openstack上内网环境的最小化linux虚拟机安装桌面服务，给qcow2格式的linux虚拟机安装桌面服务、linux系统模式查看和命令模式永久改为桌面模式

Verifying : libcanberra-0.30-5.el7.x86_64 602/617

Verifying : dconf-0.28.0-4.el7.x86_64 603/617

Verifying : 1:enchant-1.6.0-8.el7.x86_64 604/617

Verifying : libblockdev-swap-2.18-3.el7.x86_64 605/617

Verifying : jbigkit-libs-2.0-11.el7.x86_64 606/617

Verifying : libproxy-0.4.11-11.el7.x86_64 607/617

Verifying : 1:cups-libs-1.6.3-35.el7.x86_64 608/617

Verifying : perl-Pod-Perldoc-3.20-4.el7.noarch 609/617

Verifying : libarchive-3.1.2-10.el7_2.x86_64 610/617

Verifying : pulseaudio-module-bluetooth-10.0-5.el7.x86_64 611/617

Verifying : libreport-plugin-reportuploader-2.1.11-42.el7.centos.x86_64 612/617

Verifying : xdg-desktop-portal-1.0.2-1.el7.x86_64 613/617

Verifying : ipset-libs-6.38-2.el7.x86_64 614/617

Verifying : rtkit-0.11-10.el7.x86_64 615/617

Verifying : libfontenc-1.1.3-3.el7.x86_64 616/617

Verifying : libnice-0.1.3-4.el7.x86_64 617/617

Installed:

Skipped (dependency problems):

NetworkManager-team.x86_64 1:1.12.0-6.el7 anaconda-core.x86_64 0:21.48.22.147-1.el7.centos

anaconda-gui.x86_64 0:21.48.22.147-1.el7.centos anaconda-tui.x86_64 0:21.48.22.147-1.el7.centos

anaconda-widgets.x86_64 0:21.48.22.147-1.el7.centos boost-iostreams.x86_64 0:1.53.0-27.el7

boost-random.x86_64 0:1.53.0-27.el7 boost-system.x86_64 0:1.53.0-27.el7

boost-thread.x86_64 0:1.53.0-27.el7 bridge-utils.x86_64 0:1.5-9.el7

cryptsetup.x86_64 0:2.0.3-3.el7 cryptsetup-python.x86_64 0:2.0.3-3.el7

cyrus-sasl.x86_64 0:2.1.26-23.el7 cyrus-sasl-gssapi.x86_64 0:2.1.26-23.el7

daxctl-libs.x86_64 0:62-1.el7 device-mapper-event.x86_64 7:1.02.149-8.el7

device-mapper-event-libs.x86_64 7:1.02.149-8.el7 device-mapper-persistent-data.x86_64 0:0.7.3-3.el7

dmraid.x86_64 0:1.0.0.rc16-28.el7 dmraid-events.x86_64 0:1.0.0.rc16-28.el7

dnsmasq.x86_64 0:2.76-7.el7 fcoe-utils.x86_64 0:1.0.32-1.el7

glade-libs.x86_64 0:3.22.1-1.el7 glusterfs.x86_64 0:3.12.2-18.el7

glusterfs-api.x86_64 0:3.12.2-18.el7 glusterfs-cli.x86_64 0:3.12.2-18.el7

glusterfs-client-xlators.x86_64 0:3.12.2-18.el7 glusterfs-libs.x86_64 0:3.12.2-18.el7

gnome-boxes.x86_64 0:3.28.5-2.el7 gperftools-libs.x86_64 0:2.6.1-1.el7

initial-setup.x86_64 0:0.3.9.43-1.el7.centos initial-setup-gui.x86_64 0:0.3.9.43-1.el7.centos

ipxe-roms-qemu.noarch 0:20170123-1.git4e85b27.el7_4.1 isomd5sum.x86_64 1:1.0.10-5.el7

keybinder3.x86_64 0:0.3.0-1.el7 langtable.noarch 0:0.0.31-3.el7

langtable-data.noarch 0:0.0.31-3.el7 langtable-python.noarch 0:0.0.31-3.el7

libXfont2.x86_64 0:2.0.3-1.el7 libblockdev-nvdimm.x86_64 0:2.18-3.el7

libconfig.x86_64 0:1.4.9-5.el7 libgovirt.x86_64 0:0.3.4-1.el7

libibverbs.x86_64 0:17.2-3.el7 libiscsi.x86_64 0:1.9.0-7.el7

librados2.x86_64 1:10.2.5-4.el7 librbd1.x86_64 1:10.2.5-4.el7

librdmacm.x86_64 0:17.2-3.el7 libreport-anaconda.x86_64 0:2.1.11-42.el7.centos

libreport-plugin-bugzilla.x86_64 0:2.1.11-42.el7.centos libreport-rhel-anaconda-bugzilla.x86_64 0:2.1.11-42.el7.centos

