myemployees.sql文件
CREATE TABLE `departments` (
`department_id` int(4) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`department_name` varchar(3) DEFAULT NULL,
`manager_id` int(6) DEFAULT NULL,
`location_id` int(4) DEFAULT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`department_id`),
KEY `loc_id_fk` (`location_id`),
CONSTRAINT `loc_id_fk` FOREIGN KEY (`location_id`) REFERENCES `locations` (`location_id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=271 DEFAULT CHARSET=gb2312;
insert into `departments`(`department_id`,`department_name`,`manager_id`,`location_id`) values (10,'Adm',200,1700),(20,'Mar',201,1800),(30,'Pur',114,1700),(40,'Hum',203,2400),(50,'Shi',121,1500),(60,'IT',103,1400),(70,'Pub',204,2700),(80,'Sal',145,2500),(90,'Exe',100,1700),(100,'Fin',108,1700),(110,'Acc',205,1700),(120,'Tre',NULL,1700),(130,'Cor',NULL,1700),(140,'Con',NULL,1700),(150,'Sha',NULL,1700),(160,'Ben',NULL,1700),(170,'Man',NULL,1700),(180,'Con',NULL,1700),(190,'Con',NULL,1700),(200,'Ope',NULL,1700),(210,'IT ',NULL,1700),(220,'NOC',NULL,1700),(230,'IT ',NULL,1700),(240,'Gov',NULL,1700),(250,'Ret',NULL,1700),(260,'Rec',NULL,1700),(270,'Pay',NULL,1700);
CREATE TABLE `employees` (
`employee_id` int(6) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`first_name` varchar(20) DEFAULT NULL,
`last_name` varchar(25) DEFAULT NULL,
`email` varchar(25) DEFAULT NULL,
`phone_number` varchar(20) DEFAULT NULL,
`job_id` varchar(10) DEFAULT NULL,
`salary` double(10,2) DEFAULT NULL,
`commission_pct` double(4,2) DEFAULT NULL,
`manager_id` int(6) DEFAULT NULL,
`department_id` int(4) DEFAULT NULL,
`hiredate` datetime DEFAULT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`employee_id`),
KEY `dept_id_fk` (`department_id`),
KEY `job_id_fk` (`job_id`),
CONSTRAINT `dept_id_fk` FOREIGN KEY (`department_id`) REFERENCES `departments` (`department_id`),
CONSTRAINT `job_id_fk` FOREIGN KEY (`job_id`) REFERENCES `jobs` (`job_id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=207 DEFAULT CHARSET=gb2312;
insert into `employees`(`employee_id`,`first_name`,`last_name`,`email`,`phone_number`,`job_id`,`salary`,`commission_pct`,`manager_id`,`department_id`,`hiredate`) values (100,'Steven','K_ing','SKING','515.123.4567','AD_PRES',24000.00,NULL,NULL,90,'1992-04-03 00:00:00'),(101,'Neena','Kochhar','NKOCHHAR','515.123.4568','AD_VP',17000.00,NULL,100,90,'1992-04-03 00:00:00'),
(102,'Lex','De Haan','LDEHAAN','515.123.4569','AD_VP',17000.00,NULL,100,90,'1992-04-03 00:00:00'),(103,'Alexander','Hunold','AHUNOLD','590.423.4567','IT_PROG',9000.00,NULL,102,60,'1992-04-03 00:00:00'),(104,'Bruce','Ernst','BERNST','590.423.4568','IT_PROG',6000.00,NULL,103,60,'1992-04-03 00:00:00'),(105,'David','Austin','DAUSTIN','590.423.4569','IT_PROG',4800.00,NULL,103,60,'1998-03-03 00:00:00'),(106,'Valli','Pataballa','VPATABAL','590.423.4560','IT_PROG',4800.00,NULL,103,60,'1998-03-03 00:00:00'),(107,'Diana','Lorentz','DLORENTZ','590.423.5567','IT_PROG',4200.00,NULL,103,60,'1998-03-03 00:00:00'),(108,'Nancy','Greenberg','NGREENBE','515.124.4569','FI_MGR',12000.00,NULL,101,100,'1998-03-03 00:00:00'),(109,'Daniel','Faviet','DFAVIET','515.124.4169','FI_ACCOUNT',9000.00,NULL,108,100,'1998-03-03 00:00:00'),(110,'John','Chen','JCHEN','515.124.4269','FI_ACCOUNT',8200.00,NULL,108,100,'2000-09-09 00:00:00'),(111,'Ismael','Sciarra','ISCIARRA','515.124.4369','FI_ACCOUNT',7700.00,NULL,108,100,'2000-09-09 00:00:00'),(112,'Jose