Hadoop MapReduce处理海量小文件：自定义InputFormat和RecordReader

摘要： 一般来说，基于Hadoop的MapReduce框架来处理数据，主要是面向海量大数据，对于这类数据，Hadoop能够使其真正发挥其能力。对于海量小文件，不是说不能使用Hadoop来处理，只不过直接进行处理效率不会高，而且海量的小文件对于HDFS的架构设计来说，会占用NameNode大量的内存来保存文件的元数据（Bookkeeping）。

一般来说，基于Hadoop的MapReduce框架来处理数据，主要是面向海量大数据，对于这类数据，Hadoop能够使其真正发挥其能力。对于海量小文件，不是说不能使用Hadoop来处理，只不过直接进行处理效率不会高，而且海量的小文件对于HDFS的架构设计来说，会占用NameNode大量的内存来保存文件的元数据（Bookkeeping）。另外，由于文件比较小，我们是指远远小于HDFS默认Block大小（64M），比如1k~2M，都很小了，在进行运算的时候，可能无法最大限度地充分Locality特性带来的优势，导致大量的数据在集群中传输，开销很大。
但是，实际应用中，也存在类似的场景，海量的小文件的处理需求也大量存在。那么，我们在使用Hadoop进行计算的时候，需要考虑将小数据转换成大数据，比如通过合并压缩等方法，可以使其在一定程度上，能够提高使用Hadoop集群计算方式的适应性。Hadoop也内置了一些解决方法，而且提供的API，可以很方便地实现。
下面，我们通过自定义InputFormat和RecordReader来实现对海量小文件的并行处理。
基本思路描述如下：
在Mapper中将小文件合并，输出结果的文件中每行由两部分组成，一部分是小文件名称，另一部分是该小文件的内容。

编程实现

我们实现一个WholeFileInputFormat，用来控制Mapper的输入规格，其中对于输入过程中处理文本行的读取使用的是自定义的WholeFileRecordReader。当Map任务执行完成后，我们直接将Map的输出原样输出到HDFS中，使用了一个最简单的IdentityReducer。
现在，看一下我们需要实现哪些内容：

1. 读取每个小文件内容的WholeFileRecordReader
2. 定义输入小文件的规格描述WholeFileInputFormat
3. 用来合并小文件的Mapper实现WholeSmallfilesMapper
4. 输出合并后的文件Reducer实现IdentityReducer
5. 配置运行将多个小文件合并成一个大文件

接下来，详细描述上面的几点内容。

• WholeFileRecordReader类

输入的键值对类型，对小文件，每个文件对应一个InputSplit，我们读取这个InputSplit实际上就是具有一个Block的整个文件的内容，将整个文件的内容读取到BytesWritable，也就是一个字节数组。

01	package org.shirdrn.kodz.inaction.hadoop.smallfiles.whole;

02

03	import java.io.IOException;

04

05	import org.apache.hadoop.fs.FSDataInputStream;

06	import org.apache.hadoop.fs.FileSystem;

07	import org.apache.hadoop.fs.Path;

08	import org.apache.hadoop.io.BytesWritable;

09	import org.apache.hadoop.io.IOUtils;

10	import org.apache.hadoop.io.NullWritable;

11	import org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.InputSplit;

12	import org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.JobContext;

13	import org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.RecordReader;

14	import org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.TaskAttemptContext;

15	import org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.lib.input.FileSplit;

16

17	public class WholeFileRecordReader extends RecordReader<NullWritable, BytesWritable> {

18

19	private FileSplit fileSplit;

20	private JobContext jobContext;

21	private NullWritable currentKey = NullWritable.get();

22	private BytesWritable currentValue;

23	private boolean finishConverting = false;

24

25

@Override

26	public NullWritable getCurrentKey() throws IOException, InterruptedException {

27	return currentKey;

28

}

29

30

@Override

31	public BytesWritable getCurrentValue() throws IOException, InterruptedException {

32	return currentValue;

33

}

34

35

@Override

36	public void initialize(InputSplit split, TaskAttemptContext context) throwsIOException, InterruptedException {

37	this.fileSplit = (FileSplit) split;

