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Alternate Formats: rfc4252.txt | rfc4252.txt.pdf
Comment on RFC 4252 RFC 4252 - The Secure Shell (SSH) Authentication Protocol
Network Working Group T. Ylonen Request for Comments: 4252 SSH Communications Security Corp Category: Standards Track C. Lonvick, Ed. Cisco Systems, Inc. January 2006
The Secure Shell (SSH) Authentication Protocol
Status of This Memo
This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2006).
Abstract
The Secure Shell Protocol (SSH) is a protocol for secure remote login and other secure network services over an insecure network. This document describes the SSH authentication protocol framework and public key, password, and host-based client authentication methods. Additional authentication methods are described in separate documents. The SSH authentication protocol runs on top of the SSH transport layer protocol and provides a single authenticated tunnel for the SSH connection protocol.
The SSH authentication protocol is a general-purpose user authentication protocol. It is intended to be run over the SSH transport layer protocol [SSH-TRANS]. This protocol assumes that the underlying protocols provide integrity and confidentiality protection.
This document should be read only after reading the SSH architecture document [SSH-ARCH]. This document freely uses terminology and notation from the architecture document without reference or further explanation.
The 'service name' for this protocol is "ssh-userauth".
When this protocol starts, it receives the session identifier from the lower-level protocol (this is the exchange hash H from the first key exchange). The session identifier uniquely identifies this session and is suitable for signing in order to prove ownership of a private key. This protocol also needs to know whether the lower- level protocol provides confidentiality protection.
2. Contributors
The major original contributors of this set of documents have been: Tatu Ylonen, Tero Kivinen, Timo J. Rinne, Sami Lehtinen (all of SSH Communications Security Corp), and Markku-Juhani O. Saarinen (University of Jyvaskyla). Darren Moffat was the original editor of this set of documents and also made very substantial contributions.
Many people contributed to the development of this document over the years. People who should be acknowledged include Mats Andersson, Ben Harris, Bill Sommerfeld, Brent McClure, Niels Moller, Damien Miller, Derek Fawcus, Frank Cusack, Heikki Nousiainen, Jakob Schlyter, Jeff Van Dyke, Jeffrey Altman, Jeffrey Hutzelman, Jon Bright, Joseph Galbraith, Ken Hornstein, Markus Friedl, Martin Forssen, Nicolas Williams, Niels Provos, Perry Metzger, Peter Gutmann, Simon Josefsson, Simon Tatham, Wei Dai, Denis Bider, der Mouse, and Tadayoshi Kohno. Listing their names here does not mean that they endorse this document, but that they have contributed to it.
3. Conventions Used in This Document
All documents related to the SSH protocols shall use the keywords "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" to describe requirements. These keywords are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].
The keywords "PRIVATE USE", "HIERARCHICAL ALLOCATION", "FIRST COME FIRST SERVED", "EXPERT REVIEW", "SPECIFICATION REQUIRED", "IESG APPROVAL", "IETF CONSENSUS", and "STANDARDS ACTION" that appear in this document when used to describe namespace allocation are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2434].
Protocol fields and possible values to fill them are defined in this set of documents. Protocol fields will be defined in the message definitions. As an example, SSH_MSG_CHANNEL_DATA is defined as follows.
byte SSH_MSG_CHANNEL_DATA uint32 recipient channel string data
Throughout these documents, when the fields are referenced, they will appear within single quotes. When values to fill those fields are referenced, they will appear within double quotes. Using the above example, possible values for 'data' are "foo" and "bar".
4. The Authentication Protocol Framework 4. 认证协议框架 The server drives the authentication by telling the client which authentication methods can be used to continue the exchange at any given time. The client has the freedom to try the methods listed by the server in any order. This gives the server complete control over the authentication process if desired, but also gives enough flexibility for the client to use the methods it supports or that are most convenient for the user, when multiple methods are offered by the server.