Manuel','Urman','JMURMAN','515.124.4469','FI_ACCOUNT',7800.00,NULL,108,100,'2000-09-09 00:00:00'),(113,'Luis','Popp','LPOPP','515.124.4567','FI_ACCOUNT',6900.00,NULL,108,100,'2000-09-09 00:00:00'),(114,'Den','Raphaely','DRAPHEAL','515.127.4561','PU_MAN',11000.00,NULL,100,30,'2000-09-09 00:00:00'),(115,'Alexander','Khoo','AKHOO','515.127.4562','PU_CLERK',3100.00,NULL,114,30,'2000-09-09 00:00:00'),(116,'Shelli','Baida','SBAIDA','515.127.4563','PU_CLERK',2900.00,NULL,114,30,'2000-09-09 00:00:00'),(117,'Sigal','Tobias','STOBIAS','515.127.4564','PU_CLERK',2800.00,NULL,114,30,'2000-09-09 00:00:00'),(118,'Guy','Himuro','GHIMURO','515.127.4565','PU_CLERK',2600.00,NULL,114,30,'2000-09-09 00:00:00'),(119,'Karen','Colmenares','KCOLMENA','515.127.4566','PU_CLERK',2500.00,NULL,114,30,'2000-09-09 00:00:00'),(120,'Matthew','Weiss','MWEISS','650.123.1234','ST_MAN',8000.00,NULL,100,50,'2004-02-06 00:00:00'),(121,'Adam','Fripp','AFRIPP','650.123.2234','ST_MAN',8200.00,NULL,100,50,'2004-02-06 00:00:00'),(122,'Payam','Kaufling','PKAUFLIN','650.123.3234','ST_MAN',7900.00,NULL,100,50,'2004-02-06 00:00:00'),(123,'Shanta','Vollman','SVOLLMAN','650.123.4234','ST_MAN',6500.00,NULL,100,50,'2004-02-06 00:00:00'),(124,'Kevin','Mourgos','KMOURGOS','650.123.5234','ST_MAN',5800.00,NULL,100,50,'2004-02-06 00:00:00'),(125,'Julia','Nayer','JNAYER','650.124.1214','ST_CLERK',3200.00,NULL,120,50,'2004-02-06 00:00:00'),(126,'Irene','Mikkilineni','IMIKKILI','650.124.1224','ST_CLERK',2700.00,NULL,120,50,'2004-02-06 00:00:00'),(127,'James','Landry','JLANDRY','650.124.1334','ST_CLERK',2400.00,NULL,120,50,'2004-02-06 00:00:00'),(128,'Steven','Markle','SMARKLE','650.124.1434','ST_CLERK',2200.00,NULL,120,50,'2004-02-06 00:00:00'),(129,'Laura','Bissot','LBISSOT','650.124.5234','ST_CLERK',3300.00,NULL,121,50,'2004-02-06 00:00:00'),(130,'Mozhe','Atkinson','MATKINSO','650.124.6234','ST_CLERK',2800.00,NULL,121,50,'2004-02-06 00:00:00'),(131,'James','Marlow','JAMRLOW','650.124.7234','ST_CLERK',2500.00,NULL,121,50,'2004-02-06 00:00:00'),(132,'TJ','Olson','TJOLSON','650.124.8234','ST_CLERK',2100.00,NULL,121,50,'2004-02-06 00:00:00'),(133,'Jason','Mallin','JMALLIN','650.127.1934','ST_CLERK',3300.00,NULL,122,50,'2004-02-06 00:00:00'),(134,'Michael','Rogers','MROGERS','650.127.1834','ST_CLERK',2900.00,NULL,122,50,'2002-12-23 00:00:00'),(135,'Ki','Gee','KGEE','650.127.1734','ST_CLERK',2400.00,NULL,122,50,'2002-12-23 00:00:00'),(136,'Hazel','Philtanker','HPHILTAN','650.127.1634','ST_CLERK',2200.00,NULL,122,50,'2002-12-23 00:00:00'),(137,'Renske','Ladwig','RLADWIG','650.121.1234','ST_CLERK',3600.00,NULL,123,50,'2002-12-23 00:00:00'),(138,'Stephen','Stiles','SSTILES','650.121.2034','ST_CLERK',3200.00,NULL,123,50,'2002-12-23 00:00:00'),(139,'John','Seo','JSEO','650.121.2019','ST_CLERK',2700.00,NULL,123,50,'2002-12-23 00:00:00'),(140,'Joshua','Patel','JPATEL','650.121.1834','ST_CLERK',2500.00,NULL,123,50,'2002-12-23 00:00:00'),(141,'Trenna','Rajs','TRAJS','650.121.8009','ST_CLERK',3500.00,NULL,124,50,'2002-12-23 00:00:00'),(142,'Curtis','Davies','CDAVIES','650.121.2994','ST_CLERK',3100.00,NULL,124,50,'2002-12-23 00:00:00'),(143,'Randall','Matos','RMATOS','650.121.2874','ST_CLERK',2600.00,NULL,124,50,'2002-12-23 00:00:00'),(144,'Peter','Vargas','PVARGAS','650.121.2004','ST_CLERK',2500.00,NULL,124,50,'2002-12-23 00:00:00'),(145,'John','Russell','JRUSSEL','011.44.1344.429268','SA_MAN',14000.00,0.40,100,80,'2002-12-23 00:00:00'),(146,'Karen','Partners','KPARTNER','011.44.1344.467268','SA_MAN',13500.00,0.30,100,80,'2002-12-23 