docker基础用法

什么是docker

docker中的容器：

• lxc --> libcontainer --> runC
  

OCI&OCF

OCI

Open Container-initiative

• 由Linux基金会主导于2015年6月创立
• 旨在围绕容器格式和运行时制定一个开放的工业化标准
• contains two specifications
  • the Runtime Specification（runtime-spec）
    运行时规范（运行时规范）
  • the Image Specification（image-spec）
    图像规格（图像规格）

OCF

Open Container Format
开放容器格式

runC是一个CLI工具，用于根据OCI规范生成和运行容器

• 容器作为runC的子进程启动，可以嵌入到各种其他系统中，而无需运行守护进程

• runC构建在libcontainer上，这项容器技术为数百万Docker引擎安装提供了动力
  docker提供了一个专门容纳容器镜像的站点

docker架构

docker镜像与镜像仓库

为什么镜像仓库名字是Registry而不是repository？在docker中仓库的名字是以应用的名称取名的。

镜像是静态的，而容器是动态的，容器有其生命周期，镜像与容器的关系类似于程序与进程的关系。镜像类似于文件系统中的程序文件，而容器则类似于将一个程序运行起来的状态，也即进程。所以容器是可以删除的，容器被删除后其镜像是不会被删除的。

docker对象

使用docker时，您正在创建和使用图像、容器、网络、卷、插件和其他对象。

图像

• 图像是只读模板，其中包含创建docker容器的说明。

• 通常，一个图像基于另一个图像，并进行一些额外的自定义。

• 您可以创建自己的图像，也可以只使用其他人创建并在注册表中发布的图像。

容器

• conntainer是映像的可运行实例。

• 您可以使用docker API或CLI创建、运行、停止、移动或删除容器。

• 您可以将容器连接到一个或多个网络，将存储连接到容器，甚至可以基于其当前状态创建新映像。

安装及使用docker

docker安装

[root@localhost ~]# cd /etc/yum.repos.d/
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# ls
CentOS-Stream-AppStream.repo  CentOS-Stream-HighAvailability.repo
CentOS-Stream-BaseOS.repo     CentOS-Stream-Media.repo
CentOS-Stream-Debuginfo.repo  CentOS-Stream-PowerTools.repo
CentOS-Stream-Extras.repo     CentOS-Stream-RealTime.repo
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# curl -o docker-ce.repo https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/docker-ce/linux/centos/docker-ce.repo
  % Total    % Received % Xferd  Average Speed   Time    Time     Time  Current
                                 Dload  Upload   Total   Spent    Left  Speed
100  1919  100  1919    0     0   8802      0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:--  8802
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# ls
CentOS-Stream-AppStream.repo         CentOS-Stream-Media.repo
CentOS-Stream-BaseOS.repo            CentOS-Stream-PowerTools.repo
CentOS-Stream-Debuginfo.repo         CentOS-Stream-RealTime.repo
CentOS-Stream-Extras.repo            docker-ce.repo
CentOS-Stream-HighAvailability.repo
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# sed -i 's@https://download.docker.com@https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/docker-ce@g' docker-ce.repo
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# yum -y install docker-ce

docker加速

docker-ce的配置文件是/etc/docker/daemon.json，此文件默认不存在，需要我们手动创建并进行配置，而docker的加速就是通过配置此文件来实现的。

docker的加速有多种方式：

• docker cn
• 中国科技大学加速器
• 阿里云加速器（需要通过阿里云开发者平台注册帐号，免费使用个人私有的加速器）

[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# systemctl enable --now docker
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/docker.service → /usr/lib/systemd/system/docker.service.
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# mkdir -p /etc/docker
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# 
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# tee /etc/docker/daemon.json <<-'EOF'
> {
>   "registry-mirrors": ["https://1aq1u7oh.mirror.aliyuncs.com"]
> }
> EOF
{
  "registry-mirrors": ["https://1aq1u7oh.mirror.aliyuncs.com"]
}
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# cd /etc/docker
[root@localhost docker]# ls
daemon.json  key.json

