云硬盘性能测试工具FIO介绍

一.云硬盘的性能衡量指标

云硬盘的性能指标一般通过以下几个指标进行衡量

• IOPS：每秒的读写次数，单位为次（计数）。存储设备的底层驱动类型决定了不同的IOPS
  总IOPS：每秒执行的I/O操作总次数
  随机读IOPS：每秒指定的随机读I/O操作的平均次数
  随机写IOPS 每秒指定的随机写I/O操作的平均次数
  顺序读IOPS 每秒指定的顺序读I/O操作的平均次数
  顺序写IOPS 每秒指定的顺序写I/O操作的平均次数
• 吞吐量：每秒的读写数据量，单位为MB/S
  吞吐量市值单位时间内可以成功传输的数据数量。
  如果需要部署大量顺序读写的应用，典型场景比如hadoop离线计算型业务，需要关注吞吐量

• 时延：IO操作的发送时间到接收确认所经过的时间，单位为秒
  如果应用对时延比较敏感，比如数据库（过高时延会导致应用性能下降或报错），建议使用SSD存储

  二.具体参数说明

[root@host-10-0-1-36 ~]# fio --bs=4k --ioengine=libaio --iodepth=1 --direct=1 --rw=read --time_based --runtime=600  --refill_buffers --norandommap --randrepeat=0 --group_reporting --name=fio-read --size=100G --filename=/dev/vdb 
fio-read: (g=0): rw=read, bs=(R) 4096B-4096B, (W) 4096B-4096B, (T) 4096B-4096B, ioengine=libaio, iodepth=1
fio-3.1
Starting 1 process
Jobs: 1 (f=1): [R(1)][100.0%][r=9784KiB/s,w=0KiB/s][r=2446,w=0 IOPS][eta 00m:00s]
fio-read: (groupid=0, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=22004: Wed Oct 10 21:35:42 2018
   read: IOPS=2593, BW=10.1MiB/s (10.6MB/s)(6078MiB/600001msec)
    slat (usec): min=4, max=1532, avg=11.98, stdev= 8.10
    clat (nsec): min=1021, max=66079k, avg=370367.39, stdev=395393.29
     lat (usec): min=44, max=66086, avg=382.88, stdev=399.21
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[   42],  5.00th=[   44], 10.00th=[   45], 20.00th=[   46],
     | 30.00th=[   48], 40.00th=[   51], 50.00th=[  383], 60.00th=[  578],
     | 70.00th=[  644], 80.00th=[  701], 90.00th=[  783], 95.00th=[  865],
     | 99.00th=[  988], 99.50th=[ 1020], 99.90th=[ 1336], 99.95th=[ 2057],
     | 99.99th=[11338]
   bw (  KiB/s): min= 2000, max=68272, per=99.98%, avg=10370.55, stdev=8123.28, samples=1199
   iops        : min=  500, max=17068, avg=2592.62, stdev=2030.82, samples=1199
  lat (usec)   : 2=0.01%, 20=0.01%, 50=37.97%, 100=10.63%, 250=0.39%
  lat (usec)   : 500=6.09%, 750=31.54%, 1000=12.65%
  lat (msec)   : 2=0.67%, 4=0.03%, 10=0.01%, 20=0.01%, 50=0.01%
  lat (msec)   : 100=0.01%
  cpu          : usr=1.43%, sys=5.12%, ctx=1555984, majf=0, minf=35
  IO depths    : 1=100.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwt: total=1556003,0,0, short=0,0,0, dropped=0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=1

Run status group 0 (all jobs):
   READ: bw=10.1MiB/s (10.6MB/s), 10.1MiB/s-10.1MiB/s (10.6MB/s-10.6MB/s), io=6078MiB (6373MB), run=600001-600001msec

Disk stats (read/write):
  vdb: ios=1555778/0, merge=0/0, ticks=570518/0, in_queue=569945, util=95.04%

参数详情	含义
io	执行了多少M的IO
bw	平均IO带宽
iops	IOPS
runt	线程运行时间
slat	提交延迟
clat	完成延迟
lat	响应时间
cpu	cpu利用率
IO depths	io队列
IO submit	单个IO提交要提交的IO数
IO complete
IO issued
IO latency

三.FIO测试工具参数说明

[root@host-10-0-1-36 ~]# fio -direct=1 -iodepth=64 -rw=read -ioengine=libaio -bs=4096k -size=100G -numjobs=1 -runtime=300 -group_reporting -filename=/dev/vdb -name=Write_PPS_Testing

