Bloaty McBloatface: a size profiler for binaries
Ever wondered what's making your binary big? Bloaty McBloatface will show you a size profile of the binary so you can understand what's taking up space inside.
Bloaty works on binaries, shared objects, object files, and static libraries (.a files). The following file formats are supported:
- ELF
- Mach-O
- WebAssembly (experimental)
These formats are NOT supported, but I am very interested in adding support for them (I may implement these myself but would also be happy to get contributions!)
- PE/COFF (not supported)
- Android APK (not supported, might be tricky due to compression)
This is not an official Google product.
Building Bloaty
Building Bloaty requires CMake and protoc, the protobuf compiler. On Ubuntu, install them with:
$ sudo apt install cmake protobuf-compiler
Bloaty bundles libprotobuf, re2, capstone, and pkg-config as Git submodules, but it will prefer the system's versions of those dependencies if available. All other dependencies are included as Git submodules. To build, run:
$ cmake .
$ make -j6
To run tests (Git only, these are not included in the release tarball), type:
$ make test
All the normal CMake features are available, like out-of-source builds:
$ mkdir build
$ cd build
$ cmake ..
$ make -j6
Running Bloaty
Run it directly on a binary target. For example, run it on itself.
$ ./bloaty bloaty
On Linux you'll see output something like:
$ ./bloaty bloaty
FILE SIZE VM SIZE
-------------- --------------
30.7% 8.32Mi 0.0% 0 .debug_info
22.0% 5.97Mi 0.0% 0 .debug_loc
13.7% 3.71Mi 0.0% 0 .debug_str
9.7% 2.64Mi 38.7% 2.64Mi .rodata
7.0% 1.89Mi 27.7% 1.89Mi .text
5.8% 1.57Mi 0.0% 0 .debug_line
0.0% 0 14.8% 1.01Mi .bss
3.3% 928Ki 0.0% 0 .debug_ranges
1.6% 442Ki 0.0% 0 .strtab
1.6% 437Ki 6.3% 437Ki .data
1.3% 361Ki 5.2% 361Ki .dynstr
0.8% 235Ki 3.4% 235Ki .eh_frame
0.8% 219Ki 0.0% 0 .symtab
0.5% 135Ki 0.0% 0 .debug_abbrev
0.4% 123Ki 1.8% 123Ki .dynsym
0.2% 51.9Ki 0.7% 51.8Ki .gcc_except_table
0.1% 39.9Ki 0.6% 39.9Ki .gnu.hash
0.1% 37.8Ki 0.5% 37.8Ki .eh_frame_hdr
0.1% 15.9Ki 0.2% 14.0Ki [24 Others]
0.0% 10.3Ki 0.1% 10.3Ki .gnu.version
0.0% 5.50Ki 0.0% 0 [Unmapped]
100.0% 27.1Mi 100.0% 6.81Mi TOTAL
The "VM SIZE" column tells you how much space the binary will take when it is loaded into memory. The "FILE SIZE" column tells you about how much space the binary is taking on disk. These two can be very different from each other:
- Some data lives in the file but isn't loaded into memory, like debug information.
- Some data is mapped into memory but doesn't exist in the file. This mainly applies to the
.bsssection (zero-initialized data).
The default breakdown in Bloaty is by sections, but many other ways of slicing the binary are supported such as symbols and segments. If you compiled with debug info, you can even break down by compile units and inlines!
$ ./bloaty bloaty -d compileunits
FILE SIZE VM SIZE
-------------- --------------
34.7% 9.38Mi 39.4% 2.68Mi [153 Others]
16.9% 4.58Mi 4.9% 341Ki ../third_party/protobuf/src/google/protobuf/descriptor.cc
8.9% 2.42Mi 4.3% 301Ki ../third_party/protobuf/src/google/protobuf/descriptor.pb.cc
4.1% 1.11Mi 4.5% 311Ki ../third_party/capstone/arch/ARM/ARMDisassembler.c
1.5% 415Ki 15.6% 1.07Mi ../third_party/capstone/arch/M68K/M68KDisassembler.c
3.4% 944Ki 1.3% 92.9Ki ../third_party/protobuf/src/google/protobuf/generated_message_reflection.cc
3.3% 925Ki 1.3% 87.7Ki ../third_party/protobuf/src/google/protobuf/text_format.cc
3.3% 923Ki 11.8% 820Ki ../third_party/capstone/arch/X86/X86Mapping.c
2.6% 716Ki 0.6% 44.6Ki ../third_party/protobuf/src/google/protobuf/descriptor_database.cc
2.4% 676Ki 1.0% 73.1Ki ../third_party/protobuf/src/google/protobuf/extension_set.cc
2.2% 619Ki 0.6% 41.7Ki ../third_party/protobuf/src/google/protobuf/generated_message_util.cc
2.1% 584Ki 1.6% 113Ki ../third_party/demumble/third_party/libcxxabi/cxa_demangle.cpp
2.1% 582Ki 0.7% 48.4Ki ../third_party/protobuf/src/google/protobuf/message.cc
1.9% 533Ki 1.9% 131Ki ../src/bloaty.cc
1.9% 529Ki 6.1% 427Ki ../third_party/capstone/arch/X86/X86DisassemblerDecoder.c
1.6% 439Ki 0.5% 35.1Ki ../third_party/protobuf/src/google/protobuf/wire_format.cc
1.4% 394Ki 0.5% 31.5Ki ../third_party/re2/re2/regexp.cc
1.4% 392Ki 0.4% 28.6Ki ../third_party/re2/re2/dfa.cc
1.4% 383Ki 1.4% 99.4Ki ../third_party/capstone/arch/X86/X86ATTInstPrinter.c
1.3% 373Ki 1.0% 73.2Ki ../third_party/capstone/arch/AArch64/AArch64Disassembler.c
1.3% 370Ki 0.5% 34.6Ki ../third_party/re2/re2/re2.cc
100.0% 27.1Mi 100.0% 6.81Mi TOTAL
Run Bloaty with --help to see a list of available options:
$ ./bloaty --help
Bloaty McBloatface: a size profiler for binaries.