00:00:00'),(147,'Alberto','Errazuriz','AERRAZUR','011.44.1344.429278','SA_MAN',12000.00,0.30,100,80,'2002-12-23 00:00:00'),(148,'Gerald','Cambrault','GCAMBRAU','011.44.1344.619268','SA_MAN',11000.00,0.30,100,80,'2002-12-23 00:00:00'),(149,'Eleni','Zlotkey','EZLOTKEY','011.44.1344.429018','SA_MAN',10500.00,0.20,100,80,'2002-12-23 00:00:00'),(150,'Peter','Tucker','PTUCKER','011.44.1344.129268','SA_REP',10000.00,0.30,145,80,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(151,'David','Bernstein','DBERNSTE','011.44.1344.345268','SA_REP',9500.00,0.25,145,80,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(152,'Peter','Hall','PHALL','011.44.1344.478968','SA_REP',9000.00,0.25,145,80,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(153,'Christopher','Olsen','COLSEN','011.44.1344.498718','SA_REP',8000.00,0.20,145,80,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(154,'Nanette','Cambrault','NCAMBRAU','011.44.1344.987668','SA_REP',7500.00,0.20,145,80,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(155,'Oliver','Tuvault','OTUVAULT','011.44.1344.486508','SA_REP',7000.00,0.15,145,80,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(156,'Janette','K_ing','JKING','011.44.1345.429268','SA_REP',10000.00,0.35,146,80,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(157,'Patrick','Sully','PSULLY','011.44.1345.929268','SA_REP',9500.00,0.35,146,80,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(158,'Allan','McEwen','AMCEWEN','011.44.1345.829268','SA_REP',9000.00,0.35,146,80,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(159,'Lindsey','Smith','LSMITH','011.44.1345.729268','SA_REP',8000.00,0.30,146,80,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(160,'Louise','Doran','LDORAN','011.44.1345.629268','SA_REP',7500.00,0.30,146,80,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(161,'Sarath','Sewall','SSEWALL','011.44.1345.529268','SA_REP',7000.00,0.25,146,80,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(162,'Clara','Vishney','CVISHNEY','011.44.1346.129268','SA_REP',10500.00,0.25,147,80,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(163,'Danielle','Greene','DGREENE','011.44.1346.229268','SA_REP',9500.00,0.15,147,80,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(164,'Mattea','Marvins','MMARVINS','011.44.1346.329268','SA_REP',7200.00,0.10,147,80,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(165,'David','Lee','DLEE','011.44.1346.529268','SA_REP',6800.00,0.10,147,80,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(166,'Sundar','Ande','SANDE','011.44.1346.629268','SA_REP',6400.00,0.10,147,80,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(167,'Amit','Banda','ABANDA','011.44.1346.729268','SA_REP',6200.00,0.10,147,80,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(168,'Lisa','Ozer','LOZER','011.44.1343.929268','SA_REP',11500.00,0.25,148,80,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(169,'Harrison','Bloom','HBLOOM','011.44.1343.829268','SA_REP',10000.00,0.20,148,80,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(170,'Tayler','Fox','TFOX','011.44.1343.729268','SA_REP',9600.00,0.20,148,80,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(171,'William','Smith','WSMITH','011.44.1343.629268','SA_REP',7400.00,0.15,148,80,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(172,'Elizabeth','Bates','EBATES','011.44.1343.529268','SA_REP',7300.00,0.15,148,80,