学习英语语法真的很重要！虽然也许不会与外国人交流，但是你可能会因为编程学习或者阅读英语资料苦恼，既然看到了不如就从现在开始好好学英语吧！Nothing is impossible to a willing heart（有志者事竟成）!
第一讲 语序和五种基本句式
英语五种基本句式
基本句式一：S V （主+谓）
基本句式二：S V P （主+系+表）
基本句式三：S V O （主+谓+宾）
基本句式四：S V o O (主+谓+间宾+直宾）
基本句式五：S V O C (主+谓+宾+宾补）
句式1：Subject（主语）+Verb（谓语）
The universe remains. 宇宙长存。
句式2：S（主语）+ L.V（系动词）+ P（表语）
The food is delicious. 这个食物好吃。
句式3：S（主语）+ Verb（谓语）+ Object（宾语）
He took his bag and left. 他拿着书包离开了。
句式4：S（主语）+ V（宾语）+ I.o（间接宾语）+ D.o（直接宾语）
Her father bought her a dictionary. 她爸爸给她买了一本词典。
句式5：S（主语）+ V（动词）+ O（宾语）+ C（补语）
We made him our monitor. 我们选他当班长。
第二讲 be动词的形式和用法
Be动词的形式：
be, is, am, are, was, were, being, been
1.The man is back.
2.They are back.
3.He was back.
4.They were back.
5.They have been back.
be动词的用法
后面接名词、形容词、地点副词或短语作补足语。
1.The man is a teacher.
2.Mary's new dresses are colorful.
3.My monther was in the kitchen.
Be动词的练习
1.他们是老师。（they, teacher)
They are teachers.
2.他以前是一名老师。（he, a teacher, before)
He was a teacher before.
3.他已经当了3年的老师。（for 3 years)
He has been a teacher for 3 years.
第三讲 Be动词的否定 提问 回答
Be动词的否定
在 am, is, are, was, were 后面加not
缩略式 am not, isn't, aren't, wasn't, weren't.
1.The man isn't back.
2.I am not back.
3.They aren't back.
4.He wasn't back.
5.They weren't back.
使用be动词提问和回答
-Is he a teacher?
-Yes, he is./No, he isn't.
-Are you a teacher?
-Were they teachers?
Be动词的练习
1.他是医生吗？（doctor）
Is he a doctor?
不，他不是。
No, he isn't.
2.他们昨天在教室吗？（yesterday，classroom）
Were they in the classroom yesterday?
3.他们昨天不在教室。
They weren't in the classroom.
第四讲 代词的主格和宾格
代词：代替人/事物的名词
主格代词：I, he, she, it, you, we, they
1.I am a teacher.
2.He is a teacher.
3.You are teachers.
宾格代词：me, him, her, it, you, us, them
1.He likes me.
2.We like her.
3.I like them.
练习
1. 我喜欢它。
I like it.
2.他们认识他。（know)
They know him.
第五讲 名词性/形容性物主代词
形容词性物主代词：
单数形式：my, your, his/her/its, one's
复数形式：our, your, their
1.This is my book.
2.We love our motherland.
3.Those are your socks.
名词性物主代词：
单数形式：mine, yours, his/hers/its, one's
复数形式：ours, yours, theirs
1.The book is ours.
2.The apple is hers.
练习
1.我的老师是中国人。（teacher，Chinese）
My teacher is Chinese.
2.这个电脑是他们的。（computer）
This computer is theirs.
3.我们的书在书架上。（on the shelf)
Our book is on the shelf.
汇总：
| 主格 | 宾格 | 形容词性物主代词 | 名词性物主代词 |
| I | me | my | mine |
| He | him | his | his |
| She | her | her | hers |
| It | it | its | its |
| You | you | your | yours |
| We | us | our | ours |
| They | them | their | theirs |
第六讲 反身代词
反身代词：
myself yourself herself himself itself yourselves ourselves themselves
反身代词用法
1.Please help yourself to some fish.
2.We enjoyed ourselves last night.
3.The thing itself is not important.
练习
1.Take good care of ( yourself ).
2.She gained control of ( herself ).
第七讲 实意动词的特征
实意动词
come read go watch play fly
1.He comes from Shenyang.
2.She is reading story books.
3.They went to America yesterday.
4.We have watched the game for three times.
5.My monther will fly back to China next month.
练习
1.他昨天来上海了。
He came to Shanghai yesterday.
2.我们正在写作业。
We are writing homework.
3.他们读这本书已经读3遍了。
They have read this book three times.
