Linux进程间通信 -3内存共享

内存共享允许两个或多个不相关的进程，访问同一个逻辑内存，共享内存的具体实现，由不同进程之间共享的内存安排为同一物理内存。
过个进程就像通过malloc获取的内存一样去使用，但是需要额外的小消息来同队内存的访问。

可以通过信号量，传递消息（消息队列），生成信号来同步对内存的访问。

1 shmget

       #include <sys/ipc.h>
       #include <sys/shm.h>

       int shmget(key_t key, size_t size, int shmflg);

shmget() returns the identifier of the System V shared memory segment associated with the value of the argument key. A new shared memory segment, with size equal to the value of size rounded up to a multiple of PAGE_SIZE, is created if key has the value IPC_PRI‐VATE or key isn’t IPC_PRIVATE, no shared memory segment corresponding to key exists, and IPC_CREAT is specified in shmflg.

2 shmat

把创建的内存地址空间连接到进程的地址空间。

       #include <sys/types.h>
       #include <sys/shm.h>

       void *shmat(int shmid, const void *shmaddr, int shmflg);

       int shmdt(const void *shmaddr);

3 shmdt

       #include <sys/types.h>
       #include <sys/shm.h>

       void *shmat(int shmid, const void *shmaddr, int shmflg);

       int shmdt(const void *shmaddr);

把共享的内存地址从进程中分离。

4 shmctl

控制共享内存

       #include <sys/ipc.h>
       #include <sys/shm.h>

       int shmctl(int shmid, int cmd, struct shmid_ds *buf);

控制共享内存；

5　使用共享内存

/* Our first program is a consumer. After the headers the shared memory segment
 (the size of our shared memory structure) is created with a call to shmget,
 with the IPC_CREAT bit specified. */

#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

#include <sys/shm.h>

#include "shm_com.h"

int main()
{
    int running = 1;
    void *shared_memory = (void *)0;
    struct shared_use_st *shared_stuff;
    int shmid;

    srand((unsigned int)getpid());    

    shmid = shmget((key_t)1234, sizeof(struct shared_use_st), 0666 | IPC_CREAT);

    if (shmid == -1) {
        fprintf(stderr, "shmget failed\n");
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }

/* We now make the shared memory accessible to the program. */

    shared_memory = shmat(shmid, (void *)0, 0);
    if (shared_memory == (void *)-1) {
        fprintf(stderr, "shmat failed\n");
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }

    printf("Memory attached at %X\n", (int)shared_memory);

/* The next portion of the program assigns the shared_memory segment to shared_stuff,
 which then prints out any text in written_by_you. The loop continues until end is found
 in written_by_you. The call to sleep forces the consumer to sit in its critical section,
 which makes the producer wait. */

    shared_stuff = (struct shared_use_st *)shared_memory;
    shared_stuff->written_by_you = 0;
    while(running) {
        if (shared_stuff->written_by_you) {
            printf("You wrote: %s", shared_stuff->some_text);
            sleep( rand() % 4 ); /* make the other process wait for us ! */
            shared_stuff->written_by_you = 0;
            if (strncmp(shared_stuff->some_text, "end", 3) == 0) {
                running = 0;
            }
        }
    }

/* Lastly, the shared memory is detached and then deleted. */

    if (shmdt(shared_memory) == -1) {
        fprintf(stderr, "shmdt failed\n");
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }

    if (shmctl(shmid, IPC_RMID, 0) == -1) {
        fprintf(stderr, "shmctl(IPC_RMID) failed\n");
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }

    exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}

/* The second program is the producer and allows us to enter data for consumers.
 It's very similar to shm1.c and looks like this. */

#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

#include <sys/shm.h>

#include "shm_com.h"

int main()
{
    int running = 1;
    void *shared_memory = (void *)0;
    struct shared_use_st *shared_stuff;
    char buffer[BUFSIZ];
    int shmid;

    shmid = shmget((key_t)1234, sizeof(struct shared_use_st), 0666 | IPC_CREAT);

    if (shmid == -1) {
        fprintf(stderr, "shmget failed\n");
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }

    shared_memory = shmat(shmid, (void *)0, 0);
    if (shared_memory == (void *)-1) {
        fprintf(stderr, "shmat failed\n");
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }

    printf("Memory attached at %X\n", (int)shared_memory);

    shared_stuff = (struct shared_use_st *)shared_memory;
    while(running) {
        while(shared_stuff->written_by_you == 1) {
            sleep(1);            
            printf("waiting for client...\n");
        }
        printf("Enter some text: ");
        fgets(buffer, BUFSIZ, stdin);

        strncpy(shared_stuff->some_text, buffer, TEXT_SZ);
        shared_stuff->written_by_you = 1;

        if (strncmp(buffer, "end", 3) == 0) {
                running = 0;
        }
    }

    if (shmdt(shared_memory) == -1) {
        fprintf(stderr, "shmdt failed\n");
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }
    exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}