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(173,'Sundita','Kumar','SKUMAR','011.44.1343.329268','SA_REP',6100.00,0.10,148,80,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(174,'Ellen','Abel','EABEL','011.44.1644.429267','SA_REP',11000.00,0.30,149,80,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(175,'Alyssa','Hutton','AHUTTON','011.44.1644.429266','SA_REP',8800.00,0.25,149,80,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(176,'Jonathon','Taylor','JTAYLOR','011.44.1644.429265','SA_REP',8600.00,0.20,149,80,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(177,'Jack','Livingston','JLIVINGS','011.44.1644.429264','SA_REP',8400.00,0.20,149,80,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(178,'Kimberely','Grant','KGRANT','011.44.1644.429263','SA_REP',7000.00,0.15,149,NULL,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(179,'Charles','Johnson','CJOHNSON','011.44.1644.429262','SA_REP',6200.00,0.10,149,80,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(180,'Winston','Taylor','WTAYLOR','650.507.9876','SH_CLERK',3200.00,NULL,120,50,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(181,'Jean','Fleaur','JFLEAUR','650.507.9877','SH_CLERK',3100.00,NULL,120,50,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(182,'Martha','Sullivan','MSULLIVA','650.507.9878','SH_CLERK',2500.00,NULL,120,50,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(183,'Girard','Geoni','GGEONI','650.507.9879','SH_CLERK',2800.00,NULL,120,50,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(184,'Nandita','Sarchand','NSARCHAN','650.509.1876','SH_CLERK',4200.00,NULL,121,50,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(185,'Alexis','Bull','ABULL','650.509.2876','SH_CLERK',4100.00,NULL,121,50,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(186,'Julia','Dellinger','JDELLING','650.509.3876','SH_CLERK',3400.00,NULL,121,50,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(187,'Anthony','Cabrio','ACABRIO','650.509.4876','SH_CLERK',3000.00,NULL,121,50,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(188,'Kelly','Chung','KCHUNG','650.505.1876','SH_CLERK',3800.00,NULL,122,50,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(189,'Jennifer','Dilly','JDILLY','650.505.2876','SH_CLERK',3600.00,NULL,122,50,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(190,'Timothy','Gates','TGATES','650.505.3876','SH_CLERK',2900.00,NULL,122,50,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(191,'Randall','Perkins','RPERKINS','650.505.4876','SH_CLERK',2500.00,NULL,122,50,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(192,'Sarah','Bell','SBELL','650.501.1876','SH_CLERK',4000.00,NULL,123,50,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(193,'Britney','Everett','BEVERETT','650.501.2876','SH_CLERK',3900.00,NULL,123,50,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(194,'Samuel','McCain','SMCCAIN','650.501.3876','SH_CLERK',3200.00,NULL,123,50,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(195,'Vance','Jones','VJONES','650.501.4876','SH_CLERK',2800.00,NULL,123,50,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(196,'Alana','Walsh','AWALSH','650.507.9811','SH_CLERK',3100.00,NULL,124,50,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(197,'Kevin','Feeney','KFEENEY','650.507.9822','SH_CLERK',3000.00,NULL,124,50,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(198,'Donald','OConnell','DOCONNEL','650.507.9833','SH_CLERK',2600.00,NULL,124,50,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(199,'Douglas','Grant','DGRANT','650.507.9844','SH_CLERK',2600.00,NULL,124,50,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(200,'Jennifer','Whalen','JWHALEN','515.123.4444','AD_ASST',4400.00,NULL,101,10,'2016-03-03 