一直对多线程编程这一块很陌生,决定花一点时间整理一下。
os:ubuntu 10.04 c++
1.最基础,进程同时创建5个线程,各自调用同一个函数
- #include <iostream>
- #include <pthread.h> //多线程相关操作头文件,可移植众多平台
- using namespace std;
- #define NUM_THREADS 5 //线程数
- void* say_hello( void* args )
- {
- cout << "hello..." << endl;
- } //函数返回的是函数指针,便于后面作为参数
- int main()
- {
- pthread_t tids[NUM_THREADS]; //线程id
- for( int i = 0; i < NUM_THREADS; ++i )
- {
- int ret = pthread_create( &tids[i], NULL, say_hello, NULL ); //参数:创建的线程id,线程参数,线程运行函数的起始地址,运行函数的参数
- if( ret != 0 ) //创建线程成功返回0
- {
- cout << "pthread_create error:error_code=" << ret << endl;
- }
- }
- pthread_exit( NULL ); //等待各个线程退出后,进程才结束,否则进程强制结束,线程处于未终止的状态
- }
注意:
1)此为c++程序,故用g++来编译生成可执行文件,并且要调用处理多线程操作相关的静态链接库文件pthread。
2)-lpthread 编译选项到位置可任意,如g++ -lpthread -o muti_thread_test_1 muti_thread_test_1.cpp
3)注意gcc和g++的区别,转到此文:点击打开链接
测试结果:
- wq@wq-desktop:~/coding/muti_thread$ ./muti_thread_test_1
- hello...hello...
- hello...
- hello...
- hello...
- wq@wq-desktop:~/coding/muti_thread$ ./muti_thread_test_1
- hello...hello...hello...
- hello...
- hello...
可知,两次运行的结果会有差别,这不是多线程的特点吧?这显然没有同步?还有待进一步探索...
多线程的运行是混乱的,混乱就是正常?
2.线程调用到函数在一个类中,那必须将该函数声明为静态函数函数
因为静态成员函数属于静态全局区,线程可以共享这个区域,故可以各自调用。
- #include <iostream>
- #include <pthread.h>
- using namespace std;
- #define NUM_THREADS 5
- class Hello
- {
- public:
- static void* say_hello( void* args )
- {
- cout << "hello..." << endl;
- }
- };
- int main()
- {
- pthread_t tids[NUM_THREADS];
- for( int i = 0; i < NUM_THREADS; ++i )
- {
- int ret = pthread_create( &tids[i], NULL, Hello::say_hello, NULL );
- if( ret != 0 )
- {
- cout << "pthread_create error:error_code" << ret << endl;
- }
- }
- pthread_exit( NULL );
- }
测试结果:
- wq@wq-desktop:~/coding/muti_thread$ ./muti_thread_test_2
- hello...
- hello...
- hello...
- hello...
- hello...
- wq@wq-desktop:~/coding/muti_thread$ ./muti_thread_test_2
- hello...hello...hello...
- hello...
- hello...
3.如何在线程调用函数时传入参数呢?
先看下面修改的代码,传入线程编号作为参数:
- #include <iostream>
- #include <pthread.h> //多线程相关操作头文件,可移植众多平台
- using namespace std;
- #define NUM_THREADS 5 //线程数
- void* say_hello( void* args )
- {
- int i = *( (int*)args ); //对传入的参数进行强制类型转换,由无类型指针转变为整形指针,再用*读取其指向到内容
- cout << "hello in " << i << endl;
- } //函数返回的是函数指针,便于后面作为参数
- int main()
- {
- pthread_t tids[NUM_THREADS]; //线程id
- cout << "hello in main.." << endl;
- for( int i = 0; i < NUM_THREADS; ++i )
- {
- int ret = pthread_create( &tids[i], NULL, say_hello, (void*)&i ); //传入到参数必须强转为void*类型,即无类型指针,&i表示取i的地址,即指向i的指针
- cout << "Current pthread id = " << tids[i] << endl; //用tids数组打印创建的进程id信息
- if( ret != 0 ) //创建线程成功返回0
- {
- cout << "pthread_create error:error_code=" << ret << endl;
- }
- }
- pthread_exit( NULL ); //等待各个线程退出后,进程才结束,否则进程强制结束,线程处于未终止的状态
- }
- wq@wq-desktop:~/coding/muti_thread$ ./muti_thread_test_3
- hello in main..