服务器驱动认证，告诉客户端那些认证方法可以使用，客户端可以自由的尝试服务器提供的方法。这样服务器可以完全控制认证过程，也可以给客户端足够的灵活性，使用用户认为服务器支持的方法中最方便的方法。 Authentication methods are identified by their name, as defined in [SSH-ARCH]. The "none" method is reserved, and MUST NOT be listed as supported. However, it MAY be sent by the client. The server MUST always reject this request, unless the client is to be granted access without any authentication, in which case, the server MUST accept this request. The main purpose of sending this request is to get the list of supported methods from the server. 认证方法是由名字标示的。“none”方法是保留的，不能列在列表中。但是客户端可以发送它。除非认为客户端不需要认证，否则服务器必须拒绝这个请求，发送这个请求的目的是得到服务器支持的方法的列表。 The server SHOULD have a timeout for authentication and disconnect if the authentication has not been accepted within the timeout period. The RECOMMENDED timeout period is 10 minutes. Additionally, the implementation SHOULD limit the number of failed authentication attempts a client may perform in a single session (the RECOMMENDED limit is 20 attempts). If the threshold is exceeded, the server SHOULD disconnect. 服务器对于认证应该有个超时机制，如果在超时时间内没有完成认证，就断开连接。推荐的超时是10分钟。另外实现的时候应该限制一个会话认证失败重试的次数，推荐是20次。 Additional thoughts about authentication timeouts and retries may be found in [ssh-1.2.30].
5. Authentication Requests 5 认证请求 All authentication requests MUST use the following message format. Only the first few fields are defined; the remaining fields depend on the authentication method.
byte SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_REQUEST string user name in ISO-10646 UTF-8 encoding [RFC3629] string service name in US-ASCII string method name in US-ASCII .... method specific fields 所有的认证请求必须使用下面的消息格式。只定义了第一个部分，剩下的部分根据不同的认证方法而不同。 byte SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_REQUEST string 用户名in ISO-10646 UTF-8 encoding [RFC3629] string 服务名称in US-ASCII string 方法名称in US-ASCII .... 方法指定的其他部分
The 'user name' and 'service name' are repeated in every new authentication attempt, and MAY change. The server implementation MUST carefully check them in every message, and MUST flush any accumulated authentication states if they change. If it is unable to flush an authentication state, it MUST disconnect if the 'user name' or 'service name' changes. 用户名和服务名称在每个认证尝试中都会有,但是可能会变化.服务器的实现必须每次检查每个消息中的这两个名称,并且当他们改变的时候,需要清除以前的认证状态。如果不能清除状态，就断开连接。 The 'service name' specifies the service to start after authentication. There may be several different authenticated services provided. If the requested service is not available, the server MAY disconnect immediately or at any later time. Sending a proper disconnect message is RECOMMENDED. In any case, if the service does not exist, authentication MUST NOT be accepted. 服务名字指定了认证之后开始的服务。可能会有几个不同的认证后的服务。如果请求的服务无效，服务器可以立刻或者稍后断开连接。如果服务不支持，认证不能被接受。 If the requested 'user name' does not exist, the server MAY disconnect, or MAY send a bogus list of acceptable authentication 'method name' values, but never accept any. This makes it possible for the server to avoid disclosing information on which accounts exist. In any case, if the 'user name' does not exist, the authentication request MUST NOT be accepted. 如果请求的用户名不存在，服务器可以断开连接，或者发送一个包含可以接受的认证‘方法名称’的虚假的列表，但是不会接受任何一个。这样做是为了防止泄露那个用户名存在 While there is usually little point for clients to send requests that the server does not list as acceptable, sending such requests is not an error, and the server SHOULD simply reject requests that it does not recognize. 客户端偶尔会发送不在服务器不可接受的请求，服务器应该简单决绝这样的请求。 An authentication request MAY result in a further exchange of messages. All such messages depend on the authentication 'method name' used, and the client MAY at any time continue with a new SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_REQUEST message, in which case the server MUST abandon the previous authentication attempt and continue with the new one. 一个认证请求可能引发进一步的信息交换。所有这样的消息是根据使用的认证‘方法名称’，客户端可以随时继续一个SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_REQUEST消息，这种情况下，服务器必须放弃前面的认证尝试并且继续新的。 The following 'method name' values are defined.
"publickey" REQUIRED "password" OPTIONAL "hostbased" OPTIONAL "none" NOT RECOMMENDED 定义了下面的‘方法名称’。 "publickey" REQUIRED "password" OPTIONAL "hostbased" OPTIONAL "none" NOT RECOMMENDED Additional 'method name' values may be defined as specified in [SSH-ARCH] and [SSH-NUMBERS].
