非谓语动词
一. 非谓语动词的不同形式
形式 // 非谓语动词 | 主动形式 | 被动形式 | |||
一般式 | 进行式 | 完成式 | 一般式 | 完成式 | |
不定式 | to do | to be doing | to have done | to be done | to have been done |
动名词 | doing | --------------- | having done | being done | having been done |
现在分词 | doing | --------------- | having done | being done | having been done |
过去分词 | ------------- | -------------- | ------------------ | done | ----------------- |
形式 | 含义 |
to do | 主动/将来/目的 |
doing | 主动/进行/伴随 |
done | 被动完成/被动 |
二. 非谓语动词与谓语动词的区别
- 谓语动词在句中单独构成谓语,并受人称、数、时态的限制
- 非谓语动词在句中不能单独做谓语,并不受人称、数的限制,但有时态变化,且受逻辑主语的影响
注:非谓语动词的逻辑主语为非谓语动词所表示动作的执行者或承受者
例1:The girl wearing a pair of red shoes is his younger sister (wearing的逻辑主语为the girl)
这个穿红鞋子的女孩是他的妹妹。
例2:I have read some books written by that writer recently. (written的逻辑主语是books)
我最近阅读了一些由那个作家写的书
例3:Reading is an experience quite different from watching TV , here are pictures forming in your mind instead of before your eyes(forming的逻辑主语是pictures现在分词表正在进行)
阅读的体验和看电视是很不一样的,在你的脑中会产生很多画面而不是在你的眼前。
三. 动词不定式
1. 主语:
在It is +()+ of/for + n./pron. + to do sth. 若是of则是侧重于说明的是人的性格或行为。若 是for则侧重于说明评价事物的特称
例1:It is important for us to learn English well. 对我们来说学好英语是很重要的
例2:It is very kind of you to help me. 你帮助我真的是太善良了
例3:It’s time for you to change your bad habits. 是时候改变你的坏习惯了
2. 宾语:
结构一:动词 + to do
由些及物动词常跟不定时作宾语:afford, agree, appear, seem, wish, claim等
例1:I think (that) She wouldn’t take the taxi, even though she should afford to.
我认为她不会去坐这个出租车的,即使她付得起.
例2:You seem to have set a new trend.
你们似乎开了一个新风气。
结构二:动词 + 疑问句 + to do
在一些动词之后,可以在连接代词{what, who ,which}或连接(how,when,where)及连接词 whether后接一个带to的不定式
例1:Please tell me what to read after school. 请告诉我放学后该读些什么
结构三:( ) + 序数词 + time + to do
在序数词之后加time用to do表示是第几次做。。。。
例1:This is my first time to drive car.这是我第一次开车。
例2:It’s my third time to come in China.这是我第三次来中国。
结构四:动词 + it + adj. + to do
当动词不定式在believe, find, think, consider, feel, make, regard等之后,常用it充当形式宾语代替不定时,同时将动词不定式移到宾语补足语it之后
例1:I find it important to learn English well.我发现学好英语很重要
例2:He feels it challenging to be a chief Network Engineer.
他觉得当首席网络工程师很有挑战性
3. 状语:
1. 目的状语:动词不定式作目的状语时可写成so as to do, in order to翻译为“为了做”, so as to一般放于句中。
例1:He worked day and night to get the money
他日以夜继地工作为了得到钱
例2:He has tried every means so as to solve the problem
他已经尝试了所有办法为了解决这个问题
例3:In order to buy the car, she sold her smartphone
为了买这辆车,她卖了她的智能手机
2. 结果状语:only to do结果。。。(表示意想不到的或不愉快的结果), too...to...表示“太....以至于不能....”也可表结果
例1:He lived to be one hundred years old. 他活到了一百岁
例2:We hurried to the railway station, only to find the train had just left.
我们急忙地去火车站,结果发现火车刚走
例3:The box is too heavy for me to even move
这个箱子对我来说太重了以至于不能搬动一点
四、省略to的动词不定式
(1). 感官动词feel, hear, listen to , look at, notice, observe, see, watch等和使役动词make, let, have作宾语补足语的动词不定时省略to。help后面的动词不定式中的to可省略也可保留
例1:I heard him go down the stairs 我听见他下楼了
例2:Did you notice her leave the house 你注意到她离开这间房子了吗
例3:She had him dig away the snow 她让你把雪挖走
例4:The teacher will help you (to) study English well 老师会帮你学好英语
例5:The boss made them work twelve hours 老板强迫他们工作12个小时
注:上述谓语动词若转换为被动结构时,其后的不定式需加to
例1:We were made to work twenty hours a day.
我们被强迫一天工作20个小时
例2:They were heard to break a glass in the next room.
