is Python.
Sarah's favorite language is C.
Edward's favorite language is Ruby.
Phil's favorite language is Pyrhon.

3.2 遍历所有键

列表名.keys()
方法keys()返回一个包含字典中的所有键的列表
遍历字典时，会默认遍历所有的键，下面两种写法均可

for name in favorite_languages.keys():
for name in favorite_languages:

演示操作1：

>>> favorite_languages = {
...     'jen': 'python',
...     'sarah': 'c',
...     'edward': 'ruby',
...     'phil': 'pyrhon',
...     }
>>> for name in favorite_languages.keys():
...     print(name.title())
...
Jen
Sarah
Edward
Phil

演示操作2：

favorite_languages = {
    'jen': 'python',
    'sarah': 'c',
    'edward': 'ruby',
    'phil': 'pyrhon',
    }

friends = ['phil','sarah']

for name in favorite_languages.keys():
    print(name.title())

    if name in friends:
        print("    Hi " + name.title() +
              ", I see your favorite language is " +
              favorite_languages[name].title() + "!")

if 'erin' not in favorite_languages.keys():
    print("Erin，please take our poll!")

Jen
Sarah
    Hi Sarah, I see your favorite language is C!
Edward
Phil
    Hi Phil, I see your favorite language is Pyrhon!
Erin，please take our poll!

3.3 遍历所有值

遍历所有（未去重）

favorite_languages = {
    'jen':'python',
    'sarah':'c',
    'edward':'ruby',
    'phil':'python',
    }
print("The following languages have been mentioned:")
for language in favorite_languages.values():
    print(language.title())

The following languages have been mentioned:
Python
C
Ruby
Python

遍历所有，剔除重复值（使用集合set）

favorite_languages = {
    'jen':'python',
    'sarah':'c',
    'edward':'ruby',
    'phil':'python',
    }
print("The following languages have been mentioned:")
for language in set(favorite_languages.values()):
    print(language.title())

The following languages have been mentioned:
C
Python
Ruby

3.4 顺序遍历

3.4.1 顺序遍历键—值对

实际上还是以键来排序

>>> user_0 = {
...     'username':'efermi',
...     'first':'enrico',
...     'last':'fermi',
...     }
>>> for key ,value in sorted(user_0.items()):
...     print("\nkey: "+key)
...     print("Value: "+value)
...

key: first
Value: enrico

key: last
Value: fermi

key: username
Value: efermi

3.4.2 顺序遍历键

>>> favorite_languages = {
...     'jen': 'python',
...     'sarah': 'c',
...     'edward': 'ruby',
...     'phil': 'pyrhon',
...     }
>>> for name in sorted(favorite_languages.keys()):
...     print(name.title())
...
Edward
Jen
Phil
Sarah

3.4.3 顺序遍历值

顺序遍历值—未去重

favorite_languages = {
    'jen':'python',
    'sarah':'c',
    'edward':'ruby',
    'phil':'python',
    }
print("The following languages have been mentioned:")
for language in sorted(favorite_languages.values()):
    print(language.title())

The following languages have been mentioned:
C
Python
Python
Ruby

顺序遍历值—去重

favorite_languages = {
    'jen':'python',
    'sarah':'c',
    'edward':'ruby',
    'phil':'python',
    }
print("The following languages have been mentioned:")
for language in sorted(set(favorite_languages.values())):
    print(language.title())

The following languages have been mentioned:
C
Python
Ruby

4. 嵌套

4.1 列表中嵌套字典

演示操作

>>> alien_0 = {'color':'green','points':5}
>>> alien_1 = {'color':'yellow','points':10}
>>> alien_2 = {'color':'red','points':15}
>>> aliens = [alien_0,alien_1,alien_2]
>>> for alien in aliens:
...     print(alien)
...
{'color': 'green', 'points': 5}
{'color': 'yellow', 'points': 10}
{'color': 'red', 'points': 15}

有趣的例子

aliens = []
for alien_number in range(30):
    new_alien = {'color':'green','points':5,'speed':'slow'}
    aliens.append(new_alien)
for alien in aliens[0:3]:
    if alien['color'] == 'green':
        alien['color'] = 'yellow'
        alien['speed'] = 'medium'
        alien['points'] = 10
    elif alien['color'] == 'yellow':
        alien['color'] = 'red'
        alien['speed'] = 'fast'
        alien['points'] = 15
for alien in aliens[0:5]:
    print(alien)
print("...")

{'color': 'yellow', 'points': 10, 'speed': 'medium'}
{'color': 'yellow', 'points': 10, 'speed': 'medium'}
{'color': 'yellow', 'points': 10, 'speed': 'medium'}
{'color': 'green', 'points': 5, 'speed': 'slow'}
{'color': 'green', 'points': 5, 'speed': 'slow'}
...

4.2 字典中嵌套列表

每当需要在字典中将一个键关联到多个值时，都可以在字典中嵌套一个列表
演示操作1：

pizza = {
    'crust':'thick',
    'toppings':['mushrooms','extra cheese'],
    }
print("You ordered a " + pizza['crust'] + "-crust pizza" +
      " with the following toppings:")
for topping in pizza['toppings']:
    print("\t" + topping)

You ordered a thick-crust pizza with the following toppings:
	mushrooms
	extra cheese

演示操作2：

>>> favorite_languages = {
...     'jen': ['python','ruby'],
...     'sarah': ['c'],
...     'edward': ['ruby','go'],
...     'phil':['python','haskell'],
...     }
>>> for name ,languages in favorite_languages.items():
...     if len(languages) == 1:
...         for language in languages:
...             print("\n" + name.title() + " 's favorite language is: " + language.title())
...     elif len(languages) > 1:
...         print("\n" + name.title() + " 's favorite languages are:")
...         for language in languages:
...             print("\t" + language.title())
...

Jen 's favorite languages are:
        Python
        Ruby

Sarah 's favorite language is: C

Edward 's favorite languages are:
        Ruby
        Go

Phil 's favorite languages are:
        Python
        Haskell

4.3 字典中嵌套字典

>>> users = {
...     'aeinstein':{
...         'first':'albert',
...         'last':'einstein',
...         'location':'princeton'
...         },
...     'mcurie': {
...         'first': 'marie',
...         'last': 'curie',
...         'location': 'paris'
...         },
...     }
>>> for username,user_info in users.items():
...     print("\nUsername: " + username)
...     full_name = user_info['first'] + " " + user_info['last']
...     location = user_info['location']
...     print("\tFull name: " + full_name.title())
...     print("\tLocation: " + location.title())
...

Username: aeinstein
        Full name: Albert Einstein
        Location: Princeton

Username: mcurie
        Full name: Marie Curie
        Location: Paris

5. 章节跳转

进化的猿猴

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Python编程从入门到实践第六章字典

对列表进行临时性排序，并未实质性更改列表顺序，只是使用此函数后可以字母顺序展现。列表名.insert(索引号,‘添加元素名’)使用del 语句将值从列表删除后，无法再访问。列表名.append(‘添加元素名’)列表民.remove(元素名)当列表为空时，此时访问元素将报错。del 列表名[索引号]，对列表进行永久性排序。按字母顺序相反顺序排序。对列表元素顺序倒着输出。
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