5.1. Responses to Authentication Requests 5.1 对认证请求的响应 If the server rejects the authentication request, it MUST respond with the following:
byte SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_FAILURE name-list authentications that can continue boolean partial success
如果服务器拒绝认证请求，必须响应如下： byte SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_FAILURE name-list authentications that can continue boolean partial success
The 'authentications that can continue' is a comma-separated name- list of authentication 'method name' values that may productively continue the authentication dialog.
‘authentications that can continue’是用逗号分开的认证‘方法名称’名字列表的值，这个值可能持续认证对话。 It is RECOMMENDED that servers only include those 'method name' values in the name-list that are actually useful. However, it is not illegal to include 'method name' values that cannot be used to authenticate the user. 服务器在名字列表中最好只包含哪些有效的‘方法名称’。
Already successfully completed authentications SHOULD NOT be included in the name-list, unless they should be performed again for some reason. 除非因为某种原因需要被执行，否则已经成功认证完成的不要包含在名字列表当中。
The value of 'partial success' MUST be TRUE if the authentication request to which this is a response was successful. It MUST be FALSE if the request was not successfully processed. 如果响应认证请求的响应是成功的，那么‘partial success’必须是TRUE。否则为FALSE。
When the server accepts authentication, it MUST respond with the following:
Note that this is not sent after each step in a multi-method authentication sequence, but only when the authentication is complete. 注意这个不是在多个方法认证序列的每一步都发送，而是只有认证完成后，才发送。
The client MAY send several authentication requests without waiting for responses from previous requests. The server MUST process each request completely and acknowledge any failed requests with a SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_FAILURE message before processing the next request. 客户端可能发送几个认证请求而不等待前面请求的响应。服务器在处理下一个请求之前必须完全处理每个对失败的请求发送SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_FAILURE 消息。
A request that requires further messages to be exchanged will be aborted by a subsequent request. A client MUST NOT send a subsequent request if it has not received a response from the server for a previous request. A SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_FAILURE message MUST NOT be sent for an aborted method. 一个要求进一步的消息用来交互的将通过一个后续的请求来中止。一个客户端如果没有接收到前一个请求的响应，可以不必发送后续的请求。对于一个中断消息，不必发送SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_FAILURE消息。
SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_SUCCESS MUST be sent only once. When SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_SUCCESS has been sent, any further authentication requests received after that SHOULD be silently ignored. SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_SUCCESS消息只能发送一次，当SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_SUCCESS已经发送，任何后续的认证请求应该比默默地丢弃。
Any non-authentication messages sent by the client after the request that resulted in SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_SUCCESS being sent MUST be passed to the service being run on top of this protocol. Such messages can be identified by their message numbers (see Section 6). 当认证成功以后任何非认证消息都要被传递给本协议上层的服务。这些消息可以被消息号标示 。
5.2. The "none" Authentication Request 5.2 “none”认证请求 A client may request a list of authentication 'method name' values that may continue by using the "none" authentication 'method name'. 客户端可能通过使用“none”认证‘方法名字’来请求一系列的后续可以使用的认证‘方法名字’值。
If no authentication is needed for the user, the server MUST return SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_SUCCESS. Otherwise, the server MUST return SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_FAILURE and MAY return with it a list of methods that may continue in its 'authentications that can continue' value. 如果用户不需要认证，服务器必须返回SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_SUCCESS。否则，服务器必须返回SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_FAILURE也可以同时返回一系列可以使用的方法，这些方法是作为'authentications that can continue'的值。
This 'method name' MUST NOT be listed as supported by the server. 这个‘方法名字’可以不必再服务器支持的列表中。
5.3. Completion of User Authentication 5.3 用户认证的完成
Authentication is complete when the server has responded with SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_SUCCESS. All authentication related messages received after sending this message SHOULD be silently ignored. 当服务器响应SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_SUCCESS的时候，就表示认证已经完成。以后到达的所有认证相关的信息应该被默默丢弃。
After sending SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_SUCCESS, the server starts the requested service. 在发送SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_SUCCESS以后，服务器开始请求的服务。
5.4. Banner Message 5.4 标语消息 In some jurisdictions, sending a warning message before authentication may be relevant for getting legal protection. Many UNIX machines, for example, normally display text from /etc/issue, use TCP wrappers, or similar software to display a banner before issuing a login prompt. 在某些极限情况，在认证可能关系到得到法律的保护的时候，在认证之前发送一个告警信息。例如，很多unix机器正常的通过TCP warppers显示/etc/issue中的文字，或者相似的软件在登陆提示之前显示一个标语消息。
The SSH server may send an SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_BANNER message at any time after this authentication protocol starts and before authentication is successful. This message contains text to be displayed to the client user before authentication is attempted. The format is as follows:
byte SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_BANNER string message in ISO-10646 UTF-8 encoding [RFC3629] string language tag [RFC3066] SSH服务器在认证协议开始之后，成功之前可能发送SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_BANNER消息。这个消息包含在认证开始之前要显示给用户的文字。下面是格式： byte SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_BANNER string message in ISO-10646 UTF-8 encoding [RFC3629] string language tag [RFC3066]
By default, the client SHOULD display the 'message' on the screen. However, since the 'message' is likely to be sent for every login attempt, and since some client software will need to open a separate window for this warning, the client software may allow the user to explicitly disable the display of banners from the server. The 'message' may consist of multiple lines, with line breaks indicated by CRLF pairs. 默认的，客户端应该显示这些消息到屏幕上。 If the 'message' string is displayed, control character filtering, discussed in [SSH-ARCH], SHOULD be used to avoid attacks by sending terminal control characters.