docker常用操作

命令	功能
docker search	Search the Docker Hub for images
docker pull	Pull an image or a repository from a registry
docker images	List images
docker create	Create a new conntainer
docker start	Start one or more stopped containers
docker run	Run a command in a new container
docker attach	Attach to a runninng container
docker ps	List containers
docker logs	Fetch the logs of a container
docker restart	Restart a container
docker stop	Stop one or more running containers
docker kill	Kill one or more running containers
docker rm	Remove onne or more containers
docker exec	Run a command in a running container
docker info	Display system-wide information
docker inspect	Return low-level information on Docker objects

docker event state

docker search：在Docker Hub中搜索图像

[root@localhost ~]# docker search nginx
NAME                              DESCRIPTION                                     STARS     OFFICIAL   AUTOMATED
nginx                             Official build of Nginx.                        15899     [OK]       
jwilder/nginx-proxy               Automated Nginx reverse proxy for docker con…   2098                 [OK]
richarvey/nginx-php-fpm           Container running Nginx + PHP-FPM capable of…   819                  [OK]
jc21/nginx-proxy-manager          Docker container for managing Nginx proxy ho…   285                  
linuxserver/nginx                 An Nginx container, brought to you by LinuxS…   160                  
tiangolo/nginx-rtmp               Docker image with Nginx using the nginx-rtmp…   146                  [OK]
jlesage/nginx-proxy-manager       Docker container for Nginx Proxy Manager        144                  [OK]
alfg/nginx-rtmp                   NGINX, nginx-rtmp-module and FFmpeg from sou…   110                  [OK]
nginxdemos/hello                  NGINX webserver that serves a simple page co…   79                   [OK]
privatebin/nginx-fpm-alpine       PrivateBin running on an Nginx, php-fpm & Al…   60                   [OK]
nginx/nginx-ingress               NGINX and  NGINX Plus Ingress Controllers fo…   57                   
nginxinc/nginx-unprivileged       Unprivileged NGINX Dockerfiles                  54                   
nginxproxy/nginx-proxy            Automated Nginx reverse proxy for docker con…   28                   
staticfloat/nginx-certbot         Opinionated setup for automatic TLS certs lo…   25                   [OK]
nginx/nginx-prometheus-exporter   NGINX Prometheus Exporter for NGINX and NGIN…   22                   
schmunk42/nginx-redirect          A very simple container to redirect HTTP tra…   19                   [OK]
centos/nginx-112-centos7          Platform for running nginx 1.12 or building …   16                   
centos/nginx-18-centos7           Platform for running nginx 1.8 or building n…   13                   
flashspys/nginx-static            Super Lightweight Nginx Image                   11                   [OK]
mailu/nginx                       Mailu nginx frontend                            9                    [OK]
navidonskis/nginx-php5.6          Docker nginx + php5.6 on Ubuntu                 7                    [OK]
sophos/nginx-vts-exporter         Simple server that scrapes Nginx vts stats a…   7                    [OK]
ansibleplaybookbundle/nginx-apb   An APB to deploy NGINX                          3                    [OK]
arnau/nginx-gate                  Docker image with Nginx with Lua enabled on …   1                    [OK]
wodby/nginx                       Generic nginx                                   1                    [OK]

docker pull:从注册表中拉出映像或存储库

//不指定版本
[root@localhost ~]# docker pull nginx
Using default tag: latest
latest: Pulling from library/nginx
eff15d958d66: Pull complete 
1e5351450a59: Pull complete 
2df63e6ce2be: Pull complete 
9171c7ae368c: Pull complete 
020f975acd28: Pull complete 
266f639b35ad: Pull complete 
Digest: sha256:097c3a0913d7e3a5b01b6c685a60c03632fc7a2b50bc8e35bcaa3691d788226e
Status: Downloaded newer image for nginx:latest
docker.io/library/nginx:latest