- Current pthread id = 3078458224
- Current pthread id = 3070065520
- hello in hello in 2
- 1
- Current pthread id = hello in 2
- 3061672816
- Current pthread id = 3053280112
- hello in 4
- Current pthread id = hello in 4
- 3044887408
这是因为多线程到缘故,主进程还没开始对i赋值,线程已经开始跑了...?
修改代码如下:
- #include <iostream>
- #include <pthread.h> //多线程相关操作头文件,可移植众多平台
- using namespace std;
- #define NUM_THREADS 5 //线程数
- void* say_hello( void* args )
- {
- cout << "hello in thread " << *( (int *)args ) << endl;
- } //函数返回的是函数指针,便于后面作为参数
- int main()
- {
- pthread_t tids[NUM_THREADS]; //线程id
- int indexes[NUM_THREADS]; //用来保存i的值避免被修改
- for( int i = 0; i < NUM_THREADS; ++i )
- {
- indexes[i] = i;
- int ret = pthread_create( &tids[i], NULL, say_hello, (void*)&(indexes[i]) );
- if( ret != 0 ) //创建线程成功返回0
- {
- cout << "pthread_create error:error_code=" << ret << endl;
- }
- }
- for( int i = 0; i < NUM_THREADS; ++i )
- pthread_join( tids[i], NULL ); //pthread_join用来等待一个线程的结束,是一个线程阻塞的函数
- }
- wq@wq-desktop:~/coding/muti_thread$ ./muti_thread_test_3
- hello in thread hello in thread hello in thread hello in thread hello in thread 30124
这是正常的吗?感觉还是有问题...待续
代码中如果没有pthread_join主线程会很快结束从而使整个进程结束,从而使创建的线程没有机会开始执行就结束了。加入pthread_join后,主线程会一直等待直到等待的线程结束自己才结束,使创建的线程有机会执行。
4.线程创建时属性参数的设置pthread_attr_t及join功能的使用
线程的属性由结构体pthread_attr_t进行管理。
typedef struct
{
int detachstate; 线程的分离状态
int schedpolicy; 线程调度策略
struct sched_param schedparam; 线程的调度参数
int inheritsched; 线程的继承性
int scope; 线程的作用域
size_t guardsize; 线程栈末尾的警戒缓冲区大小
int stackaddr_set; void * stackaddr; 线程栈的位置
size_t stacksize; 线程栈的大小
}pthread_attr_t;
- #include <iostream>
- #include <pthread.h>
- using namespace std;
- #define NUM_THREADS 5
- void* say_hello( void* args )
- {
- cout << "hello in thread " << *(( int * )args) << endl;
- int status = 10 + *(( int * )args); //线程退出时添加退出的信息,status供主程序提取该线程的结束信息
- pthread_exit( ( void* )status );
- }
- int main()
- {
- pthread_t tids[NUM_THREADS];
- int indexes[NUM_THREADS];
- pthread_attr_t attr; //线程属性结构体,创建线程时加入的参数
- pthread_attr_init( &attr ); //初始化
- pthread_attr_setdetachstate( &attr, PTHREAD_CREATE_JOINABLE ); //是设置你想要指定线程属性参数,这个参数表明这个线程是可以join连接的,join功能表示主程序可以等线程结束后再去做某事,实现了主程序和线程同步功能
- for( int i = 0; i < NUM_THREADS; ++i )
- {
- indexes[i] = i;
- int ret = pthread_create( &tids[i], &attr, say_hello, ( void* )&( indexes[i] ) );
- if( ret != 0 )
- {
- cout << "pthread_create error:error_code=" << ret << endl;
- }
- }
- pthread_attr_destroy( &attr ); //释放内存
- void *status;
- for( int i = 0; i < NUM_THREADS; ++i )
- {
- int ret = pthread_join( tids[i], &status ); //主程序join每个线程后取得每个线程的退出信息status
- if( ret != 0 )
- {
- cout << "pthread_join error:error_code=" << ret << endl;
- }
- else
- {
- cout << "pthread_join get status:" << (long)status << endl;
- }
- }
- }
- wq@wq-desktop:~/coding/muti_thread$ ./muti_thread_test_4