USAGE: bloaty [OPTION]... FILE... [-- BASE_FILE...]
Options:
--csv Output in CSV format instead of human-readable.
--tsv Output in TSV format instead of human-readable.
-c FILE Load configuration from <file>.
-d SOURCE,SOURCE Comma-separated list of sources to scan.
--debug-file=FILE Use this file for debug symbols and/or symbol table.
-C MODE How to demangle symbols. Possible values are:
--demangle=MODE --demangle=none no demangling, print raw symbols
--demangle=short demangle, but omit arg/return types
--demangle=full print full demangled type
The default is --demangle=short.
--disassemble=FUNCTION
Disassemble this function (EXPERIMENTAL)
--domain=DOMAIN Which domains to show. Possible values are:
--domain=vm
--domain=file
--domain=both (the default)
-n NUM How many rows to show per level before collapsing
other keys into '[Other]'. Set to '0' for unlimited.
Defaults to 20.
-s SORTBY Whether to sort by VM or File size. Possible values
are:
-s vm
-s file
-s both (the default: sorts by max(vm, file)).
-w Wide output; don't truncate long labels.
--help Display this message and exit.
--list-sources Show a list of available sources and exit.
Options for debugging Bloaty:
--debug-vmaddr=ADDR
--debug-fileoff=OFF
Print extended debugging information for the given
VM address and/or file offset.
-v Verbose output. Dumps warnings encountered during
processing and full VM/file maps at the end.
Add more v's (-vv, -vvv) for even more.
Size Diffs
You can use Bloaty to see how the size of a binary changed. On the command-line, pass -- followed by the files you want to use as the diff base.
For example, here is a size diff between a couple different versions of Bloaty, showing how it grew when I added some features.
$ ./bloaty bloaty -- oldbloaty
VM SIZE FILE SIZE
-------------- --------------
[ = ] 0 .debug_loc +688Ki +9.9%
+19% +349Ki .text +349Ki +19%
[ = ] 0 .debug_ranges +180Ki +11%
[ = ] 0 .debug_info +120Ki +0.9%
+23% +73.5Ki .rela.dyn +73.5Ki +23%
+3.5% +57.1Ki .rodata +57.1Ki +3.5%
+28e3% +53.9Ki .data +53.9Ki +28e3%
[ = ] 0 .debug_line +40.2Ki +4.8%
+2.3% +5.35Ki .eh_frame +5.35Ki +2.3%
-6.0% -5 [Unmapped] +2.65Ki +215%
+0.5% +1.70Ki .dynstr +1.70Ki +0.5%
[ = ] 0 .symtab +1.59Ki +0.9%
[ = ] 0 .debug_abbrev +1.29Ki +0.5%
[ = ] 0 .strtab +1.26Ki +0.3%
+16% +992 .bss 0 [ = ]
+0.2% +642 [13 Others] +849 +0.2%
+0.6% +792 .dynsym +792 +0.6%
+16% +696 .rela.plt +696 +16%
+16% +464 .plt +464 +16%
+0.8% +312 .eh_frame_hdr +312 +0.8%
[ = ] 0 .debug_str -19.6Ki -0.4%
+11% +544Ki TOTAL +1.52Mi +4.6%
Each line shows the how much each part changed compared to its previous size. Most sections grew, but one section at the bottom (.debug_str) shrank. The "TOTAL" line shows how much the size changed overall.
Hierarchical Profiles
Bloaty supports breaking the binary down in lots of different ways. You can combine multiple data sources into a single hierarchical profile. For example, we can use the segments and sections data sources in a single report:
$ ./bloaty -d segments,sections bloaty
FILE SIZE VM SIZE
-------------- --------------
78.5% 21.3Mi 0.0% 0 [Unmapped]
39.1% 8.32Mi NAN% 0 .debug_info
28.1% 5.97Mi NAN% 0 .debug_loc
17.4% 3.71Mi NAN% 0 .debug_str
7.4% 1.57Mi NAN% 0 .debug_line
4.3% 928Ki NAN% 0 .debug_ranges
2.0% 442Ki NAN% 0 .strtab
1.0% 218Ki NAN% 0 .symtab
0.6% 135Ki NAN% 0 .debug_abbrev
0.0% 5.50Ki NAN% 0 [Unmapped]
0.0% 386 NAN% 0 .shstrtab
0.0% 131 NAN% 0 .debug_macinfo
0.0% 82 NAN% 0 .comment
10.9% 2.95Mi 43.4% 2.95Mi LOAD #4 [R]
89.3% 2.64Mi 89.3% 2.64Mi .rodata
7.8% 235Ki 7.8% 235Ki .eh_frame
1.7% 51.8Ki 1.7% 51.8Ki .gcc_except_table
1.2% 37.8Ki 1.2% 37.8Ki .eh_frame_hdr
0.0% 7 0.0% 7 [LOAD #4 [R]]
7.0% 1.89Mi 27.8% 1.89Mi LOAD #3 [RX]
99.8% 1.89Mi 99.8% 1.89Mi .text
0.2% 3.16Ki 0.2% 3.16Ki .plt
0.0% 23 0.0% 23 .init
0.0% 12 0.0% 12 [LOAD #3 [RX]]
0.0% 9 0.0% 9 .fini
1.6% 441Ki 21.1% 1.44Mi LOAD #5 [RW]
0.0% 0 70.0% 1.01Mi .bss
99.1% 437Ki 29.7% 437Ki .data
0.4% 1.59Ki 0.1% 1.59Ki .got.plt
0.3% 1.34Ki 0.1% 1.34Ki .data.rel.ro
0.1% 544 0.0% 544 .dynamic
0.1% 360 0.0% 360 .init_array
0.0% 32 0.0% 32 .got
0.0% 16 0.0% 16 .tdata
0.0% 8 0.0% 8 .fini_array
0.0% 8 0.0% 8 [LOAD #5 [RW]]
2.0% 542Ki 7.8% 542Ki LOAD #2 [R]
66.7% 361Ki 66.7% 361Ki .dynstr
22.8% 123Ki 22.8% 123Ki .dynsym
7.4% 39.9Ki 7.4% 39.9Ki .gnu.hash
1.9% 10.3Ki 1.9% 10.3Ki .gnu.version
0.9% 4.71Ki 0.9% 4.71Ki .rela.plt
0.2% 1.01Ki 0.2% 1.01Ki .rela.dyn
0.1% 743 0.1% 743 [LOAD #2 [R]]
0.1% 368 0.1% 368 .gnu.version_r
0.0% 36 0.0% 36 .note.gnu.build-id
0.0% 32 0.0% 32 .note.ABI-tag
0.0% 28 0.0% 28 .interp
0.0% 2.44Ki 0.0% 0 [ELF Headers]
46.2% 1.12Ki NAN% 0 [18 Others]
5.1% 128 NAN% 0 [ELF Headers]
2.6% 64 NAN% 0 .comment
2.6% 64 NAN% 0 .data
2.6% 64 NAN% 0 .data.rel.ro