第八讲 实意动词的否定/提问/回答
使用助动词进行否定
在助动词do does did 后面加not
do not / don't
does not / doesn't
did not / didn't
1.I don't go to school by bus.
2.She doesn't watch TV everyday.
3.They didn't swim last night.
使用助动词进行提问：
1.He often plays golf.
Does he often play golf?
Yes, he does./No, he doesn't.
2.They go to school by bus.
Do they go to school by bus.
Yes, they do./No, they don't.
3.Sam had breakfast yesterday.
Did Sam have breakfast yesterday.
Yes, he did./No, he didn't.
练习
1.-他每天都学英语吗？（learn English)
-Does he learn English everyday?
-是的，他每天都学英语。
-Yes, he does.
2.Tom昨天没吃早饭。（have breakfast)
Tom didn't have breakfast yesterday.
第九讲 使用疑问词进行提问和回答
使用疑问词进行提问
when, where, who, what, how
例：He bought three books yesterday.
1.Who bought three books yesterday?（对He提问)
2.What did he buy yesterday?（对three books提问）
3.When did he buy three books?（对yesterday提问）
练习
They wanted to go to Shanghai by air.
1.Who wanted to go to Shanghai by air?（对They提问）
2.Where did they want to go by air?（对to Shanghai提问）
3.How did they want to go to Shanghai?（对by air提问）
第十讲 使用疑问词进行提问和回答
使用疑问词进行提问：
how long, how far, how often, why.
1.They have been in China for three years.
How long have they been in China?（对for three years提问）
2.It is about 4 kilometers from Beijing to Xi'an.
How far is it from from Beijing to Xi'an?（对4 kilometers提问）
3.They come to visit me once a week.
How often do they come to visit me?（对once a week提问）
4.She came late, because she missed the bus.
Why did she come late?（对because she missed the bus提问）
练习
1.他们学英语多长时间了？
How long have they learned English?
2.你多长时间看一次电影？
How often do you watch movies?
3.你的家离学校多远？
How far is it from your house to your school?
第十一讲 名词
名词分两类：
1.可数名词（countable noun)
是指数得过来得概念
2.不可数名词（uncountable noun)
无法计算的数量或抽象概念
可数名词
apple, pencil, student.
不可数名词
salt, coffe, water, history, love
可数名词有单数和复数之分：
apple-apples
pencil-pencils
tomato-tomatoes
不可数名词无复数，只用单数表征：
salt-salt
coffee-coffee
water-water
名词变复数规则：
1.一般末尾加上后缀-s.
friend->friends
2.以s、z、x、ch、sh结尾得词，在该词末尾加上后缀-es.
bus->buses
3.辅音字母＋y结尾得名词，将y改变为i，再加-es.
candy->candies
4.以-o结尾的名词，如果不是外来词或缩写，就加-es.
tomato->tomatoes hippo->hippos
可数名词前可加a(an)或量词。
apple--an apple--apples--a box of apples
tomato--a tomato--tomatoes--a bag of tomatoes
不可数名词前不加a(an).没有复数，但前面可以加量词。
coffee--a cup of coffee
练习：
He bought me ( a box of chocolate / a bike )。（一盒巧克力/一辆自行车）
第十二讲 指示代词和不定代词
指示代词：标识人或事物的代词。用来代替前面已提到过的名词。
this(these), that(those)
This is his book.
Those apples were his.
不定代词：指代不确定的人或事物。
常用的指示代词：one, the other, some, any, something, nothing.
不定代词：
No one knows where he is.
Some of the boys want to go to Shanghai, but the others want to go to Xi'an.
Each of the studentss has got a book.
练习
1.（These）teachers are from China. 这些教师都是从中国来的。
2.I know (nothing) about this person. 我对这个人一无所知。
3.I have (something) to tell you. 我有事要告诉你。
第十三讲 形容词
(1) 形容词通常形容人或事物的状态、性质、大小等，通常用在名词前，be动词后。
beautiful-the beautiful girl
The girl is beautiful.
(2) The + 形容词=复数名词，表示一类。后面的动词使用复数。
old-the old
young-the young
The old need more care than the young.
练习：
1.She is a (good) student. 她是一个好学生。
2.This bike is (expensive). 这辆车很贵。
3.（The rich) sometimes complain their empty life. 富人有时抱怨他们空虚的生活。
第十四讲 副词
(1) 副词可以修饰动词，形容词，其他副词以及其他结构。
He runs fast.
She is very beautiful.
The work very hard.