libtimezonemap.x86_64 0:0.4.4-1.el7 libuser-python.x86_64 0:0.60-9.el7

libvirt-daemon.x86_64 0:4.5.0-10.el7 libvirt-daemon-config-network.x86_64 0:4.5.0-10.el7

libvirt-daemon-driver-interface.x86_64 0:4.5.0-10.el7 libvirt-daemon-driver-network.x86_64 0:4.5.0-10.el7

libvirt-daemon-driver-nodedev.x86_64 0:4.5.0-10.el7 libvirt-daemon-driver-nwfilter.x86_64 0:4.5.0-10.el7

libvirt-daemon-driver-qemu.x86_64 0:4.5.0-10.el7 libvirt-daemon-driver-secret.x86_64 0:4.5.0-10.el7

libvirt-daemon-driver-storage.x86_64 0:4.5.0-10.el7 libvirt-daemon-driver-storage-core.x86_64 0:4.5.0-10.el7

libvirt-daemon-driver-storage-disk.x86_64 0:4.5.0-10.el7 libvirt-daemon-driver-storage-gluster.x86_64 0:4.5.0-10.el7

libvirt-daemon-driver-storage-iscsi.x86_64 0:4.5.0-10.el7 libvirt-daemon-driver-storage-logical.x86_64 0:4.5.0-10.el7

libvirt-daemon-driver-storage-mpath.x86_64 0:4.5.0-10.el7 libvirt-daemon-driver-storage-rbd.x86_64 0:4.5.0-10.el7

libvirt-daemon-driver-storage-scsi.x86_64 0:4.5.0-10.el7 libvirt-daemon-kvm.x86_64 0:4.5.0-10.el7

libvirt-gconfig.x86_64 0:1.0.0-1.el7 libvirt-glib.x86_64 0:1.0.0-1.el7

libvirt-gobject.x86_64 0:1.0.0-1.el7 libvirt-libs.x86_64 0:4.5.0-10.el7

lldpad.x86_64 0:1.0.1-3.git036e314.el7 lsof.x86_64 0:4.87-6.el7

lvm2.x86_64 7:2.02.180-8.el7 lvm2-libs.x86_64 7:2.02.180-8.el7

mtools.x86_64 0:4.0.18-5.el7 ndctl.x86_64 0:62-1.el7

ndctl-libs.x86_64 0:62-1.el7 netcf-libs.x86_64 0:0.2.8-4.el7

nmap-ncat.x86_64 2:6.40-16.el7 numad.x86_64 0:0.5-18.20150602git.el7

oddjob.x86_64 0:0.31.5-4.el7 oddjob-mkhomedir.x86_64 0:0.31.5-4.el7

pciutils.x86_64 0:3.5.1-3.el7 pykickstart.noarch 0:1.99.66.19-2.el7

pyparted.x86_64 1:3.9-15.el7 python-blivet.noarch 1:0.61.15.72-1.el7

python-coverage.x86_64 0:3.6-0.5.b3.el7 python-di.noarch 0:0.3-2.el7

python-meh-gui.noarch 0:0.25.2-1.el7 python-nss.x86_64 0:0.16.0-3.el7

python-ntplib.noarch 0:0.3.2-1.el7 python-pwquality.x86_64 0:1.2.3-5.el7

python-pyblock.x86_64 0:0.53-6.el7 python2-blockdev.x86_64 0:2.18-3.el7

python2-subprocess32.x86_64 0:3.2.6-13.el7 pytz.noarch 0:2016.10-2.el7

qemu-img.x86_64 10:1.5.3-160.el7 qemu-kvm.x86_64 10:1.5.3-160.el7

qemu-kvm-common.x86_64 10:1.5.3-160.el7 radvd.x86_64 0:2.17-3.el7

rdma-core.x86_64 0:17.2-3.el7 realmd.x86_64 0:0.16.1-11.el7

seabios-bin.noarch 0:1.11.0-2.el7 seavgabios-bin.noarch 0:1.11.0-2.el7

sgabios-bin.noarch 1:0.20110622svn-4.el7 sgpio.x86_64 0:1.2.0.10-13.el7

spice-server.x86_64 0:0.14.0-6.el7 tigervnc-license.noarch 0:1.8.0-13.el7

tigervnc-server-minimal.x86_64 0:1.8.0-13.el7 usermode.x86_64 0:1.111-5.el7

yajl.x86_64 0:2.0.4-4.el7 yelp.x86_64 2:3.28.1-1.el7

yelp-libs.x86_64 2:3.28.1-1.el7 yelp-xsl.noarch 0:3.28.0-1.el7

Complete!