00:00:00'),(201,'Michael','Hartstein','MHARTSTE','515.123.5555','MK_MAN',13000.00,NULL,100,20,'2016-03-03 00:00:00'),(202,'Pat','Fay','PFAY','603.123.6666','MK_REP',6000.00,NULL,201,20,'2016-03-03 00:00:00'),(203,'Susan','Mavris','SMAVRIS','515.123.7777','HR_REP',6500.00,NULL,101,40,'2016-03-03 00:00:00'),(204,'Hermann','Baer','HBAER','515.123.8888','PR_REP',10000.00,NULL,101,70,'2016-03-03 00:00:00'),(205,'Shelley','Higgins','SHIGGINS','515.123.8080','AC_MGR',12000.00,NULL,101,110,'2016-03-03 00:00:00'),(206,'William','Gietz','WGIETZ','515.123.8181','AC_ACCOUNT',8300.00,NULL,205,110,'2016-03-03 00:00:00');
CREATE TABLE `jobs` (
`job_id` varchar(10) NOT NULL,
`job_title` varchar(35) DEFAULT NULL,
`min_salary` int(6) DEFAULT NULL,
`max_salary` int(6) DEFAULT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`job_id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=gb2312;
insert into `jobs`(`job_id`,`job_title`,`min_salary`,`max_salary`) values ('AC_ACCOUNT','Public Accountant',4200,9000),('AC_MGR','Accounting Manager',8200,16000),('AD_ASST','Administration Assistant',3000,6000),('AD_PRES','President',20000,40000),('AD_VP','Administration Vice President',15000,30000),('FI_ACCOUNT','Accountant',4200,9000),('FI_MGR','Finance Manager',8200,16000),('HR_REP','Human Resources Representative',4000,9000),('IT_PROG','Programmer',4000,10000),('MK_MAN','Marketing Manager',9000,15000),('MK_REP','Marketing Representative',4000,9000),('PR_REP','Public Relations Representative',4500,10500),('PU_CLERK','Purchasing Clerk',2500,5500),('PU_MAN','Purchasing Manager',8000,15000),('SA_MAN','Sales Manager',10000,20000),('SA_REP','Sales Representative',6000,12000),('SH_CLERK','Shipping Clerk',2500,5500),('ST_CLERK','Stock Clerk',2000,5000),('ST_MAN','Stock Manager',5500,8500);
CREATE TABLE `locations` (
`location_id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`street_address` varchar(40) DEFAULT NULL,
`postal_code` varchar(12) DEFAULT NULL,
`city` varchar(30) DEFAULT NULL,
`state_province` varchar(25) DEFAULT NULL,
`country_id` varchar(2) DEFAULT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`location_id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=3201 DEFAULT CHARSET=gb2312;
insert into `locations`(`location_id`,`street_address`,`postal_code`,`city`,`state_province`,`country_id`) values (1000,'1297 Via Cola di Rie','00989','Roma',NULL,'IT'),(1100,'93091 Calle della Testa','10934','Venice',NULL,'IT'),(1200,'2017 Shinjuku-ku','1689','Tokyo','Tokyo Prefecture','JP'),(1300,'9450 Kamiya-cho','6823','Hiroshima',NULL,'JP'),(1400,'2014 Jabberwocky Rd','26192','Southlake','Texas','US'),(1500,'2011 Interiors Blvd','99236','South San Francisco','California','US'),(1600,'2007 Zagora St','50090','South Brunswick','New Jersey','US'),(1700,'2004 Charade Rd','98199','Seattle','Washington','US'),(1800,'147 Spadina Ave','M5V 2L7','Toronto','Ontario','CA'),(1900,'6092 Boxwood St','YSW 9T2','Whitehorse','Yukon','CA'),(2000,'40-5-12 Laogianggen','190518','Beijing',NULL,'CN'),(2100,'1298 Vileparle (E)','490231','Bombay','Maharashtra','IN'),(2200,'12-98 Victoria Street','2901','Sydney','New South Wales','AU'),(2300,'198 Clementi North','540198','Singapore',NULL,'SG'),(2400,'8204 Arthur St',NULL,'London',NULL,'UK'),(2500,'Magdalen Centre, The Oxford Science Park','OX9 9ZB','Oxford','Oxford','UK'),(2600,'9702 Chester Road','09629850293','Stretford','Manchester','UK'),(2700,'Schwanthalerstr. 