38	this.jobContext = context;

39	context.getConfiguration().set("map.input.file", fileSplit.getPath().getName());

40

}

41

42

@Override

43	public boolean nextKeyValue() throws IOException, InterruptedException {

44	if (!finishConverting) {

45	currentValue = new BytesWritable();

46	int len = (int) fileSplit.getLength();

47	byte[] content = new byte[len];

48	Path file = fileSplit.getPath();

49	FileSystem fs = file.getFileSystem(jobContext.getConfiguration());

50	FSDataInputStream in = null;

51

try {

52	in = fs.open(file);

53	IOUtils.readFully(in, content, 0, len);

54	currentValue.set(content, 0, len);

55	} finally {

56	if (in != null) {

57	IOUtils.closeStream(in);

58

}

59

}

60	finishConverting = true;

61	return true;

62

}

63	return false;

64

}

65

66

@Override

67	public float getProgress() throws IOException {

68	float progress = 0;

69	if (finishConverting) {

70	progress = 1;

71

}

72	return progress;

73

}

74

75

@Override

76	public void close() throws IOException {

77	// TODO Auto-generated method stub

78

79

}

80

}

实现RecordReader接口，最核心的就是处理好迭代多行文本的内容的逻辑，每次迭代通过调用nextKeyValue()方法来判断是否还有可读的文本行，直接设置当前的Key和Value，分别在方法getCurrentKey()和getCurrentValue()中返回对应的值。
另外，我们设置了”map.input.file”的值是文件名称，以便在Map任务中取出并将文件名称作为键写入到输出。

• WholeFileInputFormat类

01	package org.shirdrn.kodz.inaction.hadoop.smallfiles.whole;

02

03	import java.io.IOException;

04

05	import org.apache.hadoop.io.BytesWritable;

06	import org.apache.hadoop.io.NullWritable;

07	import org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.InputSplit;

08	import org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.RecordReader;

09	import org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.TaskAttemptContext;

10	import org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.lib.input.FileInputFormat;

11

12	public class WholeFileInputFormat extends FileInputFormat<NullWritable, BytesWritable> {

13

14

@Override

15	public RecordReader<NullWritable, BytesWritable> createRecordReader(InputSplit split, TaskAttemptContext context) throws IOException, InterruptedException {

16	RecordReader<NullWritable, BytesWritable> recordReader = newWholeFileRecordReader();

17	recordReader.initialize(split, context);

18	return recordReader;

19

}

20

}

这个类实现比较简单，继承自FileInputFormat后需要实现createRecordReader()方法，返回用来读文件记录的RecordReader，直接使用前面实现的WholeFileRecordReader创建一个实例，然后调用initialize()方法进行初始化。

• WholeSmallfilesMapper

01	package org.shirdrn.kodz.inaction.hadoop.smallfiles.whole;

02

03	import java.io.IOException;

04

05	import org.apache.hadoop.io.BytesWritable;

06	import org.apache.hadoop.io.NullWritable;

07	import org.apache.hadoop.io.Text;

08	import org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.Mapper;

09

10	public class WholeSmallfilesMapper extends Mapper<NullWritable, BytesWritable, Text, BytesWritable> {

11

12	private Text file = new Text();

13

14

@Override

15	protected void map(NullWritable key, BytesWritable value, Context context) throwsIOException, InterruptedException {

16	String fileName = context.getConfiguration().get("map.input.file");

17	file.set(fileName);

18	context.write(file, value);

19

}

20

}

• IdentityReducer类

01	package org.shirdrn.kodz.inaction.hadoop.smallfiles;

02

03	import java.io.IOException;

04

05	import org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.Reducer;

06

07	public class IdentityReducer<Text, BytesWritable> extends Reducer<Text, BytesWritable, Text, BytesWritable> {

08

09

@Override

10	protected void reduce(Text key, Iterable<BytesWritable> values, Context context)throws IOException, InterruptedException {

11	for (BytesWritable value : values) {

12	context.write(key, value);

13

}

14

}

15

}

这个是Reduce任务的实现，只是将Map任务的输出原样写入到HDFS中。

• WholeCombinedSmallfiles

01	package org.shirdrn.kodz.inaction.hadoop.smallfiles.whole;