副词的位置：1）根据情况，放在助动词之后，实义动词之前或之后。2）形容词之前，其他副词之前或之后。3）多个助动词时，副词一般放在第一个助动词之后。
He speaks very fast.
They have already left.
They have already been repaired.
(2) 常用的频度副词（always，usually，often，sometimes，never...)的位置通常放在一般动词前面，be动词后面，助动词和实义动词之间。
They always come early.
Sam often writes homework at 7:00.
第十五讲 不定量表达法(1)
不定量表达法：
some any most every all
(1) some, any 都表示‘一些’，some主要用于肯定句，希望得到肯定回答时，也可用在疑问句中，any主要用在否定和疑问句中。
I'd been expecting some letters the whole morning, but there weren't any for me.
(2)most作形容词时表示大部分的，后面接复数名词。
Most people here are from China.
(3)every表示“每一个，所有”后面接单数名词。
Every one likes the film.
(4)all表示“所有”，后面接可数名词复数，不可数名词单数。
All the cars are parked in the parking log.
All the coffee is served on time.
练习:
1.(Some) boys went camping yesterday. （一些）
2.（All) the children like to play football. (所有的）
3.（Most）teachers want to work here. (大多数）
第十六讲 不定量表达法(2)
（1）both表示两者都，可作形容词，代词和副词，either是两者之一，neither是两者都不。
Both his eyes were severely burned.
There are trees on either side of the street.
Neither answer is correct.
（2）many修饰可数名词，表示“许多”，much修饰不可数名词，表示“许多”。a lot of [lots of]，plenty of 均可修饰可数和不可数名词。
many books much water
a lot of / lots of books/water
练习：
1.Both the hands are washed.（两个都）
2.Xiaowang drank a lot of coffee last night.（很多）
第十七讲 不定量表达法(3)
（1）a few，为肯定含义“几个”，
few，为否定含义“没几个”。
以上两个词均和可数名词连用。
A few books are put into the box.
Few books are put into the box.
（2）a little为肯定含义“一点儿”，
little 为否定含义“没多点”，
以上两个词均可和不可数名词连用。
There is a little water in the bottle.
There is little water in the bottle.
（3）none 和no one的意思相同，主要作代词，翻译为“一个也不，一点也不”，用法稍有区别。
1）none可以接of短语，动词可用单数也可用复数。
2）no one 不能接of短语，动词只能单数。
No one knows the answer.
None of us have(has) arrived.
练习：
（A few) books are put into the box.（几本）
There is （a little) water in the bottle.（一点）
（None) of us have (has）arrived.（没有一个）
第十八讲 There/Here be 句型
（1）There/Here+(be)根据上下文，有多种翻译方法，可以翻译成“有”，“是”。be动词根据后面的名词有单复数变化。
There is a book on the bookshelf.
There are some books on the bookshelf.
Here is the bus stop.
Here are your books.
练习：
1.There is a lot of water in the bottle. 有
2.Here is your car. 这是
3.There are many students in the classroom. 有
第十九讲 一般现在时和现在进行时
（1）一般现在时，表示通常性、规律性、习惯性的状态或者动作。主语是单数第三人称时，动词有单三的变化，主语是非第三人称单数时，动词为原形。
1.They often get up at 7:00.
2.He often gets up at 7:00.
一般现在时，动词的单三变化：
i）在动词尾直接加s,
如：play--plays
ii）以字母s、x、ch或o结尾的动词加-es，如guess--guesses
iii）以辅音字母+y结尾的动词，先变y为i，再加-es，如：study--studies
一般现在时否定和疑问句用do,does帮助构成。
1.He doesn't like the car.
2.-Does he like the car?
-Yes,he does./No,he doesn't.
（2）现在进行时表示现在正在进行或发生的动作。句中通常有now等事件副词呼应，基本构成形式为be+doing。
1.They are watching TV.
2.He is watching TV.
3.I am watching TV.
动词现在分词的变化规则：
1.一般情况下，直接在动词后加-ing
如：work--working
2.动词以不发音的-e结尾，要去e加-ing
如：take--taking
3.重读闭音节的动词，要双写词尾字母，再加-ing
如：cut--cutting
4.以-ie结尾的动词，变y再加-ing
如：lie--lying
现在进行时变否定句和疑问句时，将be动词否定或提前。
1.They aren't watching TV.
Are they watching TV?
2.He isn't watching TV?
Is he watching TV?
3.Am I watching TV?
Yes,you are./No,you aren't.
练习：
1.He works(work) very late every day.
2.-Do you study English yourself?