报错忽然就消失了，离谱

[root@irms-database yum.repos.d]# yum grouplist

Loaded plugins: fastestmirror

Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile

Available Environment Groups:

Minimal Install

Compute Node

Infrastructure Server

File and Print Server

Basic Web Server

Virtualization Host

Server with GUI

GNOME Desktop

KDE Plasma Workspaces

Development and Creative Workstation

Available Groups:

Compatibility Libraries

Console Internet Tools

Development Tools

Graphical Administration Tools

Legacy UNIX Compatibility

Scientific Support

Security Tools

Smart Card Support

System Administration Tools

System Management

Done

[root@irms-database yum.repos.d]#

切换桌面

• 顺便提一下，我们这的dashboard是纳入移动云管的，在云管上创建的应用系统要在底层做如下操作才能切换到对应的项目【不进入项目就进不去虚拟机控制台】

• -进入虚拟机所属项目-进入控制台

• 登陆以后，输入init 5切换到 桌面模式

• 然后。。。就没有然后了，强制安装的，肯定不得行的。。。。

这种情况通过ssh远程登陆以后，输入init 3切换到命令模式，如果不行就重启，然后系统就会重新回到命令行模式了。

正常安装【跟这做】

---

准备源

• 下面呢，是我已经配置好的本地源。

[root@pod-ceshi01 ~]# mount /root/CentOS-7.6-x86_64-DVD-1810.iso /centos/

mount: /dev/loop0 is write-protected, mounting read-only

[root@pod-ceshi01 ~]#

[root@pod-ceshi01 ~]# df -h | tail -n1

/dev/loop0 4.3G 4.3G 0 100% /centos

[root@pod-ceshi01 ~]#

[root@pod-ceshi01 ~]# cd /etc/yum.repos.d/

[root@pod-ceshi01 yum.repos.d]# ls

bak http.repo

[root@pod-ceshi01 yum.repos.d]# cat http.repo

[http]

name=http

baseurl=file:///centos

gpgcheck=0

enabled=1

[root@pod-ceshi01 yum.repos.d]#

[root@pod-ceshi01 yum.repos.d]# yum repolist

Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks

Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile

repo id repo name status

http http 4,021

repolist: 4,021

[root@pod-ceshi01 yum.repos.d]#

可以看到，现在依然报错，我们先不管他

[root@pod-ceshi01 yum.repos.d]# yum grouplist

Loaded plugins: fastestmirror

There is no installed groups file.

Maybe run: yum groups mark convert (see man yum)

Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile

Available Environment Groups:

Minimal Install

Compute Node

Infrastructure Server

File and Print Server

Basic Web Server

Virtualization Host

Server with GUI

GNOME Desktop

KDE Plasma Workspaces

Development and Creative Workstation

Available Groups:

Compatibility Libraries

Console Internet Tools

Development Tools

Graphical Administration Tools

Legacy UNIX Compatibility

Scientific Support

Security Tools

Smart Card Support

System Administration Tools

System Management

Done

[root@pod-ceshi01 yum.repos.d]#

安装桌面

• 切记，不能有其他源，仅留一个本地源即可

[root@pod-ceshi01 yum.repos.d]# ls

bak http.repo

[root@pod-ceshi01 yum.repos.d]#

• 安装命令

此外还需要安装常见的其他图形界面包，比如图形管理工具，系统管理工具等软件组，后面按需安装即可，我这只需要图形化，所以只安装GNOME Desktop即可

[root@pod-ceshi01 yum.repos.d]# yum groupinstall -y “GNOME Desktop”

安装报错Transaction check error:

• 报错内容如下图

• 是因为缺少2个依赖，安装即可

下面安装grub2-efi

这个本地源有，可以直接安装

[root@pod-ceshi01 yum.repos.d]# yum install -y grub2-efi

。。.大量输出

Installed:

grub2.x86_64 1:2.02-0.76.el7.centos grub2-efi-x64.x86_64 1:2.02-0.76.el7.centos grub2-tools.x86_64 1:2.02-0.76.el7.centos grub2-tools-extra.x86_64 1:2.02-0.76.el7.centos grub2-tools-minimal.x86_64 1:2.02-0.76.el7.centos

Dependency Updated:

grub2-common.noarch 1:2.02-0.76.el7.centos grub2-pc.x86_64 1:2.02-0.76.el7.centos grub2-pc-modules.noarch 1:2.02-0.76.el7.centos

Replaced:

grub2.x86_64 1:2.02-0.64.el7.centos grub2-tools.x86_64 1:2.02-0.64.el7.centos

Complete!