//指定版本
[root@localhost ~]# docker pull httpd:2.4.51
2.4.51: Pulling from library/httpd
eff15d958d66: Already exists 
ba1caf8ba86c: Pull complete 
ab86dc02235d: Pull complete 
0d58b11d2867: Pull complete 
e88da7cb925c: Pull complete 
Digest: sha256:1d71eef54c08435c0be99877c408637f03112dc9f929fba3cccdd15896099b02
Status: Downloaded newer image for httpd:2.4.51
docker.io/library/httpd:2.4.51

docker images:图片列表

[root@localhost ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY   TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED       SIZE
httpd        2.4.51    ad17c88403e2   13 days ago   143MB
nginx        latest    ea335eea17ab   2 weeks ago   141MB

docker create:创建一个新的容器

[root@localhost ~]# docker create nginx
9b90e365954a0358e59d93fb0c1693c2c3d1a99c1c6a2f5611731cedb147c7b0
[root@localhost ~]# docker create httpd:2.4.51
0c61126dffab92f585b986b6852469928c448a884dea38212124345510d6fbb5

docker start:启动一个或多个停止的容器

[root@localhost ~]# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE          COMMAND                  CREATED              STATUS    PORTS     NAMES
0c61126dffab   httpd:2.4.51   "httpd-foreground"       About a minute ago   Created             exciting_hodgkin
9b90e365954a   nginx          "/docker-entrypoint.…"   About a minute ago   Created             gracious_ganguly
[root@localhost ~]# docker start 9b90e365954a
9b90e365954a

docker run:在新容器中运行命令

[root@localhost ~]# docker run -it nginx /bin/bash
root@852e2c5cb89e:/# ls 
bin   docker-entrypoint.d   home   media  proc  sbin  tmp
boot  docker-entrypoint.sh  lib    mnt    root  srv   usr
dev   etc                   lib64  opt    run   sys   var
root@852e2c5cb89e:/# 

docker attach:附加到一个运行的容器

[root@localhost ~]# docker attach frosty_noether
root@852e2c5cb89e:/# exit
exit

docker ps:列表容器

//启动容器
[root@localhost ~]# docker ps 
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND                  CREATED         STATUS         PORTS     NAMES
9b90e365954a   nginx     "/docker-entrypoint.…"   6 minutes ago   Up 4 minutes   80/tcp    gracious_ganguly
//全部容器
[root@localhost ~]# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE          COMMAND                  CREATED         STATUS                     PORTS     NAMES
852e2c5cb89e   nginx          "/docker-entrypoint.…"   3 minutes ago   Exited (0) 2 minutes ago             frosty_noether
0c61126dffab   httpd:2.4.51   "httpd-foreground"       6 minutes ago   Created                              exciting_hodgkin
9b90e365954a   nginx          "/docker-entrypoint.…"   6 minutes ago   Up 4 minutes               80/tcp    gracious_ganguly

docker logs:获取容器的日志

[root@localhost ~]# docker ps 
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND                  CREATED         STATUS         PORTS     NAMES
9b90e365954a   nginx     "/docker-entrypoint.…"   8 minutes ago   Up 5 minutes   80/tcp    gracious_ganguly
[root@localhost ~]# docker logs 9b90e365954a
/docker-entrypoint.sh: /docker-entrypoint.d/ is not empty, will attempt to perform configuration
/docker-entrypoint.sh: Looking for shell scripts in /docker-entrypoint.d/
/docker-entrypoint.sh: Launching /docker-entrypoint.d/10-listen-on-ipv6-by-default.sh
10-listen-on-ipv6-by-default.sh: info: Getting the checksum of /etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf
10-listen-on-ipv6-by-default.sh: info: Enabled listen on IPv6 in /etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf
/docker-entrypoint.sh: Launching /docker-entrypoint.d/20-envsubst-on-templates.sh
/docker-entrypoint.sh: Launching /docker-entrypoint.d/30-tune-worker-processes.sh
/docker-entrypoint.sh: Configuration complete; ready for start up
2021/12/02 04:23:54 [notice] 1#1: using the "epoll" event method
2021/12/02 04:23:54 [notice] 1#1: nginx/1.21.4
2021/12/02 04:23:54 [notice] 1#1: built by gcc 10.2.1 20210110 (Debian 10.2.1-6) 