02

03	import java.io.IOException;

04

05	import org.apache.hadoop.conf.Configuration;

06	import org.apache.hadoop.fs.Path;

07	import org.apache.hadoop.io.BytesWritable;

08	import org.apache.hadoop.io.Text;

09	import org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.Job;

10	import org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.lib.input.FileInputFormat;

11	import org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.lib.output.FileOutputFormat;

12	import org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.lib.output.SequenceFileOutputFormat;

13	import org.apache.hadoop.util.GenericOptionsParser;

14	import org.shirdrn.kodz.inaction.hadoop.smallfiles.IdentityReducer;

15

16	public class WholeCombinedSmallfiles {

17

18	public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException, InterruptedException {

19

20	Configuration conf = new Configuration();

21	String[] otherArgs = new GenericOptionsParser(conf, args).getRemainingArgs();

22	if (otherArgs.length != 2) {

23	System.err.println("Usage: conbinesmallfiles <in> <out>");

24	System.exit(2);

25

}

26

27	Job job = new Job(conf, "combine smallfiles");

28

29	job.setJarByClass(WholeCombinedSmallfiles.class);

30	job.setMapperClass(WholeSmallfilesMapper.class);

31	job.setReducerClass(IdentityReducer.class);

32

33	job.setMapOutputKeyClass(Text.class);

34	job.setMapOutputValueClass(BytesWritable.class);

35	job.setOutputKeyClass(Text.class);

36	job.setOutputValueClass(BytesWritable.class);

37

38	job.setInputFormatClass(WholeFileInputFormat.class);

39	job.setOutputFormatClass(SequenceFileOutputFormat.class);

40

41	job.setNumReduceTasks(5);

42

43	FileInputFormat.addInputPath(job, new Path(otherArgs[0]));

44	FileOutputFormat.setOutputPath(job, new Path(otherArgs[1]));

45

46	int exitFlag = job.waitForCompletion(true) ? 0 : 1;

47	System.exit(exitFlag);

48

}

49

50

}

这是是程序的入口，主要是对MapReduce任务进行配置，只需要设置好对应的配置即可。我们设置了5个Reduce任务，最终会有5个输出结果文件。
这里，我们的Reduce任务执行的输出格式为SequenceFileOutputFormat定义的，就是SequenceFile，二进制文件。

运行程序

• 准备工作

1	jar -cvf combine-smallfiles.jar -C ./ org/shirdrn/kodz/inaction/hadoop/smallfiles

2	xiaoxiang@ubuntu3:~$ cd /opt/stone/cloud/hadoop-1.0.3

3	xiaoxiang@ubuntu3:/opt/stone/cloud/hadoop-1.0.3$ bin/hadoop fs -mkdir/user/xiaoxiang/datasets/smallfiles

4	xiaoxiang@ubuntu3:/opt/stone/cloud/hadoop-1.0.3$ bin/hadoop fs -copyFromLocal /opt/stone/cloud/dataset/smallfiles/* /user/xiaoxiang/datasets/smallfiles

• 运行MapReduce程序

001	xiaoxiang@ubuntu3:/opt/stone/cloud/hadoop-1.0.3$ bin/hadoop jar combine-smallfiles.jar org.shirdrn.kodz.inaction.hadoop.smallfiles.whole.WholeCombinedSmallfiles /user/xiaoxiang/datasets/smallfiles /user/xiaoxiang/output/smallfiles/whole

002	13/03/23 14:09:24 INFO input.FileInputFormat: Total input paths to process : 117