- hello in thread hello in thread hello in thread hello in thread 0hello in thread 321
- 4
- pthread_join get status:10
- pthread_join get status:11
- pthread_join get status:12
- pthread_join get status:13
- pthread_join get status:14
5.互斥锁的实现
互斥锁是实现线程同步的一种机制,只要在临界区前后对资源加锁就能阻塞其他进程的访问。
- #include <iostream>
- #include <pthread.h>
- using namespace std;
- #define NUM_THREADS 5
- int sum = 0; //定义全局变量,让所有线程同时写,这样就需要锁机制
- pthread_mutex_t sum_mutex; //互斥锁
- void* say_hello( void* args )
- {
- cout << "hello in thread " << *(( int * )args) << endl;
- pthread_mutex_lock( &sum_mutex ); //先加锁,再修改sum的值,锁被占用就阻塞,直到拿到锁再修改sum;
- cout << "before sum is " << sum << " in thread " << *( ( int* )args ) << endl;
- sum += *( ( int* )args );
- cout << "after sum is " << sum << " in thread " << *( ( int* )args ) << endl;
- pthread_mutex_unlock( &sum_mutex ); //释放锁,供其他线程使用
- pthread_exit( 0 );
- }
- int main()
- {
- pthread_t tids[NUM_THREADS];
- int indexes[NUM_THREADS];
- pthread_attr_t attr; //线程属性结构体,创建线程时加入的参数
- pthread_attr_init( &attr ); //初始化
- pthread_attr_setdetachstate( &attr, PTHREAD_CREATE_JOINABLE ); //是设置你想要指定线程属性参数,这个参数表明这个线程是可以join连接的,join功能表示主程序可以等线程结束后再去做某事,实现了主程序和线程同步功能
- pthread_mutex_init( &sum_mutex, NULL ); //对锁进行初始化
- for( int i = 0; i < NUM_THREADS; ++i )
- {
- indexes[i] = i;
- int ret = pthread_create( &tids[i], &attr, say_hello, ( void* )&( indexes[i] ) ); //5个进程同时去修改sum
- if( ret != 0 )
- {
- cout << "pthread_create error:error_code=" << ret << endl;
- }
- }
- pthread_attr_destroy( &attr ); //释放内存
- void *status;
- for( int i = 0; i < NUM_THREADS; ++i )
- {
- int ret = pthread_join( tids[i], &status ); //主程序join每个线程后取得每个线程的退出信息status
- if( ret != 0 )
- {
- cout << "pthread_join error:error_code=" << ret << endl;
- }
- }
- cout << "finally sum is " << sum << endl;
- pthread_mutex_destroy( &sum_mutex ); //注销锁
- }
- wq@wq-desktop:~/coding/muti_thread$ ./muti_thread_test_5
- hello in thread hello in thread hello in thread 410
- before sum is hello in thread 0 in thread 4
- after sum is 4 in thread 4hello in thread
- 2
- 3
- before sum is 4 in thread 1
- after sum is 5 in thread 1
- before sum is 5 in thread 0
- after sum is 5 in thread 0
- before sum is 5 in thread 2
- after sum is 7 in thread 2
- before sum is 7 in thread 3
- after sum is 10 in thread 3
- finally sum is 10
6.信号量的实现
信号量是线程同步的另一种实现机制,信号量的操作有signal和wait,本例子采用条件信号变量pthread_cond_t tasks_cond;
信号量的实现也要给予锁机制。
- #include <iostream>
- #include <pthread.h>
- #include <stdio.h>
- using namespace std;
- #define BOUNDARY 5
- int tasks = 10;
- pthread_mutex_t tasks_mutex; //互斥锁
- pthread_cond_t tasks_cond; //条件信号变量,处理两个线程间的条件关系,当task>5,hello2处理,反之hello1处理,直到task减为0
- void* say_hello2( void* args )
- {
- pthread_t pid = pthread_self(); //获取当前线程id