2.6% 64 NAN% 0 .debug_abbrev
2.6% 64 NAN% 0 .debug_info
2.6% 64 NAN% 0 .debug_line
2.6% 64 NAN% 0 .debug_loc
2.6% 64 NAN% 0 .debug_macinfo
2.6% 64 NAN% 0 .debug_ranges
2.6% 64 NAN% 0 .debug_str
2.6% 64 NAN% 0 .dynamic
2.6% 64 NAN% 0 .dynstr
2.6% 64 NAN% 0 .dynsym
2.6% 64 NAN% 0 .eh_frame
2.6% 64 NAN% 0 .eh_frame_hdr
2.6% 64 NAN% 0 .fini
2.6% 64 NAN% 0 .fini_array
2.6% 64 NAN% 0 .gcc_except_table
2.6% 64 NAN% 0 .gnu.hash
100.0% 27.1Mi 100.0% 6.81Mi TOTAL
Bloaty displays a maximum of 20 lines for each level; other values are grouped into an [Other] bin. Use -n <num> to override this setting. If you pass -n 0, all data will be output without collapsing anything into [Other].
Debugging Stripped Binaries
Bloaty supports reading debuginfo/symbols from separate binaries. This lets you profile a stripped binary, even for data sources like "compileunits" or "symbols" that require this extra information.
Bloaty uses build IDs to verify that the binary and the debug file match. Otherwise the results would be nonsense (this kind of mismatch might sound unlikely but it's a very easy mistake to make, and one that I made several times even as Bloaty's author!).
If your binary has a build ID, then using separate debug files is as simple as:
$ cp bloaty bloaty.stripped
$ strip bloaty.stripped
$ ./bloaty -d symbols --debug-file=bloaty bloaty.stripped
Some format-specific notes follow.
ELF
For ELF, make sure you are compiling with build IDs enabled. With gcc this happens automatically, but Clang decided not to make this the default, since it makes the link slower. For Clang add -Wl,--build-id to your link line. (If you want a slightly faster link and don't care about reproducibility, you can use -Wl,--build-id=uuid instead).
Bloaty does not currently support the GNU debuglink or looking up debug files by build ID, which are the methods GDB uses to find debug files. If there are use cases where Bloaty's --debug-file option won't work, we can reconsider implementing these.
Mach-O
Mach-O files always have build IDs (as far as I can tell), so no special configuration is needed to make sure you get them.
Mach-O puts debug information in separate files which you can create with dsymutil:
$ dsymutil bloaty
$ strip bloaty (optional)
$ ./bloaty -d symbols --debug-file=bloaty.dSYM/Contents/Resources/DWARF/bloaty bloaty
Configuration Files
Any options that you can specify on the command-line, you can put into a configuration file instead. Then use can use -c FILE to load those options from the config file. Also, a few features are only available with configuration files and cannot be specify on the command-line.
The configuration file is a in Protocol Buffers text format. The schema is the Options message in src/bloaty.proto.
The two most useful cases for configuration files are:
-
You have too many input files to put on the command-line. At Google we sometimes run Bloaty over thousands of input files. This can cause the overall command-line to exceed OS limits. With a config file, we can avoid this:
filename: "path/to/long_filename_a.o" filename: "path/to/long_filename_b.o" filename: "path/to/long_filename_c.o" # ...repeat for thousands of files. -
For custom data sources, it can be very useful to put them in a config file, for greater reusability. For example, see the custom data sources defined in custom_sources.bloaty. Also read more about custom data sources below.
Data Sources
Bloaty has many data sources built in. These all provide different ways of looking at the binary. You can also create your own data sources by applying regexes to the built-in data sources (see "Custom Data Sources" below).
While Bloaty works on binaries, shared objects, object files, and static libraries (.a files), some of the data sources don't work on object files. This applies especially to data sources that read debug info.
Segments
Segments are what the run-time loader uses to determine what parts of the binary need to be loaded/mapped into memory. There are usually just a few segments: one for each set of mmap() permissions required:
$ ./bloaty -d segments bloaty
FILE SIZE VM SIZE
-------------- --------------
78.5% 21.3Mi 0.0% 0 [Unmapped]
10.9% 2.95Mi 43.4% 2.95Mi LOAD #4 [R]
7.0% 1.89Mi 27.8% 1.89Mi LOAD #3 [RX]
1.6% 441Ki 21.1% 1.44Mi LOAD #5 [RW]
2.0% 542Ki 7.8% 542Ki LOAD #2 [R]
0.0% 2.44Ki 0.0% 0 [ELF Headers]
100.0% 27.1Mi 100.0% 6.81Mi TOTAL
Here we see one segment mapped [RX] (read/execute) and one segment mapped [RW] (read/write). A large part of the binary is not loaded into memory, which we see as [Unmapped].
Object files and static libraries don't have segments. However we fake it by grouping sections by their flags. This gives us a break-down sort of like real segments.