-Yes,I do.
3.They are playing (play) soccer now.
第二十讲 一般过去和过去进行时
（1）一般过去时表示过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态：过去习惯性、经常性的行为。
基本结构：主语+动词过去式+其他，一般动词在动词后面加ed，还有一些不规则动词不规则变化。
play--played come--came
1.He worked very hard last night.
2.They came here by car.
动词一般过去式变化规则：
（1）一般在动词后加-ed。如：play--played
（2）在以字母e结尾的动词后，只加-d。如：like--liked
（3）在以“辅音字母+y"结尾的动词后，改y为i，再加-ed。如：supply--supplied
（4）在以重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词后，双写最后一个辅音字母，再加-ed。如：plan--planned
（2）过去进行时表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间内进行或发生的动作。其形式为was/were+doing。
1.They were waiting for you.
2.He was talking with his friends just now.
练习：
1.They went（go) swimming yesterday.
2.Sam was watching (watch) TV at 7:00 last night.
第二十一讲 将来时
（1）一般将来时表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态，或将来某一段时间内经常发生的动作或状态。常常和表示将来时的时间状语连用。
如：tomorrow、next week、in the future
（2）”助动词will或shall+动词原形“，表示将来发生的事情。
1.They will go to Shanghai by ship tomorrow.
2.We shall leave for Shanghai next month.
（3）”be going to+动词原形“用来表示近期或事先考虑过的将要发生的动作以及已有迹象表名必将发生某事，意为”打算；就要“。
They are going to play football this afternoon.
She is going to learn French next year.
（4）”be doing"表示位置转移的动词。如：go,come,leave,start,arrive，可用现在进行时表示将来时。
1.They are leaving for Japan.
2.She is arriving tomorrow.
练习：
1.They are coming (come) here soon.
2.Sam is going to learn (learn) Chinese next month.
3.Peter and Mike will finish (finish) the job tomorrow morning.
第二十二讲 完成时
（1）现在完成时（have+p.p.)，动作发生，已经完成，对现在造成影响或后果，动作可能还会持续。可使用的时间状语为：already（已经）和yet（还）。
1.They have already arrived in Shanghai.
2.She has played soccer for 3 hours.
3.She hasn't finished the homework yet.
（2）过去完成时（had+.p.p.)，表示句中的动作发生在过去之前，即过去的过去，已经完成，对过去造成了一定的影响或后果。
1.They had arrived in Shanghai.
2.She had played soccer for 3 hours.
3.They hadn't finished the work yet.
练习：
1.He has stopped（stop) the car outside.
2.She hasn't been to Sichuan yet.
3.Had they planned (plan) to stay here?
第二十三讲 动词用法
动词根据功能
分为四类：
1.实意动词（Notional Verb）
2.系动词（Link Verb）
3.助动词（Auxiliary Verb）
4.情态动词（Model Verb)
（1）动词有数量和时态的变化，时态通常有三大时态：现在，过去和将来时。
（2）根据动作进行的状态可分为：一般时，进行时和完成时。
（3）使用动词时通常将（1）和（2）结合，例如：一般现在时，过去进行时……
1.He goes to school every day.
2.He went to hospital last night.
动词形态变化总结：
| 动词原形 | 单三 | 现在分词 | 过去式 | 过去分词 |
| play | plays | playing | played | played |
| have | has | having | had | had |
| go | goes | going | went | gone |
第二十四讲 情态动词(1) can/could/may/might
（1）can/could表示能力，用be able to 代替can/could现在/过去的能力，客观可能性（can的可能性大），表示请求和允许。
1.He can/could/is able to swim.
2.He can/could come tomorrow.
3.Can/could I stay here?
（2）may/might表示可能性，may的可能性大。请求、允许，might更委婉。
口语中常用的回答：
-Yes, please.
-No, you can't/mustn't(禁止，不准）.
1.He may/might come here by bus.
2.-May/might I join you?
-Yes, please./No,you can't./No, you mustn't.
练习：
1.She could speak French before, but now she can't.
2.-Might I come in?
-Yes, please.
第二十五讲 情态动词(2) should/ought to/must(have to)
（1）must/have to 表示必须、必要。（must表示主观多一些，而have to则表示客观多一些）。have to有时态和数量的变化。must和have to二者的否定意义不大相同。
如：You mustn't go. 你不准去。
You don't have to go. 你不必去。
1.You must get up early.
2.It's going to rain, I have to go home now.