- cout << "[" << pid << "] hello in thread " << *( ( int* )args ) << endl;
- bool is_signaled = false; //sign
- while(1)
- {
- pthread_mutex_lock( &tasks_mutex ); //加锁
- if( tasks > BOUNDARY )
- {
- cout << "[" << pid << "] take task: " << tasks << " in thread " << *( (int*)args ) << endl;
- --tasks; //modify
- }
- else if( !is_signaled )
- {
- cout << "[" << pid << "] pthread_cond_signal in thread " << *( ( int* )args ) << endl;
- pthread_cond_signal( &tasks_cond ); //signal:向hello1发送信号,表明已经>5
- is_signaled = true; //表明信号已发送,退出此线程
- }
- pthread_mutex_unlock( &tasks_mutex ); //解锁
- if( tasks == 0 )
- break;
- }
- }
- void* say_hello1( void* args )
- {
- pthread_t pid = pthread_self(); //获取当前线程id
- cout << "[" << pid << "] hello in thread " << *( ( int* )args ) << endl;
- while(1)
- {
- pthread_mutex_lock( &tasks_mutex ); //加锁
- if( tasks > BOUNDARY )
- {
- cout << "[" << pid << "] pthread_cond_signal in thread " << *( ( int* )args ) << endl;
- pthread_cond_wait( &tasks_cond, &tasks_mutex ); //wait:等待信号量生效,接收到信号,向hello2发出信号,跳出wait,执行后续
- }
- else
- {
- cout << "[" << pid << "] take task: " << tasks << " in thread " << *( (int*)args ) << endl;
- --tasks;
- }
- pthread_mutex_unlock( &tasks_mutex ); //解锁
- if( tasks == 0 )
- break;
- }
- }
- int main()
- {
- pthread_attr_t attr; //线程属性结构体,创建线程时加入的参数
- pthread_attr_init( &attr ); //初始化
- pthread_attr_setdetachstate( &attr, PTHREAD_CREATE_JOINABLE ); //是设置你想要指定线程属性参数,这个参数表明这个线程是可以join连接的,join功能表示主程序可以等线程结束后再去做某事,实现了主程序和线程同步功能
- pthread_cond_init( &tasks_cond, NULL ); //初始化条件信号量
- pthread_mutex_init( &tasks_mutex, NULL ); //初始化互斥量
- pthread_t tid1, tid2; //保存两个线程id
- int index1 = 1;
- int ret = pthread_create( &tid1, &attr, say_hello1, ( void* )&index1 );
- if( ret != 0 )
- {
- cout << "pthread_create error:error_code=" << ret << endl;
- }
- int index2 = 2;
- ret = pthread_create( &tid2, &attr, say_hello2, ( void* )&index2 );
- if( ret != 0 )
- {
- cout << "pthread_create error:error_code=" << ret << endl;
- }
- pthread_join( tid1, NULL ); //连接两个线程
- pthread_join( tid2, NULL );
- pthread_attr_destroy( &attr ); //释放内存
- pthread_mutex_destroy( &tasks_mutex ); //注销锁
- pthread_cond_destroy( &tasks_cond ); //正常退出
- }
先在线程2中执行say_hello2,再跳转到线程1中执行say_hello1,直到tasks减到0为止。
- wq@wq-desktop:~/coding/muti_thread$ ./muti_thread_test_6
- [3069823856] hello in thread 2
- [3078216560] hello in thread 1[3069823856] take task: 10 in thread 2
- [3069823856] take task: 9 in thread 2
- [3069823856] take task: 8 in thread 2
- [3069823856] take task: 7 in thread 2
- [3069823856] take task: 6 in thread 2
- [3069823856] pthread_cond_signal in thread 2
- [3078216560] take task: 5 in thread 1
- [3078216560] take task: 4 in thread 1
- [3078216560] take task: 3 in thread 1
- [3078216560] take task: 2 in thread 1
- [3078216560] take task: 1 in thread 1