$ ./bloaty -d segments CMakeFiles/libbloaty.dir/src/bloaty.cc.o
FILE SIZE VM SIZE
-------------- --------------
87.1% 906Ki 0.0% 0 Section []
8.4% 87.3Ki 78.2% 87.3Ki Section [AX]
2.3% 24.3Ki 21.8% 24.3Ki Section [A]
2.1% 21.8Ki 0.0% 0 [ELF Headers]
0.1% 785 0.0% 0 [Unmapped]
0.0% 24 0.1% 72 Section [AW]
100.0% 1.02Mi 100.0% 111Ki TOTAL
Sections
Sections give us a bit more granular look into the binary. If we want to find the symbol table, the unwind information, or the debug information, each kind of information lives in its own section. Bloaty's default output is sections.
$ ./bloaty -d sections bloaty
FILE SIZE VM SIZE
-------------- --------------
30.7% 8.32Mi 0.0% 0 .debug_info
22.0% 5.97Mi 0.0% 0 .debug_loc
13.7% 3.71Mi 0.0% 0 .debug_str
9.7% 2.64Mi 38.7% 2.64Mi .rodata
7.0% 1.89Mi 27.7% 1.89Mi .text
5.8% 1.57Mi 0.0% 0 .debug_line
0.0% 0 14.8% 1.01Mi .bss
3.3% 928Ki 0.0% 0 .debug_ranges
1.6% 442Ki 0.0% 0 .strtab
1.6% 437Ki 6.3% 437Ki .data
1.3% 361Ki 5.2% 361Ki .dynstr
0.8% 235Ki 3.4% 235Ki .eh_frame
0.8% 219Ki 0.0% 0 .symtab
0.5% 135Ki 0.0% 0 .debug_abbrev
0.4% 123Ki 1.8% 123Ki .dynsym
0.2% 51.9Ki 0.7% 51.8Ki .gcc_except_table
0.1% 39.9Ki 0.6% 39.9Ki .gnu.hash
0.1% 37.8Ki 0.5% 37.8Ki .eh_frame_hdr
0.1% 15.9Ki 0.2% 14.0Ki [24 Others]
0.0% 10.3Ki 0.1% 10.3Ki .gnu.version
0.0% 5.50Ki 0.0% 0 [Unmapped]
100.0% 27.1Mi 100.0% 6.81Mi TOTAL
Symbols
Symbols come from the symbol table, and represent individual functions or variables.
$ ./bloaty -d symbols bloaty
FILE SIZE VM SIZE
-------------- --------------
30.7% 8.32Mi 0.0% 0 [section .debug_info]
22.0% 5.97Mi 0.0% 0 [section .debug_loc]
13.7% 3.71Mi 0.0% 0 [section .debug_str]
13.7% 3.70Mi 44.9% 3.06Mi [5966 Others]
5.8% 1.57Mi 0.0% 0 [section .debug_line]
4.8% 1.31Mi 19.2% 1.31Mi insns
0.0% 44 14.7% 1024Ki g_instruction_table
3.3% 928Ki 0.0% 0 [section .debug_ranges]
0.9% 246Ki 3.5% 245Ki printAliasInstr
0.9% 237Ki 3.4% 237Ki [section .rodata]
0.6% 175Ki 2.5% 175Ki insn_ops
0.6% 153Ki 2.2% 153Ki ARMInsts
0.5% 140Ki 2.0% 140Ki x86DisassemblerTwoByteOpcodes
0.5% 135Ki 0.0% 0 [section .debug_abbrev]
0.4% 110Ki 1.6% 109Ki printInstruction.OpInfo
0.3% 94.3Ki 1.3% 94.2Ki printInstruction.OpInfo2
0.3% 85.1Ki 1.2% 84.8Ki insn_name_maps
0.3% 74.0Ki 1.1% 74.0Ki x86DisassemblerThreeByte38Opcodes
0.2% 59.7Ki 0.9% 59.4Ki printInstruction.AsmStrs
0.2% 55.9Ki 0.8% 55.8Ki DecoderTable32
0.2% 54.0Ki 0.8% 54.0Ki x86DisassemblerThreeByte3AOpcodes
100.0% 27.1Mi 100.0% 6.81Mi TOTAL
You can control how symbols are demangled with the -C MODE or --demangle=MODE flag. You can also specify the demangling mode explicitly in the -d switch. We have three different demangling modes:
-C noneor-d rawsymbols: no, demangling.-C shortor-d shortsymbols: short demangling: return types, template parameters, and function parameter types are omitted. For example:bloaty::dwarf::FormReader<>::GetFunctionForForm<>(). This is the default.-C fullor-d fullsymbols: full demangling.
One very handy thing about -C short (the default) is that it groups all template instantiations together, regardless of their parameters. You can use this to determine how much code size you are paying by doing multiple instantiations of templates. Try bloaty -d shortsymbols,fullsymbols.
Input Files
When you pass multiple files to Bloaty, the inputfiles source will let you break it down by input file:
$ ./bloaty -d inputfiles CMakeFiles/libbloaty.dir/src/*.o
FILE SIZE VM SIZE
-------------- --------------
42.2% 1.02Mi 37.3% 111Ki CMakeFiles/libbloaty.dir/src/bloaty.cc.o
16.0% 394Ki 15.6% 46.7Ki CMakeFiles/libbloaty.dir/src/dwarf.cc.o
10.5% 257Ki 10.2% 30.6Ki CMakeFiles/libbloaty.dir/src/bloaty.pb.cc.o
8.8% 217Ki 9.9% 29.7Ki CMakeFiles/libbloaty.dir/src/elf.cc.o
8.0% 198Ki 8.9% 26.8Ki CMakeFiles/libbloaty.dir/src/macho.cc.o
4.4% 107Ki 4.4% 13.0Ki CMakeFiles/libbloaty.dir/src/webassembly.cc.o
4.2% 103Ki 7.6% 22.9Ki CMakeFiles/libbloaty.dir/src/demangle.cc.o
3.4% 83.8Ki 3.4% 10.2Ki CMakeFiles/libbloaty.dir/src/range_map.cc.o
2.5% 62.4Ki 2.6% 7.91Ki CMakeFiles/libbloaty.dir/src/disassemble.cc.o
100.0% 2.41Mi 100.0% 299Ki TOTAL
Archive Members
When you are running Bloaty on a .a file, the armembers source will let you break it down by .o file inside the archive.