6. Authentication Protocol Message Numbers 6， 认证协议消息号 All message numbers used by this authentication protocol are in the range from 50 to 79, which is part of the range reserved for protocols running on top of the SSH transport layer protocol. 用于认证协议的消息号在50-79之间。
Message numbers of 80 and higher are reserved for protocols running after this authentication protocol, so receiving one of them before authentication is complete is an error, to which the server MUST respond by disconnecting, preferably with a proper disconnect message sent to ease troubleshooting. 大于等于80的号 留给运行在认证协议以后的协议，所以在认证之前接收一个这样的信息是错误的，服务器必须断开连接。
After successful authentication, such messages are passed to the higher-level service. 认证成功以后，这样的消息被传递给上层服务。
These are the general authentication message codes:
In addition to the above, there is a range of message numbers (60 to 79) reserved for method-specific messages. These messages are only sent by the server (client sends only SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_REQUEST messages). Different authentication methods reuse the same message numbers.
7. Public Key Authentication Method: "publickey"
The only REQUIRED authentication 'method name' is "publickey" authentication. All implementations MUST support this method; however, not all users need to have public keys, and most local policies are not likely to require public key authentication for all users in the near future.
With this method, the possession of a private key serves as authentication. This method works by sending a signature created with a private key of the user. The server MUST check that the key is a valid authenticator for the user, and MUST check that the signature is valid. If both hold, the authentication request MUST be accepted; otherwise, it MUST be rejected. Note that the server MAY require additional authentications after successful authentication.
Private keys are often stored in an encrypted form at the client host, and the user must supply a passphrase before the signature can be generated. Even if they are not, the signing operation involves some expensive computation. To avoid unnecessary processing and user interaction, the following message is provided for querying whether authentication using the "publickey" method would be acceptable.
byte SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_REQUEST string user name in ISO-10646 UTF-8 encoding [RFC3629] string service name in US-ASCII string "publickey" boolean FALSE string public key algorithm name string public key blob
Public key algorithms are defined in the transport layer specification [SSH-TRANS]. The 'public key blob' may contain certificates.
Any public key algorithm may be offered for use in authentication. In particular, the list is not constrained by what was negotiated during key exchange. If the server does not support some algorithm, it MUST simply reject the request.
The server MUST respond to this message with either SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_FAILURE or with the following:
byte SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_PK_OK string public key algorithm name from the request string public key blob from the request
To perform actual authentication, the client MAY then send a signature generated using the private key. The client MAY send the signature directly without first verifying whether the key is acceptable. The signature is sent using the following packet:
byte SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_REQUEST string user name string service name string "publickey" boolean TRUE string public key algorithm name string public key to be used for authentication string signature
The value of 'signature' is a signature by the corresponding private key over the following data, in the following order:
string session identifier byte SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_REQUEST string user name string service name string "publickey" boolean TRUE string public key algorithm name string public key to be used for authentication
When the server receives this message, it MUST check whether the supplied key is acceptable for authentication, and if so, it MUST check whether the signature is correct.