（2）Should表示劝告、建议、命令，其同义词是ought to；should强调主观看法，而ought to 强调客观要求。在疑问句中，通常用should代替ought to。
1.You should/ought to do the job right now.
2.Should they stay here now?
练习：
1.I must/have to（必须）go and see my mother in hospital tomorrow.
2.You should/ought to（应该）work harder than that.
第二十六讲 情态动词(3) need/don't have to
（1）need：“需要”
a.情态动词
b.实义动词，有第三人称单数和时态的变化，后面可加带to的不定式。
情态动词：
1.He need come here early.
2.He needn't come here early.
3.-Need he come here early?
-Yes, he need./No, he needn't.
实义动词：
1.He needs to come here early.
2.He doesn't need to come here early.
3.-Does he need to come here early?
-Yes, he does./No, he doesn't.
（2）回答must 和have to 的提问句时，否定式使用needn't，don't have to 等回答方式。
1.-Must I come here early tomorrow?
-No, you needn't/don't have to.
练习：
1.You needn't do it again. 你不需要重复做了。
2.He needn't worry about it. 这件事他无需担心。
3. Does he need to do homework first? 他需要先做作业吗？
第二十七讲 情态动词(4) had better/would rather
（1）had better表示“最好做某事”，had虽然是过去式，但不表征过去，better后面接动词原形。
1.He had better eat more.
2.You'd better finish it right now.
（2）would rather表示“宁愿、宁可、最好、还是……为好”，语感上比“had better”要轻。
1.You would rather deal with it now.
（3）否定形式分别为：
had better not + 动词原形
would rather not + 动词原形
1.He had better not eat more.
2.You would rather not deal with it now.
练习：
1.You had better stay here. 你最好待在这儿。
2.I would rather not say it. 我还是不说的好。
第二十八讲 情态动词(5) used to/would
（1）used to, would表示过去习惯性动作，可翻译为“过去常常……”
a.used to可指过去的状态或情况，would则不能。
The novel used to be popular.
b.would表示反复发生的动作。如果某一动作没有反复性，就不能用would，只能用used to。
1.He would practise English every week.
2.I used to live in Beijing.
c.used to 表示过去经常性或习惯性的动作或状态现在已经结束，would则表示有可能再发生。
1.People used to believe that the earth was flat.
2.He would go to the park as soon as he was free.
练习：
1.The window used to be open.
2.The would gather together every week.
3.Sam used to play golf, but he doesn't now.
第二十九讲 情态动词否定和疑问
（1）情态动词的否定，情态动词+not+v原形
1.He can't sing an English song.
2.He may not know her.
3.He mustn't go there.
4.He doesn't have to go there.
（2）使用情态动词进行提问，情态动词+主语+v原形
1.-Can he sing an English song?
-Yes, he can./No, he can't.
2.-Must he go there?
-Yes, he must./No, he needn't.
3.-Does he have to go there?
-Yes, he does./No, he doesn't.
练习：
1.-Can I stay here?
-Yes, please.
2.-Must she go back now?
-No, she needn't.
3.-Does he have to get up at 9:00?
-Yes, he does.
第三十讲 情态动词+ have+p.p.
（1）"情态动词+have+p.p.”
a.表示过去事实
b.推测的含义
（但助动词should例外）
1.He can/could have arrived.
2.He may/might have arrived.
3.He must have arrived.
（2）should +have+p.p.：本应该……
needn't have+p.p.：本不需要……
1.He should have arrived.
2.They should have finished the work.
3.You needn't have done so.
(3）must have p.p.：准是已经……
can't have p.p.：不可能已经
1.He must have arrived.
2.He can't have arrived.
练习：
1.He can（可能）have arrived.
2.He must（准是）have arrived.
3.You needn't（本不需要）have done so.
4.They should（本应该）have arrived.
5.He can't（不可能）have arrived.
第三十一讲 被动语态(1)被动语态的构成和含义
（1）如果主语是动作的承受者，则用动词的被动语态做谓语。
（2）被动语态的构成：
be+动词的过去分词（p.p.)……by sb.
He is taken to America by his mother. 他被妈妈带到了美国.
（3）被动语态有各种时态
1.The information is needed by us.
2.The book was being read by him.
3.The computer has been used by her.
4.The room will be cleaned.
5.The computer could have been used by them.
练习（一个空一个时态）：
1.The information is needed（need).
2.The book was read（read）.
3.The door has benn opened（open）.
4.The book was being read（read）.
5.The computer had been used（use）.
6.The computer could has been used（use）.
7.The room will be cleaned（clean）.
