11_File&Test

Reading from a File

同一目录下：

file_name = 'a.txt'
with open(file_name) as file_object:
    contents = file_object.read() # string

"""
读取同一目录下的a.txt文件
"""

open函数打开文件，把文件读取到内存中，若不用close关闭文件，会导致文件容易被篡改。

使用with可以保证在程序跳出with时关闭文件，更为安全。

Relative Path

从python程序文件所在目录开始的路径：

with open('text_files/filename.txt') as file_object: # Linux or OSX
    pass
with open('text_files\filename.txt') as file_object: # Windows
    pass

Absolute Path

右键——属性——路径，即可得到绝对路径。

r""消除歧义。

# Linux or OSX
file_path = '/home/ehmatthes/other_files/text_files/filename.txt'
with open(file_path) as file_object:
    pass
 
# Windows
file_path = r'C:\Users\ehmatthes\other_files\text_files\filename.txt'
with open(file_path) as file_object:
    pass

File Mode

‘r’：只读模式

只读，不可写。打开时光标自动定位到开头位置。

‘r+’：读写模式

可读可写，写与读不分先后。写从光标开始，会覆盖原有内容，而光标通过读取决定。打开文件时光标在开头位置。

‘w’：只写模式

打开即默认创建一个新的空文件，若打开的是已有文件，则清空文件，且只能执行写操作。

‘w+’：写读模式

先写后读。打开文档即清空原内容，从文档开头写起，写完后光标自动移到文档末尾，此时进行读取，内容为空。需要将光标移到首位，f.seek(0)。如果以“w+”模式打开，先进行读操作，读到的内容也是为空，因为打开即被清空了。

‘a’：追加模式

只写，不可读。打开时不清空原文档，光标自动定位到文档末尾。

‘a+’：追加写读模式

先写后读。追加在原文档末尾，不会清空原内容，写完后光标移到文档末尾，此时进行读取，内容为空。需要将光标移到首位，f.seek(0)。如果以“a+”模式打开，先进行读操作，读到的内容也是为空，因为打开即把光标定位在文档末尾。

Reading Line by Line

filename = 'pi_digits.txt'
with open(filename) as file_object:
    for line in file_object:
        print(line)

"""
3.1415926535

8979323846

2643383279
"""


filename = 'pi_digits.txt'
with open(filename) as file_object:
    lines = file_object.readlines() #List
for line in lines:
    print(line.rstrip())

"""
3.1415926535
8979323846
2643383279
"""

Writing to a File

filename = 'programming.txt' 
with open(filename, 'w') as file_object:
    file_object.write("I love programming.")

FileNotFoundError

filename = 'alice.txt'
try:
    with open(filename) as f_obj:
        contents = f_obj.read()
except FileNotFoundError:
    msg = "Sorry, the file " + filename + " does not exist."
    print(msg)

"""
Sorry, the file alice.txt does not exist.
"""

Try-Except-Else

filename = 'alice.txt'
try:
    with open(filename) as f_obj:
        contents = f_obj.read()
except FileNotFoundError:
    msg = "Sorry, the file " + filename + " does not exist."
    print(msg)
 
else:
# Count the approximate number of words in the file.
    words = contents.split()
    num_words = len(words)
    print("The file " + filename 
    + " has about " + str(num_words) + " words.")

"""
找不到文件---except语句
找到文件---else语句
"""

JSON

dump and download

import json
numbers = [2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13]
filename = 'numbers.json'
with open(filename, 'w') as f_obj:
    json.dump(numbers, f_obj)

"""
将numbers写入numbers.json
"""


import json
filename = 'numbers.json'
with open(filename) as f_obj:
    numbers = json.load(f_obj)
print(numbers)

"""
读取numbers.json中的数据并存入numbers
"""

Organizing Files

通过os.path.join快速生成文件路径

import os
myFiles = ['accounts.txt', 'details.csv', 'invite.docx']
for filename in myFiles:
    print(os.path.join(r'C:\Users\asweigart', filename))

"""
C:\Users\asweigart\accounts.txt
C:\Users\asweigart\details.csv
C:\Users\asweigart\invite.docx
"""

The Current Working Directory

切换当前的工作目录

>>> import os
>>> os.getcwd()
'C:\\Python34'

>>> os.chdir('C:\\Windows\\System32')
>>> os.getcwd()
'C:\\Windows\\System32'

>>> os.chdir(..)
"""返回上级目录"""

创建文件夹

>>> import os
>>> os.makedirs(r'C:\delicious\walnut\waffles')

List All Files

>>> os.listdir(directory)

Test

比较程序结果与预期结果：

"""被测试程序"""
def get_formatted_name(first, last):
    full_name = first + ' ' + last
    return full_name.title()

"""对拍程序"""
import unittest
from name_function import get_formatted_name
class NamesTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
    def test_first_last_name(self): # should start with test_
        formatted_name = get_formatted_name('janis', 'joplin')
        self.assertEqual(formatted_name, 'Janis Joplin')
unittest.main()

assert methods:

assertEqual(a, b) # Verify that a == b
assertNotEqual(a, b) # Verify that a != b
assertTrue(x) # Verify that x is True
assertFalse(x) # Verify that x is False
assertIn(item, list) # Verify that item is in list
assertNotIn(item, list) # Verify that item is not in list

setUp(self)减少创建重复实例，相当于__init__()：

import unittest
from survey import AnonymousSurvey
class TestAnonymousSurvey(unittest.TestCase):
    def setUp(self):
        question = "What language did you first learn to speak?"
        self.my_survey = AnonymousSurvey(question)
        self.responses = ['English', 'Spanish', 'Mandarin']
    def test_store_single_response(self):
        self.my_survey.store_response(self.responses[0])
        self.assertIn(self.responses[0], self.my_survey.responses)
    def test_store_three_responses(self):
        for response in self.responses:
            self.my_survey.store_response(response)
        for response in self.responses:
            self.assertIn(response, self.my_survey.responses)
unittest.main()