Lwip协议详解（基于Lwip 2.1.0）-ARP协议

2、ARP协议

2.1 原理
ARP协议的基本功能是使用目标主机的IP地址，查询其对应的MAC地址，以保证底层链路层上数据包通信的进行。为了实现网络接口物理地址同IP地址的转换，ARP协议引入ARP缓存表的概念。
ARP缓存表中记录了一条一条的（IP地址，MAC地址)对，它们是主机最近运行获得的关于周围其他主机的IP地址到物理地址的绑定。
当需要发送IP数据包时，ARP层根据目标IP地址来查找ARP缓存表，并将匹配的MAC地址装入以太网帧首部，最后发送以太网数据。

ARP数据包：
一是ARP请求包，它是通过以太网广播的方式发送的，用于向具有某个IP地址的主机发送请求，希望该主机返回其MAC地址；
二是ARP应答包，收到ARP请求的主机会对该数据包中的IP地址与自己的IP地址相比较，若相同，则该主机将向源主机返回一个应答包，报告自己的MAC地址。源主机会根据应答包中的相关字段更新自己的ARP缓存表。

2.2 Lwip的实现源码
ARP表

struct etharp_entry {
#if ARP_QUEUEING
  /** Pointer to queue of pending outgoing packets on this ARP entry. */
  struct etharp_q_entry *q;
#else /* ARP_QUEUEING */
  /** Pointer to a single pending outgoing packet on this ARP entry. */
  struct pbuf *q;
#endif /* ARP_QUEUEING */
  ip4_addr_t ipaddr;
  struct netif *netif;
  struct eth_addr ethaddr;
  u16_t ctime;
  u8_t state;
};

ARP报文

/**
 * Send a raw ARP packet (opcode and all addresses can be modified)
 *
 * @param netif the lwip network interface on which to send the ARP packet
 * @param ethsrc_addr the source MAC address for the ethernet header
 * @param ethdst_addr the destination MAC address for the ethernet header
 * @param hwsrc_addr the source MAC address for the ARP protocol header
 * @param ipsrc_addr the source IP address for the ARP protocol header
 * @param hwdst_addr the destination MAC address for the ARP protocol header
 * @param ipdst_addr the destination IP address for the ARP protocol header
 * @param opcode the type of the ARP packet
 * @return ERR_OK if the ARP packet has been sent
 *         ERR_MEM if the ARP packet couldn't be allocated
 *         any other err_t on failure
 */
static err_t
etharp_raw(struct netif *netif, const struct eth_addr *ethsrc_addr,
           const struct eth_addr *ethdst_addr,
           const struct eth_addr *hwsrc_addr, const ip4_addr_t *ipsrc_addr,
           const struct eth_addr *hwdst_addr, const ip4_addr_t *ipdst_addr,
           const u16_t opcode)
{
  struct pbuf *p;
  err_t result = ERR_OK;
  struct etharp_hdr *hdr;

  LWIP_ASSERT("netif != NULL", netif != NULL);

  /* allocate a pbuf for the outgoing ARP request packet */
  p = pbuf_alloc(PBUF_LINK, SIZEOF_ETHARP_HDR, PBUF_RAM);
  /* could allocate a pbuf for an ARP request? */
  if (p == NULL) {
    LWIP_DEBUGF(ETHARP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE | LWIP_DBG_LEVEL_SERIOUS,
                ("etharp_raw: could not allocate pbuf for ARP request.\n"));
    ETHARP_STATS_INC(etharp.memerr);
    return ERR_MEM;
  }
  LWIP_ASSERT("check that first pbuf can hold struct etharp_hdr",
              (p->len >= SIZEOF_ETHARP_HDR));

  hdr = (struct etharp_hdr *)p->payload;
  LWIP_DEBUGF(ETHARP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE, ("etharp_raw: sending raw ARP packet.\n"));
  hdr->opcode = lwip_htons(opcode);

  LWIP_ASSERT("netif->hwaddr_len must be the same as ETH_HWADDR_LEN for etharp!",
              (netif->hwaddr_len == ETH_HWADDR_LEN));

  /* Write the ARP MAC-Addresses */
  SMEMCPY(&hdr->shwaddr, hwsrc_addr, ETH_HWADDR_LEN);
  SMEMCPY(&hdr->dhwaddr, hwdst_addr, ETH_HWADDR_LEN);
  /* Copy struct ip4_addr_wordaligned to aligned ip4_addr, to support compilers without
   * structure packing. */
  IPADDR_WORDALIGNED_COPY_FROM_IP4_ADDR_T(&hdr->sipaddr, ipsrc_addr);
  IPADDR_WORDALIGNED_COPY_FROM_IP4_ADDR_T(&hdr->dipaddr, ipdst_addr);

  hdr->hwtype = PP_HTONS(LWIP_IANA_HWTYPE_ETHERNET);
  hdr->proto = PP_HTONS(ETHTYPE_IP);
  /* set hwlen and protolen */
  hdr->hwlen = ETH_HWADDR_LEN;
  hdr->protolen = sizeof(ip4_addr_t);

  /* send ARP query */
#if LWIP_AUTOIP
  /* If we are using Link-Local, all ARP packets that contain a Link-Local
   * 'sender IP address' MUST be sent using link-layer broadcast instead of
   * link-layer unicast. (See RFC3927 Section 2.5, last paragraph) */
  if (ip4_addr_islinklocal(ipsrc_addr)) {
    ethernet_output(netif, p, ethsrc_addr, &ethbroadcast, ETHTYPE_ARP);
  } else
#endif /* LWIP_AUTOIP */
  {
    ethernet_output(netif, p, ethsrc_addr, ethdst_addr, ETHTYPE_ARP);
  }

  ETHARP_STATS_INC(etharp.xmit);
  /* free ARP query packet */
  pbuf_free(p);
  p = NULL;
  /* could not allocate pbuf for ARP request */

  return result;
}