第三十二讲 被动语态(2)被动语态和情态动词结合
（1）被动语态也可以和情态动词结合：
can/could +be+动词过去分词
may/might
must/have to
should/ought to
had better/would rather
used to/would
need+doing/to be +动词过去分词p.p.
（2）和情态动词结合的形式：
1.The food could be taken away.
2.The food might be taken away.
3.The food must be taken away.
4.The food should be taken away.
5.The food needs taking away.
6.The food had better be taken away.
7.Books used to be returned in two days.
练习：
1.The room may（可能）be cleaned.
2.The door must（必须）be locked.
3.The house should（应该）be furnished.
4.The tree had better（最好）be watered now.
第三十三讲 被动语态(3)（by+行为者）可省略
动作的行为者不分明，或不重要，或上下文中提到了行为者时，“by+行为者”可以省略。
1.The information is needed.
2.The book is being read.
3.The door was opened.
练习：
1.The door is opened（open）.（被打开了）
2.The book is being read（read）.（正读着）
3.The computer has been used（use）.（已经被用了)
4.The pencil had been sharpened（sharp）.（已经被削尖了）
第三十四讲 被动语态(4)被动语态的疑问句
（1）被动语态的一般疑问句：助动词+主语+（其他助动词）+动词过去分词~？
1.-Is the information needed by him？
-Yes, it is./No, it isn't.
2.-Has the computer been used by her?
-Yes, it has./No, it hasn't.
3.-Will the room be cleaned?
-Yes, it will./No, it won't.
（2）被动语态的特殊疑问句：疑问词+助动词+主语+（其他助动词）+动词过去分词~？
1.The information is needed by them.
What is needed by them?
2.The girl is taken to Shanghai.
Where is the girl taken?
3.The book has been read three times?
How many times has the book been read?
练习：
1.Is the book being read（read) by her? 她正在读那本书吗？
2.Has the computer been used（use）by them? 他们用过那台电脑吗？
3.How often is the English class taken（take）？英语课多长时间上一次？
第三十五讲 非谓语动词(1)to+动词原形vs.动词原形
（1）动词不定式：由to+动词原形构成。可以做主语，宾语，宾补，定语，表语和状语。
主语：
1.To get there by bike will take us an hour.
宾语：
2.The driver failed to see the car in time.
宾补：
3.We believe him to be guilty.
定语：
4.The next train to arrive is from Seoul.
表语和状语：
5.My suggestion is to put off the meeting.
6.I come here only to say goodbye to you.
（2）“动词原形+ing”可作动名词用，具有动词的特征和变化形式，但在句子中的用法及功能类同名词：在句子可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语。它也可以被副词修饰或者支配宾语。
1.Reading is an art.
2.They went on walking and never stopped talking.
3.Your task is quickly cleaning the windows.
4.This is a reading room.
练习：
1.To finish the work will take us an hour.（完成这项工作）
2.I come here to say goodbye to you.（和你告别）
3.Talking（说话） is an art.
第三十六讲 非谓语动词(2)假主语/真主语 不定式/动名词的否定形式
（1）to不定式或动名词可以在主语的位置上，但一般用it代替它作形式主语，这种情况it叫形式主语。
1.It's a great honor to be invited. 被邀请很荣幸。
2.It is no use crying over spilt milk. 覆水难收。
（2）在宾语的位置上，用it代替它作形式宾语，这种情况it叫形式宾语。
1.We think it important to learn English. 我们认为学英语很重要。
2.I found it pleasant walking in the park. 在公园里走是件乐事。
（3）对动名词或不定式进行否定时，在不定式或动名词前加not否定就可以了。
1.He pretended not to see her.
2.He regrets not joining them.
练习：
1.It is no use crying（cry）over spilt milk.
2.We think it important to learn（learn）English.
3.He pretended not to see（not see）her.
第三十七讲 非谓语动词(3) to不定式表目的
（1）in order to +v 表示目的
（2）so as to +v 表示目的
（3）由in order to 引导的目的状语，置于句首，句尾均可。
由so as to 引导的目的状语，只能置于句尾。
1.I've written it down in order to remember it.
2.He shouted and waved so as to be noticed.
（4）它们的否定形式分别在to前加not.
1.I've written it down in order not to forget it.
2.He said nothing so as not to be noticed.
练习：
1.He gets up early in order to/so as to（目的是）arrive at school on time.
2.He wrote it down in order not to/so as not to（目的是不）forget it.
第三十八讲 非谓语动词(4)常见的不定式和动名词句型
包含不定式和动名词的一些固定结构
1.too~to……：太……以至于不能……
The room is too small to live.