参数	说明
-direct=1	表示测试时忽略I/O缓存，数据直写
-iodepth=128	表示使用AIO时，同时发出I/O数的上限为128
-rw=randwrite	表示测试时的读写策略为随机写（random writes）。作其它测试时可以设置为：randread（随机读random reads）read（顺序读sequential reads） write（顺序写sequential writes）randrw（混合随机读写mixed random reads and writes）
-ioengine=libaio	表示测试方式为libaio（Linux AIO，异步I/O）。应用程序使用I/O通常有两种方式： 同步：同步的I/O一次只能发出一个I/O请求，等待内核完成才返回。这样对于单个线程iodepth总是小于1，但是可以透过多个线程并发执行来解决。通常会用16−32根线程同时工作将iodepth塞满。异步：异步的I/O通常使用libaio这样的方式一次提交一批I/O请求，然后等待一批的完成，减少交互的次数，会更有效率。
-bs=4k	表示单次I/O的块文件大小为4 KB。未指定该参数时的默认大小也是4 KB，测试IOPS时，建议将bs设置为一个比较小的值，如本示例中的4k。测试吞吐量时，建议将bs设置为一个较大的值，如本示例中的1024k
-size=1G	表示测试文件大小为1 GiB
-numjobs=1	表示测试线程数为1
-runtime=1000	表示测试时间为1000秒。如果未配置，则持续将前述-size指定大小的文件，以每次-bs值为分块大小写完
-group_reporting	表示测试结果里汇总每个进程的统计信息，而非以不同job汇总展示信息
-filename=iotest	指定测试文件的名称，比如iotest。测试裸盘可以获得真实的硬盘性能，但直接测试裸盘会破坏文件系统结构，请在测试前提前做好数据备份
-name=Rand_Write_Testing	表示测试任务名称为Rand_Write_Testing，可以随意设定

四.测试结果

这里我们以4K的数据块测试随机读和随机写来测试最大的IOPS，4M的块测试顺序读和顺序写来测试最大的吞吐量

• 测试4K块的随机写

[root@host-10-0-1-36 ~]# fio --bs=4k --ioengine=libaio --iodepth=128 --direct=1 --rw=randwrite --time_based --runtime=300  --refill_buffers --norandommap --randrepeat=0 --group_reporting --name=fio-write --size=1G --filename=/dev/vdb 
fio-write: (g=0): rw=randwrite, bs=(R) 4096B-4096B, (W) 4096B-4096B, (T) 4096B-4096B, ioengine=libaio, iodepth=128
fio-3.1
Starting 1 process
Jobs: 1 (f=1): [w(1)][100.0%][r=0KiB/s,w=3996KiB/s][r=0,w=999 IOPS][eta 00m:00s]
fio-write: (groupid=0, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=22050: Wed Oct 10 22:29:32 2018
  write: IOPS=2819, BW=11.0MiB/s (11.5MB/s)(3309MiB/300484msec)
    slat (usec): min=2, max=2399, avg= 9.54, stdev=10.19
    clat (usec): min=1180, max=3604.0k, avg=45387.25, stdev=168013.09
     lat (usec): min=1201, max=3604.0k, avg=45397.35, stdev=168013.57
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[   1713],  5.00th=[   2212], 10.00th=[   2835],
     | 20.00th=[   4015], 30.00th=[   5211], 40.00th=[   6849],
     | 50.00th=[   8979], 60.00th=[  11994], 70.00th=[  17695],
     | 80.00th=[  33162], 90.00th=[  61604], 95.00th=[ 137364],
     | 99.00th=[ 893387], 99.50th=[1266680], 99.90th=[2122318],
     | 99.95th=[2432697], 99.99th=[2969568]
   bw (  KiB/s): min=    8, max=49120, per=100.00%, avg=11603.11, stdev=10950.79, samples=584
   iops        : min=    2, max=12280, avg=2900.77, stdev=2737.69, samples=584
  lat (msec)   : 2=3.16%, 4=16.75%, 10=33.83%, 20=18.49%, 50=14.82%
  lat (msec)   : 100=6.56%, 250=2.86%, 500=1.49%, 750=0.70%, 1000=0.53%
  lat (msec)   : 2000=0.69%, >=2000=0.12%
  cpu          : usr=1.84%, sys=4.16%, ctx=323739, majf=0, minf=28
  IO depths    : 1=0.1%, 2=0.1%, 4=0.1%, 8=0.1%, 16=0.1%, 32=0.1%, >=64=100.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.1%
     issued rwt: total=0,847133,0, short=0,0,0, dropped=0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=128