If both checks succeed, this method is successful. Note that the server may require additional authentications. The server MUST respond with SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_SUCCESS (if no more authentications are needed), or SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_FAILURE (if the request failed, or more authentications are needed).
The following method-specific message numbers are used by the "publickey" authentication method.
Password authentication uses the following packets. Note that a server MAY request that a user change the password. All implementations SHOULD support password authentication. 密码认证使用下面的包. byte SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_REQUEST string user name string service name string "password" boolean FALSE string plaintext password in ISO-10646 UTF-8 encoding [RFC3629]
Note that the 'plaintext password' value is encoded in ISO-10646 UTF-8. It is up to the server how to interpret the password and validate it against the password database. However, if the client reads the password in some other encoding (e.g., ISO 8859-1 - ISO Latin1), it MUST convert the password to ISO-10646 UTF-8 before transmitting, and the server MUST convert the password to the encoding used on that system for passwords. 注意'plaintext password'值是用ISO-10646 UTF-8编码过的。问题是服务器怎样解释密码，并且根据密码数据库验证密码。如果客户端是用其他编码方式读取密码，必须在传输之前转换密码到ISO-10646 UTF-8格式，服务器必须转换密码到服务器密码使用的编码方式。
From an internationalization standpoint, it is desired that if a user enters their password, the authentication process will work regardless of what OS and client software the user is using. Doing so requires normalization. Systems supporting non-ASCII passwords SHOULD always normalize passwords and user names whenever they are added to the database, or compared (with or without hashing) to existing entries in the database. SSH implementations that both store the passwords and compare them SHOULD use [RFC4013] for normalization. 从国际化的观点来看，如果用户输入它们的密码，认证过程是不区分是什么操作系统和客户端是用的是什么软件。支持非ASCII密码的系统应该格式化用户名和密码当添加到用户数据库的时候，或者当和已经存在数据库中的数据比较的时候。
Note that even though the cleartext password is transmitted in the packet, the entire packet is encrypted by the transport layer. Both the server and the client should check whether the underlying transport layer provides confidentiality (i.e., if encryption is being used). If no confidentiality is provided ("none" cipher), password authentication SHOULD be disabled. If there is no confidentiality or no MAC, password change SHOULD be disabled. 如果下层不能提供保密性，应该不能使用密码认证。当使用"none" 的时候，不能提供保密性。
Normally, the server responds to this message with success or failure. However, if the password has expired, the server SHOULD indicate this by responding with SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_PASSWD_CHANGEREQ. In any case, the server MUST NOT allow an expired password to be used for authentication. 如果密码过期，服务器应该响应SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_PASSWD_CHANGEREQ，服务器不允许过期的密码在认证过程中使用。 byte SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_PASSWD_CHANGEREQ string prompt in ISO-10646 UTF-8 encoding [RFC3629] string language tag [RFC3066]
In this case, the client MAY continue with a different authentication method, or request a new password from the user and retry password authentication using the following message. The client MAY also send this message instead of the normal password authentication request without the server asking for it. 上面的情况，客户端可以继续不同的认证方法，或者使用一个新的密码重试，如果服务器没有响应认证消息，客户端也可以发送这个消息。 byte SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_REQUEST string user name string service name string "password" boolean TRUE string plaintext old password in ISO-10646 UTF-8 encoding [RFC3629] string plaintext new password in ISO-10646 UTF-8 encoding [RFC3629]
The server must reply to each request message with SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_SUCCESS, SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_FAILURE, or another SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_PASSWD_CHANGEREQ. The meaning of these is as follows:
SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_SUCCESS - The password has been changed, and authentication has been successfully completed.
SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_FAILURE with partial success - The password has been changed, but more authentications are needed.
SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_FAILURE without partial success - The password has not been changed. Either password changing was not supported, or the old password was bad. Note that if the server has already sent SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_PASSWD_CHANGEREQ, we know that it supports changing the password.
SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_CHANGEREQ - The password was not changed because the new password was not acceptable (e.g., too easy to guess).
The following method-specific message numbers are used by the password authentication method.
SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_PASSWD_CHANGEREQ 60
9. Host-Based Authentication: "hostbased"
Some sites wish to allow authentication based on the host that the user is coming from and the user name on the remote host. While this form of authentication is not suitable for high-security sites, it can be very convenient in many environments. This form of authentication is OPTIONAL. When used, special care SHOULD be taken to prevent a regular user from obtaining the private host key.
