Debian10：VirtualBox6.1创建虚拟主机

如果你的英文学得好，建议阅读官方手册，网页版地址：
https://www.virtualbox.org/manual/ch08.html#vboxmanage-createvm
https://www.virtualbox.org/manual/ch07.html#headless-vm-steps

服务器基本信息：
1 .主机型号：HPE Microserver gen 10
2. 操作系统：Debian10
3. 网卡0 IP：192.168.1.240
4. 虚拟主机软件：VirtualBox6.1.4 + Oracle_VM_VirtualBox_Extension_Pack

远程主机：
1. Windows10 Home
2. 网络配置：192.168.1.100

虚拟主机基本信息：
1. 虚拟机存放路径：/vms
2. 内存：4G （改8G出现问题，原因暂未查明）
3. 硬盘：硬盘0（100G），硬盘1（500G）
4. 操作系统：microsoft windows server 2012 （64位）
5. 系统镜像：/mnt/usbdisk0/iso/cn_windows_server_2012_r2_x64_dvd.iso

一、创建虚拟主机：

#查看VirtualBox版本
markul@server:~# sudo VBoxManage -v
6.1.4r136177

#查看VirtualBox支持的OS类型
markul@server:~# sudo VBoxManage list ostypes
...
ID:          Windows2012_64
Description: Windows 2012 (64-bit)
Family ID:   Windows
Family Desc: Microsoft Windows
64 bit:      true 
...

#创建虚拟主机主目录
markul@server:~# sudo mkdir /vms

#创建虚拟主机win2012r2 64系统, ostype通过命令VBoxManage list ostypes获得
markul@server:~# sudo VBoxManage createvm --name "win2012r2" --ostype Windows2012_64 --basefolder /vms --register
Virtual machine 'win2012r2' is created and registered.
UUID: f26d75a4-33a8-451b-90d7-707179b5f6fa
Settings file: '/vms/win2012r2/win2012r2.vbox'

markul@server:~# sudo VBoxManage list vms
"win2012r2" {f26d75a4-33a8-451b-90d7-707179b5f6fa}

markul@server:~# sudo VBoxManage showvminfo "win2012r2"
Name:                        win2012r2
Groups:                      /
Guest OS:                    Windows 2012 (64-bit)
UUID:                        f26d75a4-33a8-451b-90d7-707179b5f6fa
Config file:                 /vms/win2012r2/win2012r2/win2012r2.vbox
Snapshot folder:             /vms/win2012r2/win2012r2/Snapshots
Log folder:                  /vms/win2012r2/win2012r2/Logs
Hardware UUID:               f26d75a4-33a8-451b-90d7-707179b5f6fa
Memory size                  128MB
Page Fusion:                 disabled
VRAM size:                   8MB
CPU exec cap:                100%
HPET:                        disabled
CPUProfile:                  host
Chipset:                     piix3
Firmware:                    BIOS
......

二、基本配置：

#配置虚拟主机内存大小等
markul@server:~# sudo VBoxManage modifyvm "win2012r2" --memory 4096 --acpi on

#去掉声卡
markul@server:~# sudo VBoxManage modifyvm win2012r2 --audio none

#配置虚拟主机网卡:桥接方式到宿主机的网卡"enp2s0f0"。注：不能桥接到无线网卡上
markul@server:~# sudo VBoxManage modifyvm "win2012r2" --nic1 bridged --nictype1 82545EM --bridgeadapter1 enp2s0f0

#开启虚拟化支持，注：此功能需CPU支持Virtualization
markul@server:~# sudo VBoxManage modifyvm "win2012r2" --hwvirtex on --nestedpaging on

#为虚拟主机添加SATA磁盘控制器
markul@server:~# sudo VBoxManage storagectl "win2012r2" --name "SATA Controller" --add sata

三、添加虚拟磁盘：

#创建硬盘0：100G 默认vdi格式
markul@server:~# sudo VBoxManage createmedium disk --filename "/vms/win2012r2/win2012_hd0.vdi" --size 102400
0%...10%...20%...30%...40%...50%...60%...70%...80%...90%...100%
Medium created. UUID: 1e2ab4ce-74f7-4e55-95f6-e4d1a63c80b2

#创建硬盘1：500G 默认vdi格式
markul@server:~# sudo VBoxManage createmedium disk --filename "/vms/win2012r2/win2012_hd1.vdi" --size 512000
0%...10%...20%...30%...40%...50%...60%...70%...80%...90%...100%
Medium created. UUID: 80a1a342-5426-4752-8e8a-b6baecb5978a