[root@pod-ceshi01 yum.repos.d]#

• 另一个是fwupdate

这个本地源没有，得下载源安装，源可以自己搞，也可以用我上传的

fwupdate安装包及依赖.rar

[root@pod-ceshi01 yum.repos.d]# cd /root/fw/

[root@pod-ceshi01 fw]# ls

efivar-libs-36-12.el7.x86_64.rpm fwupdate-efi-12-6.el7.centos.x86_64.rpm mokutil-15-8.el7.x86_64.rpm

fwupdate-12-6.el7.centos.x86_64.rpm fwupdate-libs-12-6.el7.centos.x86_64.rpm shim-x64-15-8.el7.x86_64.rpm

[root@pod-ceshi01 fw]#

在当前目录下，执行下面命令即可安装完毕

[root@pod-ceshi01 fw]# rpm -ivhU * --nodeps --force

warning: efivar-libs-36-12.el7.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID f4a80eb5: NOKEY

Preparing… ################################# [100%]

Updating / installing…

1:efivar-libs-36-12.el7 ################################# [ 17%]

2:mokutil-15-8.el7 ################################# [ 33%]

3:shim-x64-15-8.el7 ################################# [ 50%]

4:fwupdate-efi-12-6.el7.centos ################################# [ 67%]

5:fwupdate-libs-12-6.el7.centos ################################# [ 83%]

6:fwupdate-12-6.el7.centos ################################# [100%]

[root@pod-ceshi01 fw]#

安装成功界面

• 上面2个依赖安装完毕以后，重新安装即可

[root@pod-ceshi01 fw]# yum groupinstall -y “GNOME Desktop”

。。。大量输出，一共有1173个包

Verifying : nss-sysinit-3.28.4-8.el7.x86_64 1169/1173

Verifying : libuser-0.60-7.el7_1.x86_64 1170/1173

Verifying : systemd-219-42.el7.x86_64 1171/1173

Verifying : python-gobject-base-3.22.0-1.el7.x86_64 1172/1173

Verifying : libattr-2.4.46-12.el7.x86_64 1173/1173

Installed:

。。。大量输出

Updated:

selinux-policy-targeted.noarch 0:3.13.1-229.el7

Dependency Updated:

bind-libs-lite.x86_64 32:9.9.4-72.el7 bind-license.noarch 32:9.9.4-72.el7 cryptsetup-libs.x86_64 0:2.0.3-3.el7

cyrus-sasl-lib.x86_64 0:2.1.26-23.el7 dbus.x86_64 1:1.10.24-12.el7 dbus-libs.x86_64 1:1.10.24-12.el7

device-mapper.x86_64 7:1.02.149-8.el7 device-mapper-libs.x86_64 7:1.02.149-8.el7 elfutils-libelf.x86_64 0:0.172-2.el7

elfutils-libs.x86_64 0:0.172-2.el7 freetype.x86_64 0:2.8-12.el7 glib2.x86_64 0:2.56.1-2.el7

kpartx.x86_64 0:0.4.9-123.el7 krb5-libs.x86_64 0:1.15.1-34.el7 libattr.x86_64 0:2.4.46-13.el7

libcgroup.x86_64 0:0.41-20.el7 libpwquality.x86_64 0:1.2.3-5.el7 libselinux.x86_64 0:2.5-14.1.el7

libselinux-python.x86_64 0:2.5-14.1.el7 libselinux-utils.x86_64 0:2.5-14.1.el7 libsemanage.x86_64 0:2.5-14.el7

libsemanage-python.x86_64 0:2.5-14.el7 libsepol.x86_64 0:2.5-10.el7 libuser.x86_64 0:0.60-9.el7

nspr.x86_64 0:4.19.0-1.el7_5 nss.x86_64 0:3.36.0-7.el7_5 nss-softokn.x86_64 0:3.36.0-5.el7_5

nss-softokn-freebl.x86_64 0:3.36.0-5.el7_5 nss-sysinit.x86_64 0:3.36.0-7.el7_5 nss-tools.x86_64 0:3.36.0-7.el7_5

nss-util.x86_64 0:3.36.0-1.el7_5 pciutils-libs.x86_64 0:3.5.1-3.el7 policycoreutils.x86_64 0:2.5-29.el7

policycoreutils-python.x86_64 0:2.5-29.el7 python-gobject-base.x86_64 0:3.22.0-1.el7_4.1 selinux-policy.noarch 0:3.13.1-229.el7

setools-libs.x86_64 0:3.3.8-4.el7 systemd.x86_64 0:219-62.el7 systemd-libs.x86_64 0:219-62.el7

systemd-sysv.x86_64 0:219-62.el7

Complete!