003	13/03/23 14:09:24 INFO mapred.JobClient: Running job: job_201303111631_0016

004	13/03/23 14:09:25 INFO mapred.JobClient: map 0% reduce 0%

005	13/03/23 14:09:40 INFO mapred.JobClient: map 1% reduce 0%

006	13/03/23 14:09:46 INFO mapred.JobClient: map 3% reduce 0%

007	13/03/23 14:09:52 INFO mapred.JobClient: map 5% reduce 0%

008	13/03/23 14:09:58 INFO mapred.JobClient: map 6% reduce 0%

009	13/03/23 14:10:04 INFO mapred.JobClient: map 8% reduce 0%

010	13/03/23 14:10:10 INFO mapred.JobClient: map 10% reduce 0%

011	13/03/23 14:10:13 INFO mapred.JobClient: map 10% reduce 1%

012	13/03/23 14:10:16 INFO mapred.JobClient: map 11% reduce 1%

013	13/03/23 14:10:22 INFO mapred.JobClient: map 13% reduce 1%

014	13/03/23 14:10:28 INFO mapred.JobClient: map 15% reduce 1%

015	13/03/23 14:10:34 INFO mapred.JobClient: map 17% reduce 1%

016	13/03/23 14:10:40 INFO mapred.JobClient: map 18% reduce 2%

017	13/03/23 14:10:46 INFO mapred.JobClient: map 20% reduce 2%

018	13/03/23 14:10:52 INFO mapred.JobClient: map 22% reduce 2%

019	13/03/23 14:10:58 INFO mapred.JobClient: map 23% reduce 2%

020	13/03/23 14:11:04 INFO mapred.JobClient: map 25% reduce 3%

021	13/03/23 14:11:10 INFO mapred.JobClient: map 27% reduce 3%

022	13/03/23 14:11:16 INFO mapred.JobClient: map 29% reduce 3%

023	13/03/23 14:11:22 INFO mapred.JobClient: map 30% reduce 3%

024	13/03/23 14:11:28 INFO mapred.JobClient: map 32% reduce 3%

025	13/03/23 14:11:34 INFO mapred.JobClient: map 34% reduce 4%

026	13/03/23 14:11:40 INFO mapred.JobClient: map 35% reduce 4%

027	13/03/23 14:11:46 INFO mapred.JobClient: map 37% reduce 4%

028	13/03/23 14:11:52 INFO mapred.JobClient: map 39% reduce 4%

029	13/03/23 14:11:58 INFO mapred.JobClient: map 41% reduce 5%

030	13/03/23 14:12:04 INFO mapred.JobClient: map 42% reduce 5%

031	13/03/23 14:12:10 INFO mapred.JobClient: map 44% reduce 5%

032	13/03/23 14:12:16 INFO mapred.JobClient: map 46% reduce 5%

033	13/03/23 14:12:22 INFO mapred.JobClient: map 47% reduce 5%

034	13/03/23 14:12:25 INFO mapred.JobClient: map 47% reduce 6%

035	13/03/23 14:12:28 INFO mapred.JobClient: map 49% reduce 6%

036	13/03/23 14:12:34 INFO mapred.JobClient: map 51% reduce 6%

037	13/03/23 14:12:40 INFO mapred.JobClient: map 52% reduce 6%

038	13/03/23 14:12:46 INFO mapred.JobClient: map 54% reduce 7%

039	13/03/23 14:12:52 INFO mapred.JobClient: map 56% reduce 7%

040	13/03/23 14:12:58 INFO mapred.JobClient: map 58% reduce 7%

041	13/03/23 14:13:04 INFO mapred.JobClient: map 59% reduce 7%

042	13/03/23 14:13:10 INFO mapred.JobClient: map 61% reduce 7%

043	13/03/23 14:13:13 INFO mapred.JobClient: map 61% reduce 8%

044	13/03/23 14:13:16 INFO mapred.JobClient: map 63% reduce 8%

045	13/03/23 14:13:22 INFO mapred.JobClient: map 64% reduce 8%

046	13/03/23 14:13:28 INFO mapred.JobClient: map 66% reduce 8%

047	13/03/23 14:13:34 INFO mapred.JobClient: map 68% reduce 8%

048	13/03/23 14:13:40 INFO mapred.JobClient: map 70% reduce 9%

049	13/03/23 14:13:46 INFO mapred.JobClient: map 71% reduce 9%