docker restart:重启一个容器

[root@localhost ~]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND                  CREATED         STATUS         PORTS     NAMES
9b90e365954a   nginx     "/docker-entrypoint.…"   9 minutes ago   Up 7 minutes   80/tcp    gracious_ganguly
[root@localhost ~]# docker restart 9b90e365954a
9b90e365954a

docker stop:停止一个或多个运行中的容器

[root@localhost ~]# docker stop 9b90e365954a
9b90e365954a
[root@localhost ~]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND   CREATED   STATUS    PORTS     NAMES

docker kill:杀死一个或多个运行中的容器

[root@localhost ~]# docker kill 9b90e365954a
9b90e365954a
[root@localhost ~]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND   CREATED   STATUS    PORTS     NAMES
[root@localhost ~]# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE          COMMAND                  CREATED          STATUS                        PORTS     NAMES
852e2c5cb89e   nginx          "/docker-entrypoint.…"   9 minutes ago    Exited (0) 7 minutes ago                frosty_noether
0c61126dffab   httpd:2.4.51   "httpd-foreground"       12 minutes ago   Created                                 exciting_hodgkin
9b90e365954a   nginx          "/docker-entrypoint.…"   12 minutes ago   Exited (137) 14 seconds ago             gracious_ganguly

docker rm:取出一个或多个容器

[root@localhost ~]# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE          COMMAND                  CREATED          STATUS                        PORTS     NAMES
852e2c5cb89e   nginx          "/docker-entrypoint.…"   9 minutes ago    Exited (0) 7 minutes ago                frosty_noether
0c61126dffab   httpd:2.4.51   "httpd-foreground"       12 minutes ago   Created                                 exciting_hodgkin
9b90e365954a   nginx          "/docker-entrypoint.…"   12 minutes ago   Exited (137) 14 seconds ago             gracious_ganguly
[root@localhost ~]# docker rm 9b90e365954a
9b90e365954a
[root@localhost ~]# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE          COMMAND                  CREATED          STATUS                     PORTS     NAMES
852e2c5cb89e   nginx          "/docker-entrypoint.…"   10 minutes ago   Exited (0) 9 minutes ago             frosty_noether
0c61126dffab   httpd:2.4.51   "httpd-foreground"       13 minutes ago   Created                              exciting_hodgkin

docker exec:在运行容器中运行命令

[root@localhost ~]# docker  start 852e2c5cb89e
852e2c5cb89e
[root@localhost ~]# docker exec -it 852e2c5cb89e /bin/bash
root@852e2c5cb89e:/# ls
bin   docker-entrypoint.d   home   media  proc  sbin  tmp
boot  docker-entrypoint.sh  lib    mnt    root  srv   usr
dev   etc                   lib64  opt    run   sys   var
root@852e2c5cb89e:/# exit
exit

docker info:显示整个系统的信息

[root@localhost ~]# docker info
Client:
 Context:    default
 Debug Mode: false
 Plugins:
  app: Docker App (Docker Inc., v0.9.1-beta3)
  buildx: Build with BuildKit (Docker Inc., v0.6.3-docker)
  scan: Docker Scan (Docker Inc., v0.9.0)