$ ./bloaty -d armembers liblibbloaty.a
FILE SIZE VM SIZE
-------------- --------------
28.1% 1.11Mi 23.1% 112Ki cxa_demangle.cpp.o
25.7% 1.02Mi 22.8% 111Ki bloaty.cc.o
9.7% 394Ki 9.5% 46.7Ki dwarf.cc.o
6.4% 257Ki 6.3% 30.6Ki bloaty.pb.cc.o
5.4% 217Ki 6.1% 29.7Ki elf.cc.o
4.9% 198Ki 5.5% 26.8Ki macho.cc.o
2.6% 107Ki 2.7% 13.0Ki webassembly.cc.o
2.5% 103Ki 4.7% 22.9Ki demangle.cc.o
2.1% 83.8Ki 2.1% 10.2Ki range_map.cc.o
1.9% 77.8Ki 3.2% 15.7Ki charconv_bigint.cc.o
1.8% 72.7Ki 3.0% 14.6Ki escaping.cc.o
1.5% 62.4Ki 1.6% 7.91Ki disassemble.cc.o
1.4% 57.9Ki 0.0% 0 [AR Symbol Table]
1.2% 46.9Ki 1.3% 6.60Ki [8 Others]
1.1% 43.9Ki 2.4% 11.7Ki charconv.cc.o
1.0% 38.7Ki 2.0% 9.74Ki numbers.cc.o
0.7% 29.9Ki 1.2% 5.71Ki str_cat.cc.o
0.6% 24.6Ki 0.9% 4.25Ki string_view.cc.o
0.5% 21.1Ki 0.7% 3.21Ki throw_delegate.cc.o
0.4% 17.7Ki 0.4% 2.17Ki ascii.cc.o
0.3% 13.7Ki 0.7% 3.52Ki charconv_parse.cc.o
100.0% 3.95Mi 100.0% 489Ki TOTAL
You are free to use this data source even for non-.a files, but it won't be very useful since it will always just resolve to the input file (the .a file).
Compile Units
Using debug information, we can tell what compile unit (and corresponding source file) each bit of the binary came from.
$ ./bloaty -d compileunits bloaty
FILE SIZE VM SIZE
-------------- --------------
34.7% 9.38Mi 39.4% 2.68Mi [153 Others]
16.9% 4.58Mi 4.9% 341Ki ../third_party/protobuf/src/google/protobuf/descriptor.cc
8.9% 2.42Mi 4.3% 301Ki ../third_party/protobuf/src/google/protobuf/descriptor.pb.cc
4.1% 1.11Mi 4.5% 311Ki ../third_party/capstone/arch/ARM/ARMDisassembler.c
1.5% 415Ki 15.6% 1.07Mi ../third_party/capstone/arch/M68K/M68KDisassembler.c
3.4% 944Ki 1.3% 92.9Ki ../third_party/protobuf/src/google/protobuf/generated_message_reflection.cc
3.3% 925Ki 1.3% 87.7Ki ../third_party/protobuf/src/google/protobuf/text_format.cc
3.3% 923Ki 11.8% 820Ki ../third_party/capstone/arch/X86/X86Mapping.c
2.6% 716Ki 0.6% 44.6Ki ../third_party/protobuf/src/google/protobuf/descriptor_database.cc
2.4% 676Ki 1.0% 73.1Ki ../third_party/protobuf/src/google/protobuf/extension_set.cc
2.2% 619Ki 0.6% 41.7Ki ../third_party/protobuf/src/google/protobuf/generated_message_util.cc
2.1% 584Ki 1.6% 113Ki ../third_party/demumble/third_party/libcxxabi/cxa_demangle.cpp
2.1% 582Ki 0.7% 48.4Ki ../third_party/protobuf/src/google/protobuf/message.cc
1.9% 533Ki 1.9% 131Ki ../src/bloaty.cc
1.9% 529Ki 6.1% 427Ki ../third_party/capstone/arch/X86/X86DisassemblerDecoder.c
1.6% 439Ki 0.5% 35.1Ki ../third_party/protobuf/src/google/protobuf/wire_format.cc
1.4% 394Ki 0.5% 31.5Ki ../third_party/re2/re2/regexp.cc
1.4% 392Ki 0.4% 28.6Ki ../third_party/re2/re2/dfa.cc
1.4% 383Ki 1.4% 99.4Ki ../third_party/capstone/arch/X86/X86ATTInstPrinter.c
1.3% 373Ki 1.0% 73.2Ki ../third_party/capstone/arch/AArch64/AArch64Disassembler.c
1.3% 370Ki 0.5% 34.6Ki ../third_party/re2/re2/re2.cc
100.0% 27.1Mi 100.0% 6.81Mi TOTAL
Inlines
The DWARF debugging information also contains "line info" information that understands inlining. So within a function, it will know which instructions came from an inlined function from a header file. This is the information the debugger uses to point at a specific source line as you're tracing through a program.
