1 Stream概述
Java 8 是一个非常成功的版本,这个版本新增的 Stream
,配合同版本出现的 Lambda
,给我们操作集合(Collection)提供了极大的便利。
那么什么是 Stream
?
Stream
将要处理的元素集合看作一种流,在流的过程中,借助Stream API
对流中的元素进行操作,比如:筛选、排序、聚合等。
Stream
可以由数组或集合创建,对流的操作分为两种:
-
中间操作,每次返回一个新的流,可以有多个。
-
终端操作,每个流只能进行一次终端操作,终端操作结束后流无法再次使用。终端操作会产生一个新的集合或值。
另外, Stream
有几个特性:
案例一:英文字符串数组的元素全部改为大写。整数数组每个元素+3。
public class StreamTest { public static void main(String[] args) { String[] strArr = { "abcd", "bcdd", "defde", "fTr" }; List<String> strList = Arrays.stream(strArr).map(String::toUpperCase).collect(Collectors.toList()); List<Integer> intList = Arrays.asList(1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11); List<Integer> intListNew = intList.stream().map(x -> x + 3).collect(Collectors.toList()); System.out.println("每个元素大写:" + strList); System.out.println("每个元素+3:" + intListNew); } }
案例二:将员工的薪资全部增加1000。
public class StreamTest { public static void main(String[] args) { List<Person> personList = new ArrayList<Person>(); personList.add(new Person("Tom", 8900, 23, "male", "New York")); personList.add(new Person("Jack", 7000, 25, "male", "Washington")); personList.add(new Person("Lily", 7800, 21, "female", "Washington")); personList.add(new Person("Anni", 8200, 24, "female", "New York")); personList.add(new Person("Owen", 9500, 25, "male", "New York")); personList.add(new Person("Alisa", 7900, 26, "female", "New York")); List<Person> personListNew = personList.stream().map(person -> { Person personNew = new Person(person.getName(), 0, 0, null, null); personNew.setSalary(person.getSalary() + 10000); return personNew; }).collect(Collectors.toList()); System.out.println("一次改动前:" + personList.get(0).getName() + "-->" + personList.get(0).getSalary()); System.out.println("一次改动后:" + personListNew.get(0).getName() + "-->" + personListNew.get(0).getSalary()); List<Person> personListNew2 = personList.stream().map(person -> { person.setSalary(person.getSalary() + 10000); return person; }).collect(Collectors.toList()); System.out.println("二次改动前:" + personList.get(0).getName() + "-->" + personListNew.get(0).getSalary()); System.out.println("二次改动后:" + personListNew2.get(0).getName() + "-->" + personListNew.get(0).getSalary()); } }
案例三:将两个字符数组合并成一个新的字符数组。
public class StreamTest { public static void main(String[] args) { List<String> list = Arrays.asList("m,k,l,a", "1,3,5,7"); List<String> listNew = list.stream().flatMap(s -> { String[] split = s.split(","); Stream<String> s2 = Arrays.stream(split); return s2; }).collect(Collectors.toList()); System.out.println("处理前的集合:" + list); System.out.println("处理后的集合:" + listNew); } }
3.5 归约(reduce)
归约,也称缩减,顾名思义,是把一个流缩减成一个值,能实现对集合求和、求乘积和求最值操作。
案例一:求 Integer
集合的元素之和、乘积和最大值。
public class StreamTest { public static void main(String[] args) { List<Integer> list = Arrays.asList(1, 3, 2, 8, 11, 4); Optional<Integer> sum = list.stream().reduce((x, y) -> x + y); Optional<Integer> sum2 = list.stream().reduce(Integer::sum); Integer sum3 = list.stream().reduce(0, Integer::sum); Optional<Integer> product = list.stream().reduce((x, y) -> x * y); Optional<Integer> max = list.stream().reduce((x, y) -> x > y ? x : y); Integer max2 = list.stream().reduce(1, Integer::max); System.out.println("list求和:" + sum.get() + "," + sum2.get() + "," + sum3); System.out.println("list求积:" + product.get()); System.out.println("list求和:" + max.get() + "," + max2); } }
案例二:求所有员工的工资之和和最高工资。