050	13/03/23 14:13:52 INFO mapred.JobClient: map 73% reduce 9%

051	13/03/23 14:13:58 INFO mapred.JobClient: map 75% reduce 9%

052	13/03/23 14:14:04 INFO mapred.JobClient: map 76% reduce 9%

053	13/03/23 14:14:10 INFO mapred.JobClient: map 78% reduce 10%

054	13/03/23 14:14:16 INFO mapred.JobClient: map 80% reduce 10%

055	13/03/23 14:14:22 INFO mapred.JobClient: map 82% reduce 10%

056	13/03/23 14:14:28 INFO mapred.JobClient: map 83% reduce 10%

057	13/03/23 14:14:34 INFO mapred.JobClient: map 85% reduce 10%

058	13/03/23 14:14:37 INFO mapred.JobClient: map 85% reduce 11%

059	13/03/23 14:14:40 INFO mapred.JobClient: map 87% reduce 11%

060	13/03/23 14:14:46 INFO mapred.JobClient: map 88% reduce 11%

061	13/03/23 14:14:52 INFO mapred.JobClient: map 90% reduce 11%

062	13/03/23 14:14:58 INFO mapred.JobClient: map 92% reduce 12%

063	13/03/23 14:15:04 INFO mapred.JobClient: map 94% reduce 12%

064	13/03/23 14:15:10 INFO mapred.JobClient: map 95% reduce 12%

065	13/03/23 14:15:16 INFO mapred.JobClient: map 97% reduce 12%

066	13/03/23 14:15:22 INFO mapred.JobClient: map 99% reduce 12%

067	13/03/23 14:15:28 INFO mapred.JobClient: map 100% reduce 13%

068	13/03/23 14:15:37 INFO mapred.JobClient: map 100% reduce 26%

069	13/03/23 14:15:40 INFO mapred.JobClient: map 100% reduce 39%

070	13/03/23 14:15:49 INFO mapred.JobClient: map 100% reduce 59%

071	13/03/23 14:15:52 INFO mapred.JobClient: map 100% reduce 79%

072	13/03/23 14:15:58 INFO mapred.JobClient: map 100% reduce 100%

073	13/03/23 14:16:03 INFO mapred.JobClient: Job complete: job_201303111631_0016

074	13/03/23 14:16:03 INFO mapred.JobClient: Counters: 29

075	13/03/23 14:16:03 INFO mapred.JobClient: Job Counters

076	13/03/23 14:16:03 INFO mapred.JobClient: Launched reduce tasks=5

077	13/03/23 14:16:03 INFO mapred.JobClient: SLOTS_MILLIS_MAPS=491322

078	13/03/23 14:16:03 INFO mapred.JobClient: Total time spent by all reduces waiting after reserving slots (ms)=0

079	13/03/23 14:16:03 INFO mapred.JobClient: Total time spent by all maps waiting after reserving slots (ms)=0

080	13/03/23 14:16:03 INFO mapred.JobClient: Launched map tasks=117

081	13/03/23 14:16:03 INFO mapred.JobClient: Data-local map tasks=117

082	13/03/23 14:16:03 INFO mapred.JobClient: SLOTS_MILLIS_REDUCES=719836

083	13/03/23 14:16:03 INFO mapred.JobClient: File Output Format Counters

084	13/03/23 14:16:03 INFO mapred.JobClient: Bytes Written=147035685

085	13/03/23 14:16:03 INFO mapred.JobClient: FileSystemCounters

086	13/03/23 14:16:03 INFO mapred.JobClient: FILE_BYTES_READ=147032689

087	13/03/23 14:16:03 INFO mapred.JobClient: HDFS_BYTES_READ=147045529

088	13/03/23 14:16:03 INFO mapred.JobClient: FILE_BYTES_WRITTEN=296787727

089	13/03/23 14:16:03 INFO mapred.JobClient: HDFS_BYTES_WRITTEN=147035685

090	13/03/23 14:16:03 INFO mapred.JobClient: File Input Format Counters

091	13/03/23 14:16:03 INFO mapred.JobClient: Bytes Read=147029851

092	13/03/23 14:16:03 INFO mapred.JobClient: Map-Reduce Framework

093	13/03/23 14:16:03 INFO mapred.JobClient: Map output materialized bytes=147036169