$ ./bloaty -d inlines bloaty
FILE SIZE VM SIZE
-------------- --------------
30.7% 8.32Mi 0.0% 0 [section .debug_info]
22.0% 5.97Mi 0.0% 0 [section .debug_loc]
13.7% 3.71Mi 0.0% 0 [section .debug_str]
9.7% 2.64Mi 38.7% 2.64Mi [section .rodata]
6.9% 1.86Mi 27.3% 1.86Mi [43370 Others]
5.8% 1.57Mi 0.0% 0 [section .debug_line]
0.0% 0 14.8% 1.01Mi [section .bss]
3.3% 928Ki 0.0% 0 [section .debug_ranges]
1.6% 442Ki 0.0% 0 [section .strtab]
1.6% 437Ki 6.3% 437Ki [section .data]
1.3% 361Ki 5.2% 361Ki [section .dynstr]
0.8% 235Ki 3.4% 235Ki [section .eh_frame]
0.8% 219Ki 0.0% 0 [section .symtab]
0.5% 135Ki 0.0% 0 [section .debug_abbrev]
0.4% 123Ki 1.8% 123Ki [section .dynsym]
0.2% 51.9Ki 0.7% 51.8Ki [section .gcc_except_table]
0.1% 39.9Ki 0.6% 39.9Ki [section .gnu.hash]
0.1% 37.8Ki 0.5% 37.8Ki [section .eh_frame_hdr]
0.1% 25.2Ki 0.4% 25.2Ki /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/../../../../include/c++/8/bits/basic_string.h:176
0.1% 16.8Ki 0.2% 16.8Ki /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/../../../../include/c++/8/bits/basic_string.h:172
0.1% 15.4Ki 0.2% 15.4Ki /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/../../../../include/c++/8/ext/new_allocator.h:125
100.0% 27.1Mi 100.0% 6.81Mi TOTAL
Custom Data Sources
Sometimes you want to munge the labels from an existing data source. For example, when we use "compileunits" on Bloaty itself, we see files from all our dependencies mixed together:
$ ./bloaty -d compileunits bloaty
FILE SIZE VM SIZE
-------------- --------------
34.7% 9.38Mi 39.4% 2.68Mi [153 Others]
16.9% 4.58Mi 4.9% 341Ki ../third_party/protobuf/src/google/protobuf/descriptor.cc
8.9% 2.42Mi 4.3% 301Ki ../third_party/protobuf/src/google/protobuf/descriptor.pb.cc
4.1% 1.11Mi 4.5% 311Ki ../third_party/capstone/arch/ARM/ARMDisassembler.c
1.5% 415Ki 15.6% 1.07Mi ../third_party/capstone/arch/M68K/M68KDisassembler.c
3.4% 944Ki 1.3% 92.9Ki ../third_party/protobuf/src/google/protobuf/generated_message_reflection.cc
3.3% 925Ki 1.3% 87.7Ki ../third_party/protobuf/src/google/protobuf/text_format.cc
3.3% 923Ki 11.8% 820Ki ../third_party/capstone/arch/X86/X86Mapping.c
2.6% 716Ki 0.6% 44.6Ki ../third_party/protobuf/src/google/protobuf/descriptor_database.cc
2.4% 676Ki 1.0% 73.1Ki ../third_party/protobuf/src/google/protobuf/extension_set.cc
2.2% 619Ki 0.6% 41.7Ki ../third_party/protobuf/src/google/protobuf/generated_message_util.cc
2.1% 584Ki 1.6% 113Ki ../third_party/demumble/third_party/libcxxabi/cxa_demangle.cpp
2.1% 582Ki 0.7% 48.4Ki ../third_party/protobuf/src/google/protobuf/message.cc
1.9% 533Ki 1.9% 131Ki ../src/bloaty.cc
1.9% 529Ki 6.1% 427Ki ../third_party/capstone/arch/X86/X86DisassemblerDecoder.c
1.6% 439Ki 0.5% 35.1Ki ../third_party/protobuf/src/google/protobuf/wire_format.cc
1.4% 394Ki 0.5% 31.5Ki ../third_party/re2/re2/regexp.cc
1.4% 392Ki 0.4% 28.6Ki ../third_party/re2/re2/dfa.cc
1.4% 383Ki 1.4% 99.4Ki ../third_party/capstone/arch/X86/X86ATTInstPrinter.c
1.3% 373Ki 1.0% 73.2Ki ../third_party/capstone/arch/AArch64/AArch64Disassembler.c
1.3% 370Ki 0.5% 34.6Ki ../third_party/re2/re2/re2.cc
100.0% 27.1Mi 100.0% 6.81Mi TOTAL
If we want to bucket all of these by which library they came from, we can write a custom data source. It specifies the base data source and a set of regexes to apply to it. The regexes are tried in order, and the first matching regex will cause the entire label to be rewritten to the replacement text. Regexes follow RE2 syntax and the replacement can refer to capture groups.
$ cat bloaty_package.bloaty
custom_data_source: {
name: "bloaty_package"
base_data_source: "compileunits"
rewrite: {
pattern: "^(\\.\\./)?src"
replacement: "src"
}
rewrite: {
pattern: "^(\\.\\./)?(third_party/\\w+)"
replacement: "\\2"
}
}
Then use the data source like so:
$ ./bloaty -c bloaty_package.bloaty -d bloaty_package bloaty
FILE SIZE VM SIZE
-------------- --------------
53.0% 14.3Mi 19.3% 1.32Mi third_party/protobuf
28.1% 7.60Mi 64.2% 4.37Mi third_party/capstone
9.1% 2.47Mi 3.6% 253Ki third_party/re2
5.0% 1.34Mi 4.7% 326Ki src
2.1% 584Ki 1.6% 113Ki third_party/demumble
0.7% 199Ki 1.2% 84.0Ki third_party/abseil