2.enough +n+to+v/adj+enough+to+v：足够……可以……
There is enough food to eat.
The box is big enough to contain six apples.
3.On -ing：~一……就……
On seeing the snake, the girl was very frightened.
4.There is no hope of -ing：没希望……
There is no hope of seeing him.
5.feel like -ing：想要……
I feel like eating ice cream now.
6.have a hard time -ing：做~艰难
They have a hard time solving the problem themselves.
练习:
1.There are enough books to read（read）.
2.I feel like drinking（drink）coffee now.
3.The room is too small to live（live）.
第三十九讲 非谓语动词(5)现在分词/过去分词，分词句
1.v+ing 可称之为动名词，也可以称为现在分词。
Writing books is his job.
He is writing a book.
2.动词的p.p.形式可称之为动词的过去分词，用在完成时和被动语态当中。
He has written the homework.
The homework is written.
3.分词句是包含现在分词或过去分词的分句。
The students went out of the classroom, laughing and talking.
Accompanied by his friend, he went to the railway station.
练习：
1.He likes drinking（drink）coffee.
2.The door was locked（lock).
3.Given（give）better attention, the plants could grow better.
第四十讲 原形不定式(1)使役动词
（1）使役动词，表示“使/让……”。have，make，let作使役动词，构成形式为：
“have/make/let+宾语+v”。
1.He made me laugh.
2.I let him go.
3.Please have him come here.
（2）get和help都做使役动词，get的使役动词句为“get+宾语+to+v”,help的使役动词句为“help+宾语+（to)+v”
1.I can't get anyone to do the work properly.
2.I helped him （to）repair the car.
（3）“(1),（2）所有使役动词+宾语+过去分词”，表示“让某物/人被别人……”。
1.I must get my hair cut.
2.He couldn't make himself heard.
3.Can you get the work finished in time?
练习：
1.He made me laugh（laugh）.
2.I let him go（go）.
3.I must get my hair cut（cut）.
第四十一讲 原形不定式(2)感官动词
（1）“感官动词see/watch/observe/notice/hear/smell/taste/feel+宾语+动词原形/现在分词”。
a）+动词原形，表示动作的真实性
b）+现在分词，表示动作的连续性，进行性
I saw him work in the garden yesterday.
I saw him working in the garden yesterday.
（2）和使役动词相似，感官动词后可接过去分词，“感官动词+宾语+过去分词”.
John saw the man knocked down by the car.
练习：
1.I watched a dog running（run）in the garden yesterday.
2.I heard Sam sent（send）to the hospital.
第四十二讲 假设(1)只单纯表示条件
（1）条件状语从句。用“if”引导条件状语从句，从句为现在时，通常译作“如果……”
If you get up early, you will catch up with the train.
（2）if引导的条件状语从句，可以放在句首，也可以放在句尾。
1.If you ask him, he will help you.
2.She will be upset if you fail the exam.
练习：
1.If he runs, he will get（get）there in time.
如果他跑的话，他就会及时赶到那儿。
2.The cat scratches （scratch）you if you pull her tail.
如果你拉猫的尾巴，它就会抓你。
第四十三讲 假设(2)与现在事实相反的虚拟语气
（1）if从句时一种虚拟的条件或假设，和现在事实相反的。主从句时态具体如下：
从句：动词过去式（be用were）
主句：would/could/should/might+动词原形
1.If I were you, I would join them.
2.She would come with you if you invited her.
练习：
1.If I knew（know）his telephone number, I would tell（tell）you.
2.If I had（have）any money with me, I would lend（lend）you some.
3.If I were（be）you， I would take（take）an umbrella.
第四十四讲 假设(3)与过去事实相反的虚拟语气
（1）if从句是一种虚拟的条件或假设，和过去事实相反的。
主从句的时态具体如下：
主句：had+动词过去分词
从句：would/could/should/might+have+动词过去分词
1.If I had got there earlier, I should have meet her.
2.If he had taken my advice, he would not have made such a mistake.
练习：
1.If he had studied（study）harder, he might have passed the exam.
2.If there had been（be）a heavy snow, we should not have gone（not go）skating.
3.If I had got（get）there earlier, I would have met（meet）her.