public class StreamTest { public static void main(String[] args) { List<Person> personList = new ArrayList<Person>(); personList.add(new Person("Tom", 8900, 23, "male", "New York")); personList.add(new Person("Jack", 7000, 25, "male", "Washington")); personList.add(new Person("Lily", 7800, 21, "female", "Washington")); personList.add(new Person("Anni", 8200, 24, "female", "New York")); personList.add(new Person("Owen", 9500, 25, "male", "New York")); personList.add(new Person("Alisa", 7900, 26, "female", "New York")); Optional<Integer> sumSalary = personList.stream().map(Person::getSalary).reduce(Integer::sum); Integer sumSalary2 = personList.stream().reduce(0, (sum, p) -> sum += p.getSalary(), (sum1, sum2) -> sum1 + sum2); Integer sumSalary3 = personList.stream().reduce(0, (sum, p) -> sum += p.getSalary(), Integer::sum); Integer maxSalary = personList.stream().reduce(0, (max, p) -> max > p.getSalary() ? max : p.getSalary(), Integer::max); Integer maxSalary2 = personList.stream().reduce(0, (max, p) -> max > p.getSalary() ? max : p.getSalary(), (max1, max2) -> max1 > max2 ? max1 : max2); System.out.println("工资之和:" + sumSalary.get() + "," + sumSalary2 + "," + sumSalary3); System.out.println("最高工资:" + maxSalary + "," + maxSalary2); } }
3.6 收集(collect)
collect
,收集,可以说是内容最繁多、功能最丰富的部分了。从字面上去理解,就是把一个流收集起来,最终可以是收集成一个值也可以收集成一个新的集合。
collect
主要依赖java.util.stream.Collectors
类内置的静态方法。
3.6.1 归集(toList/toSet/toMap)
因为流不存储数据,那么在流中的数据完成处理后,需要将流中的数据重新归集到新的集合里。 toList
、 toSet
和 toMap
比较常用,另外还有 toCollection
、 toConcurrentMap
等复杂一些的用法。
下面用一个案例演示 toList
、 toSet
和 toMap
:
public class StreamTest { public static void main(String[] args) { List<Integer> list = Arrays.asList(1, 6, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 6, 20); List<Integer> listNew = list.stream().filter(x -> x % 2 == 0).collect(Collectors.toList()); Set<Integer> set = list.stream().filter(x -> x % 2 == 0).collect(Collectors.toSet()); List<Person> personList = new ArrayList<Person>(); personList.add(new Person("Tom", 8900, 23, "male", "New York")); personList.add(new Person("Jack", 7000, 25, "male", "Washington")); personList.add(new Person("Lily", 7800, 21, "female", "Washington")); personList.add(new Person("Anni", 8200, 24, "female", "New York")); Map<?, Person> map = personList.stream().filter(p -> p.getSalary() > 8000) .collect(Collectors.toMap(Person::getName, p -> p)); System.out.println("toList:" + listNew); System.out.println("toSet:" + set); System.out.println("toMap:" + map); } }
运行结果:
3.6.2 统计(count/averaging)
Collectors
提供了一系列用于数据统计的静态方法:
案例:统计员工人数、平均工资、工资总额、最高工资。
public class StreamTest { public static void main(String[] args) { List<Person> personList = new ArrayList<Person>(); personList.add(new Person("Tom", 8900, 23, "male", "New York")); personList.add(new Person("Jack", 7000, 25, "male", "Washington")); personList.add(new Person("Lily", 7800, 21, "female", "Washington")); Long count = personList.stream().collect(Collectors.counting()); Double average = personList.stream().collect(Collectors.averagingDouble(Person::getSalary)); Optional<Integer> max = personList.stream().map(Person::getSalary).collect(Collectors.maxBy(Integer::compare)); Integer sum = personList.stream().collect(Collectors.summingInt(Person::getSalary)); DoubleSummaryStatistics collect = personList.stream().collect(Collectors.summarizingDouble(Person::getSalary)); System.out.println("员工总数:" + count); System.out.println("员工平均工资:" + average); System.out.println("员工工资总和:" + sum); System.out.println("员工工资所有统计:" + collect); } }
3.6.3 分组(partitioningBy/groupingBy)
案例:将员工按薪资是否高于8000分为两部分;将员工按性别和地区分组
