【数据结构】 单链表

链表是一种常见的采用动态存储分配方式的数据结构。在链表中，有一个头指针变量，用这个指针保存一个地址，头指针指向一个变量，这个变量称为元素。链表中，每一个元素包括两部分：数据部分和指针部分。数据部分用来存放元素中包含的数据，指针部分用来指向下一个元素 。（最后一个元素指向NULL）

单链表的特点：

1）有一个head指针变量，存放头结点地址，称为头指针。

2）头结点的指针域head->next，存放首元结点（第一个实际有效结点）的地址。

3）数据域存放用户需要的实际数据，指针域存放下一个结点的地址。

4）链表的使用，可以使程序的内存利用率和时间效率大大提高。

5）链表各结点间顺序由指针域next来确定。

下面就是代码

#include<stdio.h>
#include<malloc.h>

/**
 * Linked list of characters. The key is data.
 */
typedef struct LinkNode
{
	char data;
	struct LinkNode *next;
} LNode, *LinkList, *NodePtr;

/**
 * Initialize the list with a header.
 * @return The pointer to the header.
 */
LinkList initLinkList()
{
	NodePtr tempHeader = (NodePtr)malloc(sizeof(LNode));
	tempHeader->data = '\0';
	tempHeader->next = NULL;
	return tempHeader;
}// Of initLinkList

/**
 * Print the list.
 * @param paraHeader The header of the list.
 */
void printList(NodePtr paraHeader)
{
	NodePtr p = paraHeader;
	while (p != NULL)
	{
		printf("%c", p->data);
		p = p->next;
	}// Of while
	printf("\r\n");
}// Of printList

/**
 * Add an element to the tail.
 * @param paraHeader The header of the list.
 * @param paraChar The given char.
 */
void appendElement(NodePtr paraHeader, char paraChar)
{
	NodePtr p, q;

	// Step 1. Construct a new node.
	q = (NodePtr)malloc(sizeof(LNode));
	q->data = paraChar;
	q->next = NULL;

	// Step 2. Search to the tail.
	p = paraHeader;
	while (p->next != NULL)
	{
		p = p->next;
	}// Of while

	// Step 3. Now add/link.
	p->next = q;
}// Of appendElement

/**
 * Insert an element to the given position.
 * @param paraHeader The header of the list.
 * @param paraChar The given char.
 * @param paraPosition The given position.
 */
void insertElement(NodePtr paraHeader, char paraChar, int paraPosition)
{
	NodePtr p, q;

	// Step 1. Search to the position.
	p = paraHeader;
	for (int i = 0; i < paraPosition; i++)
	{
		p = p->next;
		if (p == NULL)
		{
			printf("The position %d is beyond the scope of the list.", paraPosition);
			return;
		}// Of if
	}// Of for i

	// Step 2. Construct a new node.
	q = (NodePtr)malloc(sizeof(LNode));
	q->data = paraChar;

	// Step 3. Now link.
	printf("linking\r\n");
	q->next = p->next;
	p->next = q;
}// Of insertElement

/**
 * Delete an element from the list.
 * @param paraHeader The header of the list.
 * @param paraChar The given char.
 */
void deleteElement(NodePtr paraHeader, char paraChar)
{
	NodePtr p, q;
	p = paraHeader;
	while ((p->next != NULL) && (p->next->data != paraChar))
	{
		p = p->next;
	}// Of while

	if (p->next == NULL)
	{
		printf("Cannot delete %c\r\n", paraChar);
		return;
	}// Of if

	q = p->next;
	p->next = p->next->next;
	free(q);
}// Of deleteElement
/**
 * Unit test.
 */
void appendInsertDeleteTest()
{
	// Step 1. Initialize an empty list.
	LinkList tempList = initLinkList();
	printList(tempList);

	// Step 2. Add some characters.
	appendElement(tempList, 'H');
	appendElement(tempList, 'e');
	appendElement(tempList, 'l');
	appendElement(tempList, 'l');
	appendElement(tempList, 'o');
	appendElement(tempList, '!');
	printList(tempList);

	// Step 3. Delete some characters (the first occurrence).
	deleteElement(tempList, 'e');
	deleteElement(tempList, 'a');
	deleteElement(tempList, 'o');
	printList(tempList);

	// Step 4. Insert to a given position.
	insertElement(tempList, 'o', 1);
	printList(tempList);
}// Of appendInsertDeleteTest

/**
 * Address test: beyond the book.
 */
void basicAddressTest() {
	LNode tempNode1, tempNode2;

	tempNode1.data = 4;
	tempNode1.next = NULL;

	tempNode2.data = 6;
	tempNode2.next = NULL;

	printf("The first node: %d, %d, %d\r\n",
		&tempNode1, &tempNode1.data, &tempNode1.next);
	printf("The second node: %d, %d, %d\r\n",
		&tempNode2, &tempNode2.data, &tempNode2.next);

	tempNode1.next = &tempNode2;
}// Of basicAddressTest

/**
 * The entrance.
 */
int main() {
	appendInsertDeleteTest();
}// Of main

如下则是运行结果