Run status group 0 (all jobs):
  WRITE: bw=11.0MiB/s (11.5MB/s), 11.0MiB/s-11.0MiB/s (11.5MB/s-11.5MB/s), io=3309MiB (3470MB), run=300484-300484msec

Disk stats (read/write):
  vdb: ios=91/847074, merge=0/0, ticks=3/38321566, in_queue=38360706, util=100.00%

我们可以看到4K的数据块，随机写的最大IOPS为：12280

• 测试4K的随机读

[root@host-10-0-1-36 ~]# fio --bs=4k --ioengine=libaio --iodepth=128 --direct=1 --rw=randread --time_based --runtime=300  --refill_buffers --norandommap --randrepeat=0 --group_reporting --name=fio-write --size=1G --filename=/dev/vdb 
fio-write: (g=0): rw=randread, bs=(R) 4096B-4096B, (W) 4096B-4096B, (T) 4096B-4096B, ioengine=libaio, iodepth=128
fio-3.1
Starting 1 process
Jobs: 1 (f=1): [r(1)][100.0%][r=87.1MiB/s,w=0KiB/s][r=22.3k,w=0 IOPS][eta 00m:00s]
fio-write: (groupid=0, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=22055: Wed Oct 10 22:51:54 2018
   read: IOPS=22.3k, BW=87.0MiB/s (91.2MB/s)(25.5GiB/300004msec)
    slat (usec): min=2, max=8626, avg= 7.91, stdev=11.85
    clat (usec): min=36, max=71810, avg=5735.17, stdev=1405.20
     lat (usec): min=45, max=71826, avg=5743.59, stdev=1405.30
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[ 1958],  5.00th=[ 3556], 10.00th=[ 4424], 20.00th=[ 5145],
     | 30.00th=[ 5407], 40.00th=[ 5604], 50.00th=[ 5735], 60.00th=[ 5866],
     | 70.00th=[ 6063], 80.00th=[ 6259], 90.00th=[ 6783], 95.00th=[ 7504],
     | 99.00th=[10290], 99.50th=[12256], 99.90th=[16712], 99.95th=[18482],
     | 99.99th=[25035]
   bw (  KiB/s): min=74872, max=93240, per=100.00%, avg=89121.48, stdev=2687.55, samples=600
   iops        : min=18718, max=23310, avg=22280.35, stdev=671.89, samples=600
  lat (usec)   : 50=0.01%, 100=0.01%, 250=0.01%, 500=0.02%, 750=0.06%
  lat (usec)   : 1000=0.12%
  lat (msec)   : 2=0.86%, 4=6.02%, 10=91.77%, 20=1.11%, 50=0.03%
  lat (msec)   : 100=0.01%
  cpu          : usr=6.56%, sys=28.57%, ctx=3473136, majf=0, minf=160
  IO depths    : 1=0.1%, 2=0.1%, 4=0.1%, 8=0.1%, 16=0.1%, 32=0.1%, >=64=100.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.1%
     issued rwt: total=6683408,0,0, short=0,0,0, dropped=0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=128

Run status group 0 (all jobs):
   READ: bw=87.0MiB/s (91.2MB/s), 87.0MiB/s-87.0MiB/s (91.2MB/s-91.2MB/s), io=25.5GiB (27.4GB), run=300004-300004msec

Disk stats (read/write):
  vdb: ios=6680955/0, merge=0/0, ticks=37981396/0, in_queue=37983491, util=100.00%