0.7% 194Ki 2.8% 194Ki [section .rodata]
0.2% 68.4Ki 0.0% 0 [section .debug_str]
0.2% 51.8Ki 0.7% 51.8Ki [section .gcc_except_table]
0.2% 43.5Ki 0.0% 0 [section .symtab]
0.1% 39.9Ki 0.6% 39.9Ki [section .gnu.hash]
0.1% 37.0Ki 0.5% 37.0Ki [section .text]
0.1% 31.2Ki 0.0% 0 [section .debug_loc]
0.1% 27.8Ki 0.0% 0 [section .strtab]
0.1% 15.0Ki 0.2% 15.0Ki [section .dynstr]
0.1% 14.3Ki 0.2% 11.4Ki [28 Others]
0.0% 10.3Ki 0.1% 10.3Ki [section .gnu.version]
0.0% 8.34Ki 0.1% 8.34Ki [section .dynsym]
0.0% 5.92Ki 0.0% 0 [section .debug_ranges]
0.0% 5.50Ki 0.0% 0 [Unmapped]
0.0% 4.18Ki 0.1% 4.18Ki [section .eh_frame]
100.0% 27.1Mi 100.0% 6.81Mi TOTAL
We can get an even richer report by combining the bloaty_package source with the original compileunits source:
$ ./bloaty -c config.bloaty -d bloaty_package,compileunits bloaty
FILE SIZE VM SIZE
-------------- --------------
53.0% 14.3Mi 19.3% 1.32Mi third_party/protobuf
31.9% 4.58Mi 25.4% 341Ki ../third_party/protobuf/src/google/protobuf/descriptor.cc
16.9% 2.42Mi 22.4% 301Ki ../third_party/protobuf/src/google/protobuf/descriptor.pb.cc
6.4% 944Ki 6.9% 92.9Ki ../third_party/protobuf/src/google/protobuf/generated_message_reflection.cc
6.3% 925Ki 6.5% 87.7Ki ../third_party/protobuf/src/google/protobuf/text_format.cc
4.9% 716Ki 3.3% 44.6Ki ../third_party/protobuf/src/google/protobuf/descriptor_database.cc
4.6% 676Ki 5.4% 73.1Ki ../third_party/protobuf/src/google/protobuf/extension_set.cc
4.2% 619Ki 3.1% 41.7Ki ../third_party/protobuf/src/google/protobuf/generated_message_util.cc
4.0% 582Ki 3.6% 48.4Ki ../third_party/protobuf/src/google/protobuf/message.cc
3.7% 538Ki 4.1% 54.7Ki [13 Others]
3.0% 439Ki 2.6% 35.1Ki ../third_party/protobuf/src/google/protobuf/wire_format.cc
2.3% 331Ki 2.7% 35.9Ki ../third_party/protobuf/src/google/protobuf/map_field.cc
1.9% 281Ki 2.5% 33.4Ki ../third_party/protobuf/src/google/protobuf/stubs/strutil.cc
1.9% 277Ki 1.4% 18.7Ki ../third_party/protobuf/src/google/protobuf/dynamic_message.cc
1.8% 262Ki 1.5% 19.6Ki ../third_party/protobuf/src/google/protobuf/extension_set_heavy.cc
1.3% 194Ki 3.1% 41.7Ki ../third_party/protobuf/src/google/protobuf/io/tokenizer.cc
1.2% 175Ki 1.5% 20.3Ki ../third_party/protobuf/src/google/protobuf/wire_format_lite.cc
0.9% 129Ki 0.8% 10.6Ki ../third_party/protobuf/src/google/protobuf/unknown_field_set.cc
0.9% 128Ki 0.5% 7.41Ki ../third_party/protobuf/src/google/protobuf/reflection_ops.cc
0.8% 123Ki 0.9% 11.7Ki ../third_party/protobuf/src/google/protobuf/stubs/common.cc
0.6% 95.2Ki 1.0% 13.0Ki ../third_party/protobuf/src/google/protobuf/message_lite.cc
0.5% 77.2Ki 0.9% 12.8Ki ../third_party/protobuf/src/google/protobuf/io/coded_stream.cc
28.1% 7.60Mi 64.2% 4.37Mi third_party/capstone
15.6% 1.19Mi 7.1% 319Ki [36 Others]
14.6% 1.11Mi 7.0% 311Ki ../third_party/capstone/arch/ARM/ARMDisassembler.c
5.3% 415Ki 24.4% 1.07Mi ../third_party/capstone/arch/M68K/M68KDisassembler.c
11.9% 923Ki 18.3% 820Ki ../third_party/capstone/arch/X86/X86Mapping.c
6.8% 529Ki 9.6% 427Ki ../third_party/capstone/arch/X86/X86DisassemblerDecoder.c
4.9% 383Ki 2.2% 99.4Ki ../third_party/capstone/arch/X86/X86ATTInstPrinter.c
4.8% 373Ki 1.6% 73.2Ki ../third_party/capstone/arch/AArch64/AArch64Disassembler.c
4.3% 333Ki 1.2% 54.2Ki ../third_party/capstone/arch/Mips/MipsDisassembler.c
3.7% 290Ki 3.4% 150Ki ../third_party/capstone/arch/AArch64/AArch64InstPrinter.c
3.2% 249Ki 1.9% 83.6Ki ../third_party/capstone/arch/ARM/ARMInstPrinter.c
3.2% 245Ki 4.9% 220Ki ../third_party/capstone/arch/AArch64/AArch64Mapping.c
2.9% 222Ki 4.4% 196Ki ../third_party/capstone/arch/ARM/ARMMapping.c
2.8% 221Ki 2.2% 98.6Ki ../third_party/capstone/arch/X86/X86IntelInstPrinter.c
2.6% 201Ki 2.1% 95.9Ki ../third_party/capstone/arch/PowerPC/PPCInstPrinter.c
2.1% 166Ki 3.0% 133Ki ../third_party/capstone/arch/Mips/MipsMapping.c
2.0% 157Ki 0.4% 18.6Ki ../third_party/capstone/arch/X86/X86Disassembler.c
2.0% 156Ki 0.6% 28.8Ki ../third_party/capstone/arch/PowerPC/PPCDisassembler.c
2.0% 155Ki 2.8% 126Ki ../third_party/capstone/arch/PowerPC/PPCMapping.c
2.0% 154Ki 2.0% 90.9Ki ../third_party/capstone/arch/Sparc/SparcInstPrinter.c