public class StreamTest { public static void main(String[] args) { List<Person> personList = new ArrayList<Person>(); personList.add(new Person("Tom", 8900, "male", "New York")); personList.add(new Person("Jack", 7000, "male", "Washington")); personList.add(new Person("Lily", 7800, "female", "Washington")); personList.add(new Person("Anni", 8200, "female", "New York")); personList.add(new Person("Owen", 9500, "male", "New York")); personList.add(new Person("Alisa", 7900, "female", "New York")); Map<Boolean, List<Person>> part = personList.stream().collect(Collectors.partitioningBy(x -> x.getSalary() > 8000)); Map<String, List<Person>> group = personList.stream().collect(Collectors.groupingBy(Person::getSex)); Map<String, Map<String, List<Person>>> group2 = personList.stream().collect(Collectors.groupingBy(Person::getSex, Collectors.groupingBy(Person::getArea))); System.out.println("员工按薪资是否大于8000分组情况:" + part); System.out.println("员工按性别分组情况:" + group); System.out.println("员工按性别、地区:" + group2); } }
3.6.4 接合(joining)
joining
可以将stream中的元素用特定的连接符(没有的话,则直接连接)连接成一个字符串。
public class StreamTest { public static void main(String[] args) { List<Person> personList = new ArrayList<Person>(); personList.add(new Person("Tom", 8900, 23, "male", "New York")); personList.add(new Person("Jack", 7000, 25, "male", "Washington")); personList.add(new Person("Lily", 7800, 21, "female", "Washington")); String names = personList.stream().map(p -> p.getName()).collect(Collectors.joining(",")); System.out.println("所有员工的姓名:" + names); List<String> list = Arrays.asList("A", "B", "C"); String string = list.stream().collect(Collectors.joining("-")); System.out.println("拼接后的字符串:" + string); } }
3.6.5 归约(reducing)
Collectors
类提供的 reducing
方法,相比于 stream
本身的 reduce
方法,增加了对自定义归约的支持。
public class StreamTest { public static void main(String[] args) { List<Person> personList = new ArrayList<Person>(); personList.add(new Person("Tom", 8900, 23, "male", "New York")); personList.add(new Person("Jack", 7000, 25, "male", "Washington")); personList.add(new Person("Lily", 7800, 21, "female", "Washington")); Integer sum = personList.stream().collect(Collectors.reducing(0, Person::getSalary, (i, j) -> (i + j - 5000))); System.out.println("员工扣税薪资总和:" + sum); Optional<Integer> sum2 = personList.stream().map(Person::getSalary).reduce(Integer::sum); System.out.println("员工薪资总和:" + sum2.get()); } }
3.7 排序(sorted)
sorted,中间操作。有两种排序:
案例:将员工按工资由高到低(工资一样则按年龄由大到小)排序
public class StreamTest { public static void main(String[] args) { List<Person> personList = new ArrayList<Person>(); personList.add(new Person("Sherry", 9000, 24, "female", "New York")); personList.add(new Person("Tom", 8900, 22, "male", "Washington")); personList.add(new Person("Jack", 9000, 25, "male", "Washington")); personList.add(new Person("Lily", 8800, 26, "male", "New York")); personList.add(new Person("Alisa", 9000, 26, "female", "New York")); List<String> newList = personList.stream().sorted(Comparator.comparing(Person::getSalary)).map(Person::getName) .collect(Collectors.toList()); List<String> newList2 = personList.stream().sorted(Comparator.comparing(Person::getSalary).reversed()) .map(Person::getName).collect(Collectors.toList()); List<String> newList3 = personList.stream() .sorted(Comparator.comparing(Person::getSalary).thenComparing(Person::getAge)).map(Person::getName) .collect(Collectors.toList()); List<String> newList4 = personList.stream().sorted((p1, p2) -> { if (p1.getSalary() == p2.getSalary()) { return p2.getAge() - p1.getAge(); } else { return p2.getSalary() - p1.getSalary(); } }).map(Person::getName).collect(Collectors.toList()); System.out.println("按工资升序排序:" + newList); System.out.println("按工资降序排序:" + newList2); System.out.println("先按工资再按年龄升序排序:" + newList3); System.out.println("先按工资再按年龄自定义降序排序:" + newList4); } }