我们可以看到4K的数据块，随机读的最大IOPS为：23310

• 测试4M的顺序写

[root@host-10-0-1-36 ~]# fio -direct=1 -iodepth=64 -rw=write -ioengine=libaio -bs=4096k -size=100G -numjobs=1 -runtime=300 -group_reporting -filename=/dev/vdb -name=Write_PPS_Testing
Write_PPS_Testing: (g=0): rw=write, bs=(R) 4096KiB-4096KiB, (W) 4096KiB-4096KiB, (T) 4096KiB-4096KiB, ioengine=libaio, iodepth=64
fio-3.1
Starting 1 process
Jobs: 1 (f=1): [W(1)][100.0%][r=0KiB/s,w=108MiB/s][r=0,w=27 IOPS][eta 00m:00s]
Write_PPS_Testing: (groupid=0, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=22098: Wed Oct 10 23:20:07 2018
  write: IOPS=28, BW=115MiB/s (120MB/s)(33.7GiB/300466msec)
    slat (usec): min=564, max=2554.1k, avg=34767.87, stdev=65067.32
    clat (msec): min=400, max=12179, avg=2188.04, stdev=1037.46
     lat (msec): min=473, max=12231, avg=2222.81, stdev=1047.45
    clat percentiles (msec):
     |  1.00th=[ 1435],  5.00th=[ 1586], 10.00th=[ 1653], 20.00th=[ 1754],
     | 30.00th=[ 1838], 40.00th=[ 1921], 50.00th=[ 2005], 60.00th=[ 2089],
     | 70.00th=[ 2198], 80.00th=[ 2333], 90.00th=[ 2534], 95.00th=[ 2802],
     | 99.00th=[ 8490], 99.50th=[ 9731], 99.90th=[11745], 99.95th=[12013],
     | 99.99th=[12147]
   bw (  KiB/s): min= 8192, max=196608, per=100.00%, avg=120954.04, stdev=31456.39, samples=580
   iops        : min=    2, max=   48, avg=29.53, stdev= 7.68, samples=580
  lat (msec)   : 500=0.02%, 750=0.03%, 1000=0.13%, 2000=49.25%, >=2000=50.56%
  cpu          : usr=1.04%, sys=2.16%, ctx=6387, majf=0, minf=29
  IO depths    : 1=0.1%, 2=0.1%, 4=0.1%, 8=0.1%, 16=0.2%, 32=0.4%, >=64=99.3%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.1%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwt: total=0,8627,0, short=0,0,0, dropped=0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=64

Run status group 0 (all jobs):
  WRITE: bw=115MiB/s (120MB/s), 115MiB/s-115MiB/s (120MB/s-120MB/s), io=33.7GiB (36.2GB), run=300466-300466msec

Disk stats (read/write):
  vdb: ios=91/77596, merge=0/0, ticks=6/37685137, in_queue=37717833, util=99.99%

我们可以看到4M的数据块，顺序写的最大吞吐量为：196M

• 测试4M的顺序读

[root@host-10-0-1-36 ~]# fio -direct=1 -iodepth=64 -rw=read -ioengine=libaio -bs=4096k -size=100G -numjobs=1 -runtime=300 -group_reporting -filename=/dev/vdb -name=Write_PPS_Testing
Write_PPS_Testing: (g=0): rw=read, bs=(R) 4096KiB-4096KiB, (W) 4096KiB-4096KiB, (T) 4096KiB-4096KiB, ioengine=libaio, iodepth=64
fio-3.1
Starting 1 process
Jobs: 1 (f=1): [R(1)][100.0%][r=312MiB/s,w=0KiB/s][r=78,w=0 IOPS][eta 00m:00s]
Write_PPS_Testing: (groupid=0, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=22103: Wed Oct 10 23:26:31 2018
   read: IOPS=35, BW=142MiB/s (149MB/s)(41.6GiB/300201msec)
    slat (usec): min=469, max=95190, avg=28166.40, stdev=15966.53
    clat (msec): min=185, max=4070, avg=1772.98, stdev=551.21
     lat (msec): min=205, max=4107, avg=1801.15, stdev=558.25
    clat percentiles (msec):
     |  1.00th=[  518],  5.00th=[  634], 10.00th=[  751], 20.00th=[ 1536],
     | 30.00th=[ 1770], 40.00th=[ 1854], 50.00th=[ 1921], 60.00th=[ 1989],
     | 70.00th=[ 2039], 80.00th=[ 2140], 90.00th=[ 2299], 95.00th=[ 2433],
     | 99.00th=[ 2802], 99.50th=[ 2970], 99.90th=[ 3473], 99.95th=[ 3641],
     | 99.99th=[ 3775]
   bw (  KiB/s): min=106496, max=466944, per=99.97%, avg=145216.28, stdev=60136.24, samples=597
   iops        : min=   26, max=  114, avg=35.45, stdev=14.68, samples=597
  lat (msec)   : 250=0.10%, 500=0.66%, 750=9.21%, 1000=7.02%, 2000=46.51%
  lat (msec)   : >=2000=36.51%
  cpu          : usr=0.05%, sys=2.61%, ctx=10959, majf=0, minf=672
  IO depths    : 1=0.1%, 2=0.1%, 4=0.1%, 8=0.1%, 16=0.2%, 32=0.3%, >=64=99.4%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.1%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwt: total=10646,0,0, short=0,0,0, dropped=0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=64

Run status group 0 (all jobs):
   READ: bw=142MiB/s (149MB/s), 142MiB/s-142MiB/s (149MB/s-149MB/s), io=41.6GiB (44.7GB), run=300201-300201msec

Disk stats (read/write):
  vdb: ios=95740/0, merge=0/0, ticks=37360788/0, in_queue=37382226, util=100.00%

我们可以看到4M的数据块，顺序读的最大吞吐量为：466M