Server:
 Containers: 2
  Running: 1
  Paused: 0
  Stopped: 1
 Images: 2
 Server Version: 20.10.11
 Storage Driver: overlay2
  Backing Filesystem: xfs
  Supports d_type: true
  Native Overlay Diff: true
  userxattr: false
 Logging Driver: json-file
 Cgroup Driver: cgroupfs
 Cgroup Version: 1
 Plugins:
  Volume: local
  Network: bridge host ipvlan macvlan null overlay
  Log: awslogs fluentd gcplogs gelf journald json-file local logentries splunk syslog
 Swarm: inactive
 Runtimes: io.containerd.runc.v2 io.containerd.runtime.v1.linux runc
 Default Runtime: runc
 Init Binary: docker-init
 containerd version: 7b11cfaabd73bb80907dd23182b9347b4245eb5d
 runc version: v1.0.2-0-g52b36a2
 init version: de40ad0
 Security Options:
  seccomp
   Profile: default
 Kernel Version: 4.18.0-257.el8.x86_64
 Operating System: CentOS Stream 8
 OSType: linux
 Architecture: x86_64
 CPUs: 1
 Total Memory: 1.748GiB
 Name: localhost.localdomain
 ID: FGDZ:JSDS:HQU4:WBBN:VHAA:MFKW:DPKB:QWKE:AMRC:5MM4:W74B:TVGE
 Docker Root Dir: /var/lib/docker
 Debug Mode: false
 Registry: https://index.docker.io/v1/
 Labels:
 Experimental: false
 Insecure Registries:
  127.0.0.0/8
 Live Restore Enabled: false