第四十五讲 假设(4)wish/as if+过去/过去完成时
（1）wish后面的从句，译为：“希望……就好了”，是不可能实现的假设
a.与现在事实相反愿望
I wish I were as tall as you.（一般过去时）
b.与过去事实相反愿望
He wished he hadn't said that.（过去完成时）
c.将来不大可能实现的愿望
I wish it would rain tomorrow.（would/should/could)
（2）as if，翻译为“看起来好像……”
a.如果从句表示与现在事实相反。
You look as if you didn't care.
b.从句表示与过去事实相反。
He talks about Rome as if he had been there before.
c.从句表示与将来事实相反。
He opened his mouth as if he would say somthing.
练习：
1.I wish I were（be）as tall as you.
2.He talks as if he knew（know）where she was.
3.I wish it would rain（rain）tomorrow.
第四十六讲 定语从句【关系代词】that, who, which, whom
定于从句：在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词，叫先行词。其后的从句就是定语从句，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。
（1）关系代词，在从句中做一定的成分，代替先行词，起到连接先行词和从句的作用。
常用关系代词：
that, who, which, whom, whose
The girl whom/that I spoke to is my cousin.
a.先行词是人的话用that, who, whom, whose来引导定语从句，
“whom”在从句中作宾语。
“who”和“that”在从句中即可作主语又可作宾语。
1.They are the people that/who were seen yesterday.
2.They are the people whom/that/who I saw yesterday.
3.They are the people whose wallets were lost yesterday.
b.先行词是动物/事物的话，用which, that, whose来引导定语从句.
which, that在从句中可作主语和宾语，作宾语时可以省略
1.He came back for the book which/that he had forgotten.
2.He came back for the book which/that was on the desk.
3.This is the chair whose legs were broke.
| 指人 | 指物 | |
| 主格 | who/that | which/that |
| 宾格 | whom who/that | which/that |
| 属格 | whose | whose |
练习:
1.He was the person who/that joined the army that year.
2.He came back for the book which/that he had forgotten.
3.He is the man whose wife is a techer.
第四十七讲 定语从句【关系副词】when, where, why
why：用于修饰表示原因的名词（eg.the reason)
We don't know the reason why he didn't show up.
when：修饰表示时间的名词（eg.next week）
We'll put off the picnic until next week, when the weather may be better.
where：修饰表示地点的名词（eg.the place)
We don't know the place where he lives.
练习：
1.He works in a factory where TV sets are made.
2.We'll put off the picnic until next week, when the weather may be better.
3.She didn't tell me the reason why she refused the offer.
第四十八讲 宾语从句 连词
宾语从句：在句子中起宾语作用的从句
从属连词：that, if, whether.
连接代词：who, whom, whose, what.
连接副词：when, where, why, how.
He told me（that）he would go to college the next year.
从属连词：that, if, whether.
1.He said that he was there yesterday.
2.He doesn't know if/whether he was there.
连接代词：who, whom, whose, what.
1.Do you know who has won the game?
2.Do you know whom he likes?
3.Do you know whose book it is?
4.Do you know what he is looking at?
连接副词：when, where, why, how.
1.He wants to know when the party is.
2.He wants to know where the party is.
3.He wants to know why they have a party.
4.He wants to know how they come.
练习：
1.He doesn't know know/if/whether she is at school.
2.He wants to know where she is.
3.He wants to know where/why/when/how she comes.
4.He wants to know what she is reading.
5.He wants to know whose book it is.
第四十九讲 比较级&最高级(1)
1.通常在形容词和副词后面加“er”“est”
hard-harder-the hardest
2.词尾是不发音的单音节e时，加“r”“st”
nice-nicer-the nicest
3.词尾是辅音+y的双音节时，去掉“y”加“ier”“iest”
dry-drier-the driest
4.以一个辅音结尾的重读闭音节时，双写最后一个字母，加“er”“est”
hot-hotter-the hottest
5.多音节和双音节，在形容词和副词前加
程度加强：“more”“the most”
程度减弱：“less”“the least”
interesting-mor/less interesting
-the most/the least interesting
6.不规则变化：good-better-the best
many-mor-the most
练习：
high-higher-the highest
late-later-the latest
heavy-heavier-the heaviest
thin-thinner-the thinnest
famous-more famous-the most famous
little-less-the least
第五十讲 比较级&最高级(2)
形容词或副词的比较级：表示“比较……”
1.He is taller than his brothere.
2.The book is more expensive than the pen.
3.Her English is better than his.
形容词的最高级：表示“最……”
1.He is the tallest in his class.
2.The book is the most expensive of the three.
3.Her English is the best among the three.
练习：
1.The girl is cleverer（clever）than the boy.
2.The computer is the most expensive（expensive）among the three.
3.The man is healthier（healthy）than his wife.
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