The client requests this form of authentication by sending the following message. It is similar to the UNIX "rhosts" and "hosts.equiv" styles of authentication, except that the identity of the client host is checked more rigorously.
This method works by having the client send a signature created with the private key of the client host, which the server checks with that host's public key. Once the client host's identity is established, authorization (but no further authentication) is performed based on the user names on the server and the client, and the client host name.
byte SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_REQUEST string user name string service name string "hostbased" string public key algorithm for host key string public host key and certificates for client host string client host name expressed as the FQDN in US-ASCII string user name on the client host in ISO-10646 UTF-8 encoding [RFC3629] string signature
Public key algorithm names for use in 'public key algorithm for host key' are defined in the transport layer specification [SSH-TRANS]. The 'public host key and certificates for client host' may include certificates.
The value of 'signature' is a signature with the private host key of the following data, in this order:
string session identifier byte SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_REQUEST string user name string service name string "hostbased" string public key algorithm for host key string public host key and certificates for client host string client host name expressed as the FQDN in US-ASCII string user name on the client host in ISO-10646 UTF-8 encoding [RFC3629]
The server MUST verify that the host key actually belongs to the client host named in the message, that the given user on that host is allowed to log in, and that the 'signature' value is a valid signature on the appropriate value by the given host key. The server MAY ignore the client 'user name', if it wants to authenticate only the client host.
Whenever possible, it is RECOMMENDED that the server perform additional checks to verify that the network address obtained from the (untrusted) network matches the given client host name. This makes exploiting compromised host keys more difficult. Note that this may require special handling for connections coming through a firewall.
10. IANA Considerations
This document is part of a set. The IANA considerations for the SSH protocol, as defined in [SSH-ARCH], [SSH-TRANS], [SSH-CONNECT], and this document, are detailed in [SSH-NUMBERS].
11. Security Considerations
The purpose of this protocol is to perform client user authentication. It assumed that this runs over a secure transport layer protocol, which has already authenticated the server machine, established an encrypted communications channel, and computed a unique session identifier for this session. The transport layer provides forward secrecy for password authentication and other methods that rely on secret data.
Full security considerations for this protocol are provided in [SSH-ARCH].
12. References
12.1. Normative References
[SSH-ARCH] Ylonen, T. and C. Lonvick, Ed., "The Secure Shell (SSH) Protocol Architecture", RFC 4251, January 2006.
[SSH-CONNECT] Ylonen, T. and C. Lonvick, Ed., "The Secure Shell (SSH) Connection Protocol", RFC 4254, January 2006.
[SSH-TRANS] Ylonen, T. and C. Lonvick, Ed., "The Secure Shell (SSH) Transport Layer Protocol", RFC 4253, January 2006.
[SSH-NUMBERS] Lehtinen, S. and C. Lonvick, Ed., "The Secure Shell (SSH) Protocol Assigned Numbers", RFC 4250, January 2006.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[RFC2434] Narten, T. and H. Alvestrand, "Guidelines for Writing an IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26, RFC 2434, October 1998.
[RFC3066] Alvestrand, H., "Tags for the Identification of Languages", BCP 47, RFC 3066, January 2001.
[RFC3629] Yergeau, F., "UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO 10646", STD 63, RFC 3629, November 2003.
[RFC4013] Zeilenga, K., "SASLprep: Stringprep Profile for User Names and Passwords", RFC 4013, February 2005.
12.2. Informative References
[ssh-1.2.30] Ylonen, T., "ssh-1.2.30/RFC", File within compressed tarball ftp://ftp.funet.fi/pub/unix/security/login/ ssh/ssh-1.2.30.tar.gz, November 1995.
Authors' Addresses
Tatu Ylonen SSH Communications Security Corp Valimotie 17 00380 Helsinki Finland
EMail: ylo@ssh.com
Chris Lonvick (editor) Cisco Systems, Inc. 12515 Research Blvd. Austin 78759 USA
EMail: clonvick@cisco.com
Trademark Notice
"ssh" is a registered trademark in the United States and/or other countries.
Full Copyright Statement
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Comment on RFC 4252
Previous: RFC 4251 - The Secure Shell (SSH) Protocol Architecture
Next: RFC 4253 - The Secure Shell (SSH) Transport Layer Protocol
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