设计模式编程 之 观察者模式

1. 模式说明
观察者模式(observer)定义了一种一对多的依赖关系，让多个观察者对象同时监听某一个主题对象。这个主题对象再状态发生变化时，会通知所有观察者对象，使它们能够自动更新自己。

2. uml图例



3. 示例代码

在 《Head First设计模式》中实现了一个气象站的案例。气象站作为一个可观察对象，可以add，delete，notify，也可以设置是否通知对象SetChanged(). weatherData 可以更新温度，湿度和压力。有至少三个观察者，也就是数据显示板，分别显示不同的内容。当气象站的数据发生变化时，会通知所有观察者，观察者根据最新的数据更新他们的显示。详细代码如下：

//"Observer.h"/
#ifndef OBSERVER_H
#define OBSERVER_H
#include <iostream>
#include <QList>
using namespace std;
class Observer;

class Observable
{

public:
    virtual void AddObserver(Observer *pObserver) = 0;
    virtual void DelObserver(Observer *pObserver) = 0;
    virtual void NotifyObserver() = 0;
private:


};
class WeatherData : public Observable
{
public:
    WeatherData();
    int GetTemperature();
    int GetHumidity();
    int GetPressure();
    void SetMeasure(int temp, int hum, int press);
    void AddObserver(Observer *pObserver);
    void DelObserver(Observer *pObserver);
    void NotifyObserver();
    void SetChanged(bool isObserve);
private:
    int m_Temperature;
    int m_Humidity;
    int m_Pressure;
    QList<Observer *> m_pObserverList;
    bool m_isObserve;
};
class Observer
{
public:
    virtual void Update(int temp, int hum, int press) = 0;
};
class DisplayElement
{
public:
    virtual void Display() = 0;
};
class GeneralDisplay :public Observer, public DisplayElement
{
public:
    GeneralDisplay(Observable *pObservable);
    void Update(int temp, int hum, int press);
    void Display();
private:
    Observable *m_pObservable;
    int m_Temperature;
    int m_Humidity;
    int m_Pressure;
};

class StaticsDisplay :public Observer, public DisplayElement
{
public:
    StaticsDisplay(Observable *pObservable);
    void Update(int temp, int hum, int press);
    void Display();
private:
    Observable *m_pObservable;
    int m_Temperature;
    int m_Humidity;
    int m_Pressure;
};
class ForecastDisplay :public Observer, public DisplayElement
{
public:
    ForecastDisplay(Observable *pObservable);
    void Update(int temp, int hum, int press);
    void Display();
private:
    Observable *m_pObservable;
    int m_Temperature;
    int m_Humidity;
    int m_Pressure;
};
#endif // OBSERVER_H



//"Observer.cpp"/
#include "Observer.h"



void WeatherData::AddObserver(Observer *pObserver)
{
    m_pObserverList.push_back(pObserver);
}

void WeatherData::DelObserver(Observer *pObserver)
{
    m_pObserverList.removeOne(pObserver);
}

void WeatherData::NotifyObserver()
{
    if (m_isObserve)
    {
        for (Observer *pObserver : m_pObserverList)
        {
            int temp = GetTemperature();
            int hum = GetHumidity();
            int press = GetPressure();
            pObserver->Update(temp, hum, press);
        }
    }
}

void WeatherData::SetChanged(bool isObserve)
{
   m_isObserve = isObserve;
}

WeatherData::WeatherData()
{
    m_isObserve = true;
}

int WeatherData::GetTemperature()
{
    return m_Temperature;
}

int WeatherData::GetHumidity()
{
    return m_Humidity;
}

int WeatherData::GetPressure()
{
    return m_Pressure;
}

void WeatherData::SetMeasure(int temp, int hum, int press)
{
    m_Temperature = temp;
    m_Humidity = hum;
    m_Pressure = press;
    NotifyObserver();
}

GeneralDisplay::GeneralDisplay(Observable *pObservable)
{
     m_pObservable = pObservable;
     pObservable->AddObserver(this);
}

void GeneralDisplay::Update(int temp, int hum, int press)
{
    m_Temperature = temp;
    m_Humidity = hum;
    m_Pressure = press;
    Display();
}

void GeneralDisplay::Display()
{
    cout << "GeneralDisplay : Temperature=" << m_Temperature << "， Humidity=" << m_Humidity << ", Pressure" << m_Pressure << endl;
}

StaticsDisplay::StaticsDisplay(Observable *pObservable)
{
     m_pObservable = pObservable;
     pObservable->AddObserver(this);
}

void StaticsDisplay::Update(int temp, int hum, int press)
{
    m_Temperature = temp;
    m_Humidity = hum;
    m_Pressure = press;
    Display();
}

void StaticsDisplay::Display()
{
    cout << "StaticsDisplay : Temperature=" << m_Temperature << "， Humidity=" << m_Humidity << ", Pressure" << m_Pressure << endl;

}

ForecastDisplay::ForecastDisplay(Observable *pObservable)
{
    m_pObservable = pObservable;
    pObservable->AddObserver(this);
}

void ForecastDisplay::Update(int temp, int hum, int press)
{
    m_Temperature = temp;
    m_Humidity = hum;
    m_Pressure = press;
    Display();
}

void ForecastDisplay::Display()
{
    cout << "ForecastDisplay : Temperature=" << m_Temperature << "， Humidity=" << m_Humidity << ", Pressure" << m_Pressure << endl;

}



//"main.cpp"/
        WeatherData *wd = new WeatherData();
    GeneralDisplay *gd = new GeneralDisplay(wd);
    cout << "//add  the first///" <<endl;
    wd->SetMeasure(10,10,10);

    StaticsDisplay *sd = new StaticsDisplay(wd);
    wd->DelObserver(gd);
    cout << "//add the second, delete the first///" <<endl;
    wd->SetMeasure(20,20,20);

    ForecastDisplay *fd = new ForecastDisplay(wd);
    cout << "//add the third //" <<endl;
    wd->SetMeasure(30,30,30);

    wd->SetChanged(false);
    cout << "//don't notify //" <<endl;
    wd->SetMeasure(40,40,40);

执行结果后，气象站的变化就能通知所有的观察者。


4. 参考文献
1） 《大话设计模式》作者:程杰， 清华大学出版社。
2） 《Head First设计模式》 作者 Eric Freeman & Elisabeth Freeman, 中国电力出版社
3） 《面向对象葵花宝典：思想、技巧与实践》 作者：李运华，电子工业出版社