有人听见他们在隔壁的一个房间打破了一个杯子
主语+使役动词+ sb/sth + do/done
主语+感官+ sb/sth + do/doing/done
主语+ find + sb/sth + doing/done/to do
主语+keep+ sb/sth + doing/done
根据动词和sb/sth选择主被动关系
若为主动:选do(长期/流程)或doing(进行)
若为被动选done
Keep sb informed of.... 通知某人。。。
( 2 ). 位于一些短语之后的动词不定式省略to, 如:had better, might(just) as well等(最好),would rather, would sooner, would just as soon等(宁愿), cannot but do, cannot choose but do, cannot help but do等(不得不)
would rather do A than do B
=prefer to do A rather than do B
倾向于A而不是B
would like doing A rather than do B
更喜欢A而不是B
cannot help but do
=have to do
=have no choice but to do
=have nothing to do but do
不得不做
例1:If you would rather be alone, we’ll all leave here
如果你宁愿独自待着,那我们都离开这儿
例2:You might(just)as well go without her
你们最好不要带她去
( 3 ). 在介绍but、except之后, 如果其前有实义动词do的某种形式,其后不定式一般不带to, 表示“不得不, 只能”。
即前有do后无to,前无do后有to,即是do...do...
例1:He does nothing but watch TV all day long.
他整天除了看电视无所事事。
例2:I have no choice but to accept the fact.
我别无选择只有接受这个事实
( 4 ). 在and, or, but等词连接两个及以上动词不定式结构时,为了避免重复把连词后面的不定式的to省去。但若两个不定式动词之间有对比之义,则均保留to
例1:He told me to stay and wait for him. 他告诉我待着等他。
例2:I came not to scold, but to praise you.我不是来责备你而是来夸奖你的
五. 动名词
1. 主语
(1). 动名词位于句首作主语
动名词作主语一般放在句首,谓语动词用单数
例1:Eating is an important thing吃是一件很重要的事情
例2:Reading books is one of my hobby 读书是我的爱好之一
(2). 动名词位于句末作主语
句型一:it is no good/no use/no help/a waste of time (in) doing sth表示做某事是没有意义的
例1:It is no use (in) crying over spilt milk.
覆水难收
句型二:there is no need/no point/no use/no good (in) doing sth表示做某事是没有意义的
例1:There is no point (in) copying the answer.
抄答案是没有意义的
2. 宾语
(1) 做动词宾语
这些及物动词(短语)后面一般要用动名词作宾语:admit, anticipate, appreciate, delay, deny, detest(v. 厌恶), dislike, involve(v. 卷入), mention(v. 提及), overlook(v. 忽略,展望), resent(v. 怨恨), tolerate(v. 容忍)等
advise doing sth. 建议做某事
advise sb to do sth. 建议某人做某事
suggest doing sth.建议做某事
suggest sb doing sth.建议某人做某事
所有逻辑主语前都可以加one’s doing
Would you mind sb doing sth?= Would you mind one’s doing sth?
例1:Would you mind shutting the door ? 你介意关门吗?
例2:Would you mind Tom’s shutting the windows ? 你介意汤姆关门吗?
例3:He suggests me studying more. 他建议我学更多。
(2) 动词接不定式和动名词的不同含义
forget to do sth. 忘记要做某事 forget doing sth. 忘记做过某事 | go on to do. 继续去做某事(另一件事) go on doing sth. 继续做某事(现在正在做) |
remember to do sth. 记得要做某事 remember doing sth. 记得做过某事 | try to do sth. 尽力做某事 try doing sth. 尝试做某事 |
regret to do sth. 遗憾未做某事 regret doing sth. 遗憾做过某事 | mean to do sth. 计划打算做某事 mean doing. 意味着 |
stop to do sth. 停下来去做另外一件事 stop doing sth. 停下来现在做的事 | can’t help to do sth. 不能帮助做某事 can’t help doing sth. 情不自禁做某事 |
(3) 作介词宾语
动名词作介词的宾语, 常用在某些词组后面(doing),如:keep on, apologize for, think of, dream of, devote to, object to, look forward to, be/get used to, prevent....(from), set about(着手), in addition to(除了。。。之外(还)), when it comes to(谈到)等
mention(v./n. 提及)
be/get used to doing sth, 习惯于做某事
be used to do sth. 被用于做某事
used to do sth. 过去常常做某事
例1:The rain prevented us (from) completing the work.
这场雨阻止我们完成这项工作
例2:I get/am used to sleeping with the lights on.
我习惯于开灯睡觉
(4) 特定句型中作宾语
如:have difficulty/trouble/problems/a hard time/a good time/a difficult time (in) doing sth; spend (some) time (in) doing sth.等
例1:Tom has difficulty (in) recognizing these handwriting
汤姆很难认出这些笔记
六. 综合练习
- She did nothing_A_at the phone.
- A. except look B. but to look C. except to look D. but looking
分析:翻译:她除了看手机什么都没做
前有do后无to即do...do...
注意特殊句型:have no choice but to do sth
cannot choose but do
cannot but do
cannot help but do
2. We appreciate _C_ us to the ball.
- A. them to invite B. to invite C. their inviting D. being invited
分析:翻译:我们欣赏他们邀请我们去这个舞会
appreciate doing,如果选D就多个us