#查看磁盘文件
markul@server:~# sudo ls /vms/win2012r2
win2012_hd0.vdi  win2012_hd1.vdi  win2012r2.vbox  win2012r2.vbox-prev

#连接硬盘0到虚拟主机
markul@server:~# sudo VBoxManage storageattach "win2012r2" --storagectl "SATA Controller" --port 0 --device 0 --type hdd --medium "/vms/win2012r2/win2012_hd0.vdi"

#连接硬盘1到虚拟主机
markul@server:~# sudo VBoxManage storageattach "win2012r2" --storagectl "SATA Controller" --port 1 --device 0 --type hdd --medium "/vms/win2012r2/win2012_hd1.vdi"

#连接系统安装镜像文件至虚拟主机
markul@server:~# sudo VBoxManage storageattach "win2012r2" --storagectl "SATA Controller" --port 2 --device 0 --type dvddrive --medium /mnt/usbdisk0/iso/cn_windows_server_2012_r2_x64_dvd.iso

#设置启动设备
markul@server:~# sudo VBoxManage modifyvm "win2012r2" --boot1 disk --boot2 dvd

#查看虚拟主机配置，确认配置是否生效
markul@server:~# sudo VBoxManage showvminfo "win2012r2"
... ...
Boot Device 1:               HardDisk
Boot Device 2:               DVD
Boot Device 3:               HardDisk
Boot Device 4:               Not Assigned
... ...
Storage Controller Name (0):            SATA Controller
Storage Controller Type (0):            IntelAhci
Storage Controller Instance Number (0): 0
Storage Controller Max Port Count (0):  30
Storage Controller Port Count (0):      30
Storage Controller Bootable (0):        on
SATA Controller (0, 0): /vms/win2012r2/win2012_hd0.vdi (UUID: 1e2ab4ce-74f7-4e55-95f6-e4d1a63c80b2)
SATA Controller (1, 0): /vms/win2012r2/win2012_hd1.vdi (UUID: 80a1a342-5426-4752-8e8a-b6baecb5978a)
SATA Controller (2, 0): /mnt/usbdisk0/iso/cn_windows_server_2012_r2_x64_dvd.iso (UUID: 77d96186-a7e3-4877-82ac-04b6dc5b109e)
... ...

五、开启远程桌面支持：

#获取扩展支持包名称
markul@server:~# VBoxManage list extpacks
Extension Packs: 1
Pack no. 0:   Oracle VM VirtualBox Extension Pack
Version:      6.1.4
Revision:     136177
Edition:      
Description:  Oracle Cloud Infrastructure integration, USB 2.0 and USB 3.0 Host Controller, Host Webcam, VirtualBox RDP, PXE ROM, Disk Encryption, NVMe.
VRDE Module:  VBoxVRDP
Usable:       true 
Why unusable: 

#设置远程桌面支持包名称
markul@server:~# sudo VBoxManage setproperty vrdeextpack "Oracle VM VirtualBox Extension Pack"

#开启远程桌面支持
markul@server:~# sudo VBoxManage modifyvm "win2012r2" --vrde on

#设置远程桌面IP地址
markul@server:~# sudo VBoxManage modifyvm "win2012r2" --vrdeaddress "0.0.0.0"

#默认情况下端口号3389, 为避免端口冲突将其改为5000
markul@server:~# sudo VBoxManage modifyvm "win2012r2" --vrdeport 5000

#查看虚拟主机配置是否生效
markul@server:~# sudo VBoxManage showvminfo "win2012r2"
... ...
Drag and drop Mode:          disabled
VRDE:                        enabled (Address 0.0.0.0, Ports 5000, MultiConn: off, ReuseSingleConn: off, Authentication type: null)
Video redirection:           disabled
OHCI USB:                    disabled
EHCI USB:                    disabled
xHCI USB:                    disabled
... ...

六、启动虚拟主机：

#启动虚拟主机：虚拟主机界面无本机显示，需通过远程桌面连接
markul@server:~# sudo VBoxManage startvm "win2012r2" --type vrdp
Waiting for VM "win2012r2" to power on...
VM "win2012r2" has been successfully started.

七、远程桌面连接：
在Windows7或Windows10电脑启动“远程桌面连接”，无需填写用户名和密码。

八、关闭虚拟主机：

markul@server~# sudo VBoxManage controlvm "win2012r2" poweroff
0%...10%...20%...30%...40%...50%...60%...70%...80%...90%...100%