3.8 提取/组合
流也可以进行合并、去重、限制、跳过等操作。
public class StreamTest { public static void main(String[] args) { String[] arr1 = { "a", "b", "c", "d" }; String[] arr2 = { "d", "e", "f", "g" }; Stream<String> stream1 = Stream.of(arr1); Stream<String> stream2 = Stream.of(arr2); List<String> newList = Stream.concat(stream1, stream2).distinct().collect(Collectors.toList()); List<Integer> collect = Stream.iterate(1, x -> x + 2).limit(10).collect(Collectors.toList()); List<Integer> collect2 = Stream.iterate(1, x -> x + 2).skip(1).limit(5).collect(Collectors.toList()); System.out.println("流合并:" + newList); System.out.println("limit:" + collect); System.out.println("skip:" + collect2); } }
-
stream不存储数据,而是按照特定的规则对数据进行计算,一般会输出结果。
-
stream不会改变数据源,通常情况下会产生一个新的集合或一个值。
-
stream具有延迟执行特性,只有调用终端操作时,中间操作才会执行。
-
2 Stream的创建
Stream
可以通过集合数组创建。1、通过
java.util.Collection.stream()
方法用集合创建流List<String> list = Arrays.asList("a", "b", "c"); Stream<String> stream = list.stream(); Stream<String> parallelStream = list.parallelStream();
2、使用
java.util.Arrays.stream(T[] array)
方法用数组创建流int[] array={1,3,5,6,8}; IntStream stream = Arrays.stream(array);
3、使用
Stream
的静态方法:of()、iterate()、generate()
Stream<Integer> stream = Stream.of(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6); Stream<Integer> stream2 = Stream.iterate(0, (x) -> x + 3).limit(4); stream2.forEach(System.out::println); Stream<Double> stream3 = Stream.generate(Math::random).limit(3); stream3.forEach(System.out::println);
stream
和parallelStream
的简单区分:stream
是顺序流,由主线程按顺序对流执行操作,而parallelStream
是并行流,内部以多线程并行执行的方式对流进行操作,但前提是流中的数据处理没有顺序要求。例如筛选集合中的奇数,两者的处理不同之处: 如果流中的数据量足够大,并行流可以加快处速度。除了直接创建并行流,还可以通过
parallel()
把顺序流转换成并行流:Optional<Integer> findFirst = list.stream().parallel().filter(x->x>6).findFirst();
3 Stream的使用
在使用stream之前,先理解一个概念:
Optional
。Optional
类是一个可以为null
的容器对象。如果值存在则isPresent()
方法会返回true
,调用get()
方法会返回该对象。 更详细说明请见:菜鸟教程Java 8 Optional类接下来,大批代码向你袭来!我将用20个案例将Stream的使用整得明明白白,只要跟着敲一遍代码,就能很好地掌握。
; 案例使用的员工类
这是后面案例中使用的员工类:
List<Person> personList = new ArrayList<Person>(); personList.add(new Person("Tom", 8900, "male", "New York")); personList.add(new Person("Jack", 7000, "male", "Washington")); personList.add(new Person("Lily", 7800, "female", "Washington")); personList.add(new Person("Anni", 8200, "female", "New York")); personList.add(new Person("Owen", 9500, "male", "New York")); personList.add(new Person("Alisa", 7900, "female", "New York")); class Person { private String name; private int salary; private int age; private String sex; private String area; public Person(String name, int salary, int age,String sex,String area) { this.name = name; this.salary = salary; this.age = age; this.sex = sex; this.area = area; } }
3.1 遍历/匹配(foreach/find/match)
Stream
也是支持类似集合的遍历和匹配元素的,只是Stream
中的元素是以Optional
类型存在的。Stream
的遍历、匹配非常简单。 public class StreamTest { public static void main(String[] args) { List<Integer> list = Arrays.asList(7, 6, 9, 3, 8, 2, 1); list.stream().filter(x -> x > 6).forEach(System.out::println); Optional<Integer> findFirst = list.stream().filter(x -> x > 6).findFirst(); Optional<Integer> findAny = list.parallelStream().filter(x -> x > 6).findAny(); boolean anyMatch = list.stream().anyMatch(x -> x < 6); System.out.println("匹配第一个值:" + findFirst.get()); System.out.println("匹配任意一个值:" + findAny.get()); System.out.println("是否存在大于6的值:" + anyMatch); } }
