190712-Python备忘

• Python中没有 x++ 和 x-- 的操作符。

• Python也有内置的长整型和复杂数字类型

• Python实现的布尔逻辑，用的是英语，而不是我们习惯的操作符（比如&&和||等）

• 如果想要在循环体内访问每个元素的指针，可以在in后使用内置的enumerate(枚举)

  list0 = ['cat', 'dog', 'monkey']
  for index, item in enumerate(list0):
         print '#%d: %s' % (index + 1, item)
  
  #OUTPUT:
  "#1: cat"
  "#2: dog"
  "#3: monkey"
  

• 对于字典的迭代，访问键和对应的值，那就使用字典对象的iteritems方法：

  dict0 = {'person': 2, 'cat': 4, 'spider': 8}
  for animal, legs in dict0.iteritems():
         print 'A %s has %d legs' % (animal, legs)
  
  #OUTPUT:
  "A person has 2 legs"
  "A spider has 8 legs"
  "A cat has 4 legs"
  

• 列表推导List comprehensions

  nums = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4] 
  squares = [] 
  for x in nums:
         squares.append(x ** 2) print squares   # Prints [0, 1, 4, 9, 16]
  

  使用列表推导，你就可以让代码简化很多：

  nums = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
  squares = [x ** 2 for x in nums]
  print squares   # Prints [0, 1, 4, 9, 16]
  

• 列表推导还可以包含条件：

   nums = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
   even_squares = [x ** 2 for x in nums if x % 2 == 0]
   print even_squares  # Prints "[0, 4, 16]"
  

• 同样也可做字典推导Dictionary comprehensions、集合推导Set comprehensions：

  even_num_to_square = {x: x ** 2 for x in nums if x % 2 == 0}
  nums = {int(sqrt(x)) for x in range(30)}
  

• Numpy生成数组提供的函数full(shape,elem)、zeros、ones、eye、random.random(shape)

    a = np.zeros((2,2))  # Create an array of all zeros
    print a              # Prints "[[ 0.  0.]
                         #          [ 0.  0.]]"
    
    b = np.ones((1,2))   # Create an array of all ones
    print b              # Prints "[[ 1.  1.]]"
    
    c = np.full((2,2), 7) # Create a constant array
    print c               # Prints "[[ 7.  7.]
                          #          [ 7.  7.]]"
    
    d = np.eye(2)        # Create a 2x2 identity matrix
    print d              # Prints "[[ 1.  0.]
                         #          [ 0.  1.]]"
    
    e = np.random.random((2,2)) # Create an array filled with random values
    print e                     # Might print "[[ 0.91940167  0.08143941]
                                #               [ 0.68744134  0.87236687]]"
  

• Numpy 访问数组仍可使用切片，访问元素使用方括号下标[i,j]

    [[2 3]
    [6 7]]
    b = a[:2, 1:3]