Double-dispatching

1.暴力法
  基本想法是：Using Virtual Functions and RTTI
  下面的代码摘自《More Effective C++》
class GameObject {
public:
  virtual void collide(GameObject& otherObject) = 0;
  ...
};

class SpaceShip: public GameObject {
public:
  virtual void collide(GameObject& otherObject);
  ...
};

void SpaceShip::collide(GameObject& otherObject)
{
  const type_info& objectType = typeid(otherObject);

  if (objectType == typeid(SpaceShip)) {//类型完全一样的对象的typeid才一样，父类和子类的typeid不一样
paceShip& ss = static_cast<SpaceShip&>(otherObject);

    process a SpaceShip-SpaceShip collision;

  }

  else if (objectType == typeid(SpaceStation)) {
    SpaceStation& ss =
      static_cast<SpaceStation&>(otherObject);

    process a SpaceShip-SpaceStation collision;

  }

  else if (objectType == typeid(Asteroid)) {
    Asteroid& a = static_cast<Asteroid&>(otherObject);

    process a SpaceShip-Asteroid collision;

  }

  else {
    throw CollisionWithUnknownObject(otherObject);
  }
}
对GameObject的每个子类，都撰写类似的代码。这种做法比较直观，但是比较死板。如果要增加一个新的GameObject的子类，则需要修改所有GameObject的已有子类的collide函数。而且所有GameObject的子类都知晓GameObject的所有其他子类。

2.只使用虚函数
  下面的代码摘自《More Effective C++》

class SpaceShip;                        // forward declarations
class SpaceStation;
class Asteroid;

class GameObject {
public:
  virtual void collide(GameObject&      otherObject) = 0;
  virtual void collide(SpaceShip&       otherObject) = 0;
  virtual void collide(SpaceStation&    otherObject) = 0;
  virtual void collide(Asteroid&        otherobject) = 0;
  ...

};

class SpaceShip: public GameObject {
public:
  virtual void collide(GameObject&       otherObject);
  virtual void collide(SpaceShip&        otherObject);
  virtual void collide(SpaceStation&     otherObject);
  virtual void collide(Asteroid&         otherobject);
  ...

};

void SpaceShip::collide(GameObject& otherObject)
{
  otherObject.collide(*this);//关键的一个调用，由于*this的类型此时已知，otherObject.collide(*this)就会调用到正确版本的重载函数
}
void SpaceShip::collide(SpaceShip& otherObject)
{
  process a SpaceShip-SpaceShip collision;
}

void SpaceShip::collide(SpaceStation& otherObject)
{
  process a SpaceShip-SpaceStation collision;
}

void SpaceShip::collide(Asteroid& otherObject)
{
  process a SpaceShip-Asteroid collision;
}
这种方法比暴力法巧妙，但是扩展性仍然不好，增加新的子类的时候需要修改GameObject的接口，增加相应的成员函数，所有已经存在的子类也需要修改。
3.利用类似map的东西制造函数影射表
  相比1，2来说，可扩展性要好点。