3.2 筛选(filter)
筛选,是按照一定的规则校验流中的元素,将符合条件的元素提取到新的流中的操作。
案例一:筛选出
Integer
集合中大于7的元素,并打印出来public class StreamTest { public static void main(String[] args) { List<Integer> list = Arrays.asList(6, 7, 3, 8, 1, 2, 9); Stream<Integer> stream = list.stream(); stream.filter(x -> x > 7).forEach(System.out::println); } }
案例二: 筛选员工中工资高于8000的人,并形成新的集合。 形成新集合依赖
collect
(收集),后文有详细介绍。public class StreamTest { public static void main(String[] args) { List<Person> personList = new ArrayList<Person>(); personList.add(new Person("Tom", 8900, 23, "male", "New York")); personList.add(new Person("Jack", 7000, 25, "male", "Washington")); personList.add(new Person("Lily", 7800, 21, "female", "Washington")); personList.add(new Person("Anni", 8200, 24, "female", "New York")); personList.add(new Person("Owen", 9500, 25, "male", "New York")); personList.add(new Person("Alisa", 7900, 26, "female", "New York")); List<String> fiterList = personList.stream().filter(x -> x.getSalary() > 8000).map(Person::getName) .collect(Collectors.toList()); System.out.print("高于8000的员工姓名:" + fiterList); } }
3.3 聚合(max/min/count)
max
、min
、count
这些字眼你一定不陌生,没错,在mysql中我们常用它们进行数据统计。Java stream中也引入了这些概念和用法,极大地方便了我们对集合、数组的数据统计工作。案例一:获取
String
集合中最长的元素。public class StreamTest { public static void main(String[] args) { List<String> list = Arrays.asList("adnm", "admmt", "pot", "xbangd", "weoujgsd"); Optional<String> max = list.stream().max(Comparator.comparing(String::length)); System.out.println("最长的字符串:" + max.get()); } }
案例二:获取
Integer
集合中的最大值。public class StreamTest { public static void main(String[] args) { List<Integer> list = Arrays.asList(7, 6, 9, 4, 11, 6); Optional<Integer> max = list.stream().max(Integer::compareTo); Optional<Integer> max2 = list.stream().max(new Comparator<Integer>() { @Override public int compare(Integer o1, Integer o2) { return o1.compareTo(o2); } }); System.out.println("自然排序的最大值:" + max.get()); System.out.println("自定义排序的最大值:" + max2.get()); } }
案例三:获取员工工资最高的人。
public class StreamTest { public static void main(String[] args) { List<Person> personList = new ArrayList<Person>(); personList.add(new Person("Tom", 8900, 23, "male", "New York")); personList.add(new Person("Jack", 7000, 25, "male", "Washington")); personList.add(new Person("Lily", 7800, 21, "female", "Washington")); personList.add(new Person("Anni", 8200, 24, "female", "New York")); personList.add(new Person("Owen", 9500, 25, "male", "New York")); personList.add(new Person("Alisa", 7900, 26, "female", "New York")); Optional<Person> max = personList.stream().max(Comparator.comparingInt(Person::getSalary)); System.out.println("员工工资最大值:" + max.get().getSalary()); } }
案例四:计算
Integer
集合中大于6的元素的个数。import java.util.Arrays; import java.util.List; public class StreamTest { public static void main(String[] args) { List<Integer> list = Arrays.asList(7, 6, 4, 8, 2, 11, 9); long count = list.stream().filter(x -> x > 6).count(); System.out.println("list中大于6的元素个数:" + count); } }
3.4 映射(map/flatMap)
映射,可以将一个流的元素按照一定的映射规则映射到另一个流中。分为
map
和flatMap
: -
map
:接收一个函数作为参数,该函数会被应用到每个元素上,并将其映射成一个新的元素。 -
flatMap
:接收一个函数作为参数,将流中的每个值都换成另一个流,然后把所有流连接成一个流。 -
计数:
count
-
平均值:
averagingInt
、averagingLong
、averagingDouble
-
最值:
maxBy
、minBy
-
求和:
summingInt
、summingLong
、summingDouble
-
统计以上所有:
summarizingInt
、summarizingLong
、summarizingDouble
-
分区:将
stream
按条件分为两个Map
,比如员工按薪资是否高于8000分为两部分。 -
分组:将集合分为多个Map,比如员工按性别分组。有单级分组和多级分组。
-
sorted():自然排序,流中元素需实现Comparable接口
-
sorted(Comparator com):Comparator排序器自定义排序