docker inspect:返回Docker对象的低级信息

[root@localhost ~]# docker inspect 852e2c5cb89e
[
    {
        "Id": "852e2c5cb89e7c88164484048210cecfa45a9b9d8cb197e69a64781875750c2d",
        "Created": "2021-12-02T04:24:58.667201593Z",
        "Path": "/docker-entrypoint.sh",
        "Args": [
            "/bin/bash"
        ],
        "State": {
            "Status": "running",
            "Running": true,
            "Paused": false,
            "Restarting": false,
            "OOMKilled": false,
            "Dead": false,
            "Pid": 62870,
            "ExitCode": 0,
            "Error": "",
            "StartedAt": "2021-12-02T04:36:31.166524699Z",
            "FinishedAt": "2021-12-02T04:26:16.485448769Z"
        },
        "Image": "sha256:ea335eea17ab984571cd4a3bcf90a0413773b559c75ef4cda07d0ce952b00291",
        "ResolvConfPath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/852e2c5cb89e7c88164484048210cecfa45a9b9d8cb197e69a64781875750c2d/resolv.conf",
        "HostnamePath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/852e2c5cb89e7c88164484048210cecfa45a9b9d8cb197e69a64781875750c2d/hostname",
        "HostsPath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/852e2c5cb89e7c88164484048210cecfa45a9b9d8cb197e69a64781875750c2d/hosts",
        "LogPath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/852e2c5cb89e7c88164484048210cecfa45a9b9d8cb197e69a64781875750c2d/852e2c5cb89e7c88164484048210cecfa45a9b9d8cb197e69a64781875750c2d-json.log",
        "Name": "/frosty_noether",
        "RestartCount": 0,
        "Driver": "overlay2",
        "Platform": "linux",
        "MountLabel": "",
        "ProcessLabel": "",
        "AppArmorProfile": "",
        "ExecIDs": null,
        "HostConfig": {
            "Binds": null,
            "ContainerIDFile": "",
            "LogConfig": {
                "Type": "json-file",
                "Config": {}
            },
            "NetworkMode": "default",
            "PortBindings": {},
            "RestartPolicy": {
                "Name": "no",
                "MaximumRetryCount": 0
            },
            "AutoRemove": false,
            "VolumeDriver": "",
            "VolumesFrom": null,
            "CapAdd": null,
            "CapDrop": null,
            "CgroupnsMode": "host",
            "Dns": [],
            "DnsOptions": [],
            "DnsSearch": [],
            "ExtraHosts": null,
            "GroupAdd": null,
            "IpcMode": "private",
            "Cgroup": "",
            "Links": null,
            "OomScoreAdj": 0,
            "PidMode": "",
            "Privileged": false,
            "PublishAllPorts": false,
            "ReadonlyRootfs": false,
            "SecurityOpt": null,
            "UTSMode": "",
            "UsernsMode": "",
            "ShmSize": 67108864,
            "Runtime": "runc",
            "ConsoleSize": [
                0,
                0
            ],
            "Isolation": "",
            "CpuShares": 0,
            "Memory": 0,
            "NanoCpus": 0,
            "CgroupParent": "",
            "BlkioWeight": 0,
            "BlkioWeightDevice": [],
            "BlkioDeviceReadBps": null,
            "BlkioDeviceWriteBps": null,
            "BlkioDeviceReadIOps": null,
            "BlkioDeviceWriteIOps": null,
            "CpuPeriod": 0,
            "CpuQuota": 0,
            "CpuRealtimePeriod": 0,
            "CpuRealtimeRuntime": 0,
            "CpusetCpus": "",
            "CpusetMems": "",
            "Devices": [],
            "DeviceCgroupRules": null,
            "DeviceRequests": null,
            "KernelMemory": 0,
            "KernelMemoryTCP": 0,
            "MemoryReservation": 0,
            "MemorySwap": 0,
            "MemorySwappiness": null,
            "OomKillDisable": false,
            "PidsLimit": null,
            "Ulimits": null,
            "CpuCount": 0,
            "CpuPercent": 0,
            "IOMaximumIOps": 0,
            "IOMaximumBandwidth": 0,
            "MaskedPaths": [
                "/proc/asound",
                "/proc/acpi",
                "/proc/kcore",
                "/proc/keys",
                "/proc/latency_stats",
                "/proc/timer_list",
                "/proc/timer_stats",
                "/proc/sched_debug",
                "/proc/scsi",
                "/sys/firmware"
            ],
            "ReadonlyPaths": [
                "/proc/bus",
                "/proc/fs",
                "/proc/irq",
                "/proc/sys",
                "/proc/sysrq-trigger"
            ]
        },
        "GraphDriver": {
            "Data": {
                "LowerDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/50b3f3d3e8d5cfcf88a82cc7f55963b4e4922fba8cf4dca0abe4668b668c75c7-init/diff:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/1c62a9ae8d0f437737b475062b70c13e5fb0a5945f1cdbadaf736014d948537f/diff:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/1a2b0c525376186b2a4f2de42b51c5a7f1d05d1b0b25305b9004b5c870a01a5f/diff:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/8fe8d8493a40050f1d65a9cbe1d50d80fa0521cf54d06800d060c5609037e622/diff:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/3ef08374d94274c782dd8ed57a83aace3a152008c4bf9a2919b77a61524178e2/diff:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/47e8adb24d7dd6da223dcb9a0ec847a1b9cd7a9e20df505889d8724d8f295788/diff:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/d82147747145013d4f4cfc424d7a6dc96da1d47719d190caaaaa85eaa3f2e6ca/diff",
                "MergedDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/50b3f3d3e8d5cfcf88a82cc7f55963b4e4922fba8cf4dca0abe4668b668c75c7/merged",
                "UpperDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/50b3f3d3e8d5cfcf88a82cc7f55963b4e4922fba8cf4dca0abe4668b668c75c7/diff",
                "WorkDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/50b3f3d3e8d5cfcf88a82cc7f55963b4e4922fba8cf4dca0abe4668b668c75c7/work"
            },
            "Name": "overlay2"
        },
        "Mounts": [],
        "Config": {
            "Hostname": "852e2c5cb89e",
            "Domainname": "",
            "User": "",
            "AttachStdin": true,
            "AttachStdout": true,
            "AttachStderr": true,
            "ExposedPorts": {
                "80/tcp": {}
            },
            "Tty": true,
            "OpenStdin": true,
            "StdinOnce": true,
            "Env": [
                "PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin",
                "NGINX_VERSION=1.21.4",
                "NJS_VERSION=0.7.0",
                "PKG_RELEASE=1~bullseye"
            ],
            "Cmd": [
                "/bin/bash"
            ],
            "Image": "nginx",
            "Volumes": null,
            "WorkingDir": "",
            "Entrypoint": [
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