1.7% 131Ki 0.4% 17.8Ki ../third_party/capstone/arch/TMS320C64x/TMS320C64xDisassembler.c
1.6% 121Ki 0.4% 19.8Ki ../third_party/capstone/arch/SystemZ/SystemZDisassembler.c
9.1% 2.47Mi 3.6% 253Ki third_party/re2
15.6% 394Ki 12.4% 31.5Ki ../third_party/re2/re2/regexp.cc
15.5% 392Ki 11.3% 28.6Ki ../third_party/re2/re2/dfa.cc
14.7% 370Ki 13.6% 34.6Ki ../third_party/re2/re2/re2.cc
12.0% 304Ki 29.9% 76.0Ki ../third_party/re2/re2/parse.cc
11.7% 295Ki 8.8% 22.4Ki ../third_party/re2/re2/prog.cc
9.3% 234Ki 8.6% 21.8Ki ../third_party/re2/re2/compile.cc
4.6% 114Ki 4.8% 12.1Ki ../third_party/re2/re2/simplify.cc
4.1% 103Ki 3.5% 8.91Ki ../third_party/re2/re2/nfa.cc
3.5% 89.1Ki 1.7% 4.42Ki ../third_party/re2/re2/onepass.cc
2.9% 74.3Ki 1.4% 3.46Ki ../third_party/re2/re2/tostring.cc
2.1% 52.5Ki 1.8% 4.61Ki ../third_party/re2/re2/bitstate.cc
1.2% 29.3Ki 0.7% 1.90Ki ../third_party/re2/re2/stringpiece.cc
1.0% 24.7Ki 0.8% 2.08Ki ../third_party/re2/util/strutil.cc
0.9% 23.2Ki 0.0% 0 ../third_party/re2/re2/unicode_groups.cc
0.4% 9.36Ki 0.0% 0 ../third_party/re2/re2/perl_groups.cc
0.3% 8.51Ki 0.0% 0 ../third_party/re2/re2/unicode_casefold.cc
0.2% 5.13Ki 0.5% 1.38Ki ../third_party/re2/util/rune.cc
5.0% 1.34Mi 4.7% 326Ki src
38.8% 533Ki 40.2% 131Ki ../src/bloaty.cc
14.1% 193Ki 15.0% 49.0Ki ../src/dwarf.cc
10.4% 142Ki 0.5% 1.53Ki ../src/main.cc
9.0% 123Ki 11.4% 37.1Ki src/bloaty.pb.cc
7.4% 102Ki 8.0% 26.1Ki ../src/elf.cc
7.2% 99.6Ki 10.1% 33.0Ki ../src/macho.cc
4.8% 65.4Ki 6.0% 19.6Ki ../src/demangle.cc
3.5% 48.5Ki 4.0% 13.2Ki ../src/webassembly.cc
2.8% 38.6Ki 2.8% 9.19Ki ../src/range_map.cc
1.9% 25.6Ki 2.0% 6.61Ki ../src/disassemble.cc
2.1% 584Ki 1.6% 113Ki third_party/demumble
100.0% 584Ki 100.0% 113Ki ../third_party/demumble/third_party/libcxxabi/cxa_demangle.cpp
0.7% 199Ki 1.2% 84.0Ki third_party/abseil
20.0% 40.0Ki 18.7% 15.7Ki ../third_party/abseil-cpp/absl/strings/internal/charconv_bigint.cc
19.6% 39.2Ki 14.5% 12.2Ki ../third_party/abseil-cpp/absl/strings/escaping.cc
19.5% 38.9Ki 30.8% 25.9Ki ../third_party/abseil-cpp/absl/strings/charconv.cc
9.8% 19.6Ki 10.6% 8.94Ki ../third_party/abseil-cpp/absl/strings/numbers.cc
7.4% 14.9Ki 6.1% 5.11Ki ../third_party/abseil-cpp/absl/strings/str_cat.cc
6.7% 13.3Ki 5.6% 4.74Ki ../third_party/abseil-cpp/absl/strings/string_view.cc
3.6% 7.18Ki 1.8% 1.54Ki ../third_party/abseil-cpp/absl/strings/ascii.cc
3.0% 6.07Ki 3.1% 2.58Ki ../third_party/abseil-cpp/absl/strings/internal/charconv_parse.cc
3.0% 5.99Ki 2.1% 1.73Ki ../third_party/abseil-cpp/absl/strings/str_split.cc
2.6% 5.17Ki 2.3% 1.94Ki ../third_party/abseil-cpp/absl/strings/substitute.cc
2.0% 4.00Ki 2.1% 1.77Ki ../third_party/abseil-cpp/absl/base/internal/raw_logging.cc
1.2% 2.42Ki 1.5% 1.23Ki ../third_party/abseil-cpp/absl/strings/internal/memutil.cc
1.2% 2.33Ki 0.5% 441 ../third_party/abseil-cpp/absl/base/internal/throw_delegate.cc
0.3% 634 0.3% 233 ../third_party/abseil-cpp/absl/strings/internal/utf8.cc
0.7% 194Ki 2.8% 194Ki [section .rodata]
0.2% 68.4Ki 0.0% 0 [section .debug_str]
0.2% 51.8Ki 0.7% 51.8Ki [section .gcc_except_table]
0.2% 43.5Ki 0.0% 0 [section .symtab]
0.1% 39.9Ki 0.6% 39.9Ki [section .gnu.hash]
0.1% 37.0Ki 0.5% 37.0Ki [section .text]
0.1% 31.2Ki 0.0% 0 [section .debug_loc]
0.1% 27.8Ki 0.0% 0 [section .strtab]
0.1% 15.0Ki 0.2% 15.0Ki [section .dynstr]
0.1% 14.3Ki 0.2% 11.4Ki [28 Others]
0.0% 10.3Ki 0.1% 10.3Ki [section .gnu.version]
0.0% 8.34Ki 0.1% 8.34Ki [section .dynsym]
0.0% 5.92Ki 0.0% 0 [section .debug_ranges]
0.0% 5.50Ki 0.0% 0 [Unmapped]
0.0% 4.18Ki 0.1% 4.18Ki [section .eh_frame]
100.0% 27.1Mi 100.0% 6.81Mi TOTAL
Future Work
Here are some tentative plans for future features.
Understanding Symbol References
If we can analyze references between symbols, this would enable a lot of features:
- Detect garbage symbols (ie. how much would the binary shrink if we compiled with
-ffunction-sections -fdata-sections -Wl,-gc-sections). - Understand why a particular symbol can't be garbage-collected (like
ld -why_liveon OS X). - Visualize the dependency tree of symbols (probably as a dominator tree) so users can see the weight of their binary in this way.
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