Java Python 6CCM226B Metric Spaces and Topology
Summer 2023 Mock Exam
SECTION A
A 1. Let X = R2 , α = (x1 , y1 ) ∈ R2 , β = (x2 , y2 ) ∈ R2 and consider the metrics
d1 (α,β) = |x1 − y1 | + |x2 − y2 |
d∞ (α,β) = max{|x1 − y1 | , |x2 − y2 |}
(i) Show that d∞ defines a metric on R2 . [3 marks]
(ii) Show that d1 and d∞ are equivalent metrics on R2 . [3 marks]
(iii) Does σ(α,β) = |cos (d1 (α,β))| define a metric on R2 ? Justify your answer with a proof or counterexample. [3 marks]
A 2. Let (X, τ ) be a topological space and d a metric on X.
(i) Define what it means for (X, τ ) to be Hausdorff. [2 marks]
(ii) Define the metric topology on (X, d). [2 marks]
(iii) Prove that (X, d) is Hausdorff. [4 marks]
A 3. Let (X, τ ) be a topological space and A a non-empty subset of X.
(i) Define the subspace topology τA on A. [2 marks]
(ii) Define what it means for a map f : A → X to be continuous. [2 marks]
(iii) Show that the inclusion map ι : A → X defined by ι(a) = a for all a ∈ A, is continuous. [3 marks]
A 4. Let X contain at least two points, and let (X,τ) be a topological space.
(i) Define what it means for X to be disconnected. [2 marks]
(ii) Show that the discrete topology σ = P(X) defines a topology on X . [4 marks]
(iii) Show that (X,σ) is disconnected. [4 marks]
A 5. Consider the co-countable topology
τ = {U ⊆ N : N \ U is at most countable} ∪ {∅}
where N = {0, 1, 2, . . .}.
(i) Prove that τ is a topology on N. [4 marks]
(ii) Define what it means for x ∈ N to be a limit point of a set A ⊂ N. [2 marks]
(iii) Show that if A ⊂ N then A contains all its limit points. [4 marks]
Let ∼&nbs 6CCM226B Metric Spaces and Topology Summer 2023 Mock ExamWeb p;be the equivalence relation on N defined as x ∼ y if and only if x − y is divisible by 2.
(iv) Define the quotient topology τq on N/∼ . [2 marks]
(v) Determine all the elements of τq . [4 marks]
SECTION B
B 6. (i) (a) State what it means to say that xn ∈ X , n ∈ N, is a Cauchy sequence in the metric space (X, d).
(b) State what it means to say that the metric space (X, d) is complete. [4 marks]
(ii) Let (X, d) be a complete metric space and let A be a closed subset of X . Show that the subspace (A,d) is complete. [4 marks]
(iii) State what it means to say that a map T : (X, d) → (X, d) is a contraction. State, without proof, the contraction mapping theorem. [5 marks]
(iv) Show that the sequence
is convergent, and compute its limit.
Hint: Show that the sequence is given by iterating a suitable map T. [12 marks]
B 7. (i) Let (X,τ) be a topological space and let A ⊆ X . State precisely what it means to say that
(a) A is disconnected, (b) A is a non-trivial clopen set.
[5 marks]
(ii) Show that an interval is a connected subset of R, equipped with the usual topology. [10 marks]
(iii) Let (A,τ) be a connected topological space and let f be a real-valued function on A with the property that for each a ∈ A there is a neighbourhood Na of a such that f is constant on Na. Prove that f is constant on A. [10 marks]
B 8. (i) State precisely what it means to say that:
(a) The topological space (X,τ) is compact.
(b) The metric space (X, d) is sequentially compact.
(c) The metric space (X, d) is bounded.
(d) The metric space (X, d) is totally bounded. [7 marks]
(ii) Give an example of a metric space that has a closed and bounded subset, which is not compact. [3 marks]
(iii) Prove that a compact metric space is sequentially compact. [8 marks]
(iv) (1) Prove that, in a topological space, the union of two compact sets is compact.
(2) Prove that, in a metric space, the intersection of two compact sets is compact