当前系统是centos7.4

[root@pod-ceshi01 fw]# cat /etc/redhat-release

CentOS Linux release 7.4.1708 (Core)

[root@pod-ceshi01 fw]#

[root@pod-ceshi01 fw]# yum grouplist

Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks

Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile

Installed Environment Groups:

GNOME Desktop

Available Environment Groups:

Minimal Install

Compute Node

Infrastructure Server

File and Print Server

Basic Web Server

Virtualization Host

Server with GUI

KDE Plasma Workspaces

Development and Creative Workstation

Available Groups:

Compatibility Libraries

Console Internet Tools

Development Tools

Graphical Administration Tools

Legacy UNIX Compatibility

Scientific Support

Security Tools

Smart Card Support

System Administration Tools

System Management

Done

[root@pod-ceshi01 fw]#

切换桌面

临时进入

• 登陆dashboard-进入虚拟机所属项目-进入控制台

• 登陆以后，输入init 5切换到 桌面模式

切换可能有点慢，得耐心等待。

• 不知道过了多久，再次打开控制台图形化成下面这个样子了，啥也操作不了

不过没关系，ssh可以登陆，我们可以通过ssh登陆该虚拟机，然后输入init 5后台一样可以重新进入到图形化哦。

永久修改为桌面模式

• 上面呢，是确保桌面安装成功了，然后才能切换为永久的嘛

• 虽然inittab中已经无法修改，但还是可以去看下原因。

命令行中：cat /etc/inittab

#centos仍然只有两种启动模式

multi-user.target: analogous to runlevel 3 #命令行模式

graphical.target: analogous to runlevel 5 #图形模式

[root@pod-ceshi01 fw]# cat /etc/inittab

inittab is no longer used when using systemd.

ADDING CONFIGURATION HERE WILL HAVE NO EFFECT ON YOUR SYSTEM.

Ctrl-Alt-Delete is handled by /usr/lib/systemd/system/ctrl-alt-del.target

systemd uses ‘targets’ instead of runlevels. By default, there are two main targets:

multi-user.target: analogous to runlevel 3

graphical.target: analogous to runlevel 5

To view current default target, run:

systemctl get-default

To set a default target, run:

systemctl set-default TARGET.target

[root@pod-ceshi01 fw]#

• 通过systemctl get-default 命令可以获取当前模式

如下，可以看到我的当前为命令行模式

[root@pod-ceshi01 fw]# systemctl get-default

multi-user.target

[root@pod-ceshi01 fw]#

• 由上面结果可知，当前为命令行模式

通过systemctl set-default graphical.target 命令，修改启动模式为图形化【前提是你安装了图形界面】

[root@pod-ceshi01 fw]# systemctl set-default graphical.target

Removed symlink /etc/systemd/system/default.target.

Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/default.target to /usr/lib/systemd/system/graphical.target.

[root@pod-ceshi01 fw]#

[root@pod-ceshi01 fw]# systemctl get-default

graphical.target

[root@pod-ceshi01 fw]#

• 重启试试reboot，看开机是否能正常进入到桌面

• 等待重启

第一次重启需要接受验证许可哦，是正常的

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g.csdnimg.cn/0961e33f65204f6287da3052e46be565.png?x-oss-process=image/watermark,type_d3F5LXplbmhlaQ,shadow_50,text_Q1NETiBALyrlrojmiqTlpbnnmoTnrJHlrrk=,size_17,color_FFFFFF,t_70,g_se,x_16)

• 等待重启

第一次重启需要接受验证许可哦，是正常的

最后

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[外链图片转存中…(img-G6rPT0a7-1715864387751)]

[外链图片转存中…(img-pcWdU8VM-1715864387751)]

[外链图片转存中…(img-9hQe5FX6-1715864387752)]

既有适合小白学习的零基础资料，也有适合3年以上经验的小伙伴深入学习提升的进阶课程，基本涵盖了95%以上Java开发知识点，不论你是刚入门Java开发的新手，还是希望在技术上不断提升的资深开发者，这些资料都将为你打开新的学习之门！

如果你觉得这些内容对你有帮助，需要这份全套学习资料的朋友可以戳我获取！！

由于文件比较大，这里只是将部分目录截图出来，每个节点里面都包含大厂面经、学习笔记、源码讲义、实战项目、讲解视频，并且会持续更新！