094	13/03/23 14:16:03 INFO mapred.JobClient: Map input records=117

095	13/03/23 14:16:03 INFO mapred.JobClient: Reduce shuffle bytes=145779618

096	13/03/23 14:16:03 INFO mapred.JobClient: Spilled Records=234

097	13/03/23 14:16:03 INFO mapred.JobClient: Map output bytes=147032074

098	13/03/23 14:16:03 INFO mapred.JobClient: CPU time spent (ms)=79550

099	13/03/23 14:16:03 INFO mapred.JobClient: Total committed heap usage (bytes)=19630391296

100	13/03/23 14:16:03 INFO mapred.JobClient: Combine input records=0

101	13/03/23 14:16:03 INFO mapred.JobClient: SPLIT_RAW_BYTES=15678

102	13/03/23 14:16:03 INFO mapred.JobClient: Reduce input records=117

103	13/03/23 14:16:03 INFO mapred.JobClient: Reduce input groups=117

104	13/03/23 14:16:03 INFO mapred.JobClient: Combine output records=0

105	13/03/23 14:16:03 INFO mapred.JobClient: Physical memory (bytes) snapshot=20658409472

106	13/03/23 14:16:03 INFO mapred.JobClient: Reduce output records=117

107	13/03/23 14:16:03 INFO mapred.JobClient: Virtual memory (bytes) snapshot=65064620032

108	13/03/23 14:16:03 INFO mapred.JobClient: Map output records=117

• 验证程序运行结果

01	xiaoxiang@ubuntu3:/opt/stone/cloud/hadoop-1.0.3$ bin/hadoop fs -ls/user/xiaoxiang/output/smallfiles/whole

02	Found 7 items

03	-rw-r--r-- 3 xiaoxiang supergroup 0 2013-03-23 14:15 /user/xiaoxiang/output/smallfiles/whole/_SUCCESS

04	drwxr-xr-x - xiaoxiang supergroup 0 2013-03-23 14:09 /user/xiaoxiang/output/smallfiles/whole/_logs

05	-rw-r--r-- 3 xiaoxiang supergroup 30161482 2013-03-23 14:15 /user/xiaoxiang/output/smallfiles/whole/part-r-00000

06	-rw-r--r-- 3 xiaoxiang supergroup 30160646 2013-03-23 14:15 /user/xiaoxiang/output/smallfiles/whole/part-r-00001

07	-rw-r--r-- 3 xiaoxiang supergroup 27647901 2013-03-23 14:15 /user/xiaoxiang/output/smallfiles/whole/part-r-00002

08	-rw-r--r-- 3 xiaoxiang supergroup 30161567 2013-03-23 14:15 /user/xiaoxiang/output/smallfiles/whole/part-r-00003

09	-rw-r--r-- 3 xiaoxiang supergroup 28904089 2013-03-23 14:15 /user/xiaoxiang/output/smallfiles/whole/part-r-00004

10

11	xiaoxiang@ubuntu3:/opt/stone/cloud/hadoop-1.0.3$ bin/hadoop fs -text /user/xiaoxiang/output/smallfiles/whole/part-r-00000 | cut -d" " -f 1

12	data_50000_000 53

13	data_50000_005 4c

14	data_50000_014 47

15	data_50000_019 47

16	data_50000_023 50

17	data_50000_028 54

18	data_50000_032 45

19	data_50000_037 55

20	data_50000_041 4e

21	data_50000_046 4d

22	data_50000_050 4c

23	data_50000_055 55

24	data_50000_064 54

25	data_50000_069 42

26	data_50000_073 48

27	data_50000_078 54

28	data_50000_082 42

29	data_50000_087 53

30	data_50000_091 43

31	data_50000_096 41

32	data_50000_203 4d

33	data_50000_208 49

34	data_50000_212 48

35	data_50000_230 46

可以看到，Reducer阶段生成了5个文件，他们都是将小文件合并后的得到的大文件，如果需要对这些文件进行其他处理，可以再实现满足实际处理的Mapper，将输入路径指定的前面Reducer的输出路径即可。这样一来，对于大量小文件的处理，转换成了数个大文件的处理，就能够充分利用Hadoop MapReduce计算集群的优势。