7031','80925','Munich','Bavaria','DE'),(2800,'Rua Frei Caneca 1360 ','01307-002','Sao Paulo','Sao Paulo','BR'),(2900,'20 Rue des Corps-Saints','1730','Geneva','Geneve','CH'),(3000,'Murtenstrasse 921','3095','Bern','BE','CH'),(3100,'Pieter Breughelstraat 837','3029SK','Utrecht','Utrecht','NL'),(3200,'Mariano Escobedo 9991','11932','Mexico City','Distrito Federal,','MX');
employees员工表 jobs工种 locations位置表 departments部门表
位置表和部门表是一对多
部门表和员工表是一对多，工作表和员工表也是一对多。
一、基础查询
语法：
select 查询列表 from 表名;
类似于：System.out.println(打印东西);
特点：
1、查询列表可以是：表中的字段、常量值、表达式、函数
2、查询的结果是一个虚拟的表格
USE myemployees;
#1.查询表中的单个字段
SELECT last_name FROM employees;
#2.查询表中的多个字段
SELECT last_name,salary,email FROM employees;
#3.查询表中的所有字段--2种方式
#方式一：
SELECT
`employee_id`,
`first_name`,
`last_name`,
`phone_number`,
`last_name`,
`job_id`,
`phone_number`,
`job_id`,
`salary`,
`commission_pct`,
`manager_id`,
`department_id`,
`hiredate`
FROM
employees ;
#方式二：
SELECT * FROM employees;
#4.查询常量值
SELECT 100;
SELECT 'john';
#5.查询表达式
SELECT 100%98;
#6.查询函数
SELECT VERSION();
#7.起别名
/*
①便于理解
②如果要查询的字段有重名的情况，使用别名可以区分开来
*/
#方式一：使用as
SELECT 100%98 AS 结果;
SELECT last_name AS 姓,first_name AS 名 FROM employees;
#方式二：使用空格（也就是省略as）
SELECT last_name 姓,first_name 名 FROM employees;
#案例：查询salary，显示结果为 out put
SELECT salary AS "out put" FROM employees;
#8.去重
#案例：查询员工表中涉及到的所有的部门编号
SELECT DISTINCT department_id FROM employees;
#9.+号的作用
java中的+号：--2个作用
①运算符，两个操作数都为数值型
②连接符，只要有一个操作数为字符串
mysql中的+号：--一个作用
仅仅只有一个功能：运算符
select 100+90=190; 两个操作数都为数值型，则做加法运算
select '100'+90 =190;只要其中一方为字符型，试图将字符型数值转换成数值型
如果转换成功，则继续做加法运算
select 'john'+90=90; 如果转换失败，则将字符型数值转换成0
select null+10=null; 只要其中一方为null，则结果肯定为null
#案例：查询员工名和姓连接成一个字段，并显示为 姓名
SELECT last_name+first_name AS 姓名 FROM employees;
#10.concat（）函数进行拼接
#案例：查询员工名和姓连接成一个字段，并显示为 姓名
SELECT CONCAT(last_name,first_name) AS 姓名 FROM employees;
#11.案例讲解--ifnull（）函数
#6.显示出表employees的全部列，各个列之间用逗号连接，列头显示成OUT_PUT
concat（）函数进行拼接的时候，某一个字段可能为null，所以我们需要进行条件判断， commission_pct为null的话，返回值就是0，并给他起一个别名。 commission_pct原始的奖金也可以写上做一个对比。
ifnull（）只能判断是否为空，为null的话，返回值就是0，并给他起一个别名。
功能：判断某字段或表达式是否为null，如果为null 返回指定的值，否则返回原本的值
select ifnull(commission_pct,0) from employees;
#12.【补充】isnull函数
功能：判断某字段或表达式是否为null，如果是，则返回1，否则返回0
二、条件查询
语法：
select
查询列表
from
表名
where
筛选条件;
分类：
一、按条件表达式筛选
简单条件运算符：> < = != <> >= <=
#案例1：查询工资>12000的员工信息
SELECT * FROM employees WHERE salary>12000 ;
#案例2：查询部门编号不等于90号的员工名和部门编号
SELECT last_name,department_id FROM employees WHERE department_id<>90;
二、按逻辑表达式筛选
逻辑运算符：
作用：用于连接条件表达式
&& and
|| or
! not
&&和and：两个条件都为true，结果为true，反之为false
||或or： 只要有一个条件为true，结果为true，反之为false
!或not： 如果连接的条件本身为false，结果为true，反之为false
#案例1：查询工资在10000到20000之间的员工名、工资以及奖金
SELECT last_name,salary,commission_pct FROM employees WHERE salary>=10000 AND salary<=20000;
#案例2：查询部门编号不是在90到110之间，或者工资高于15000的员工信息
SELECT * FROM employees WHERE NOT(department_id>=90 AND department_id<=110) OR salary>15000;
三、模糊查询
like:一般搭配通配符使用，可以判断字符型或数值型
通配符：%任意多个字符，_任意单个字符
between and
in
is null /is not null：用于判断null值
#1.like
特点：
①一般和通配符搭配使用
通配符：
% 任意多个字符,包含0个字符
_ 任意单个字符
#案例1：查询员工名中包含字符a的员工信息
SELECT * FROM employees WHERE last_name LIKE '%a%';
#案例2：查询员工名中第三个字符为n，第五个字符为l的员工名和工资
SELECT last_name,salary FROM employees WHERE last_name LIKE '__n_l%';
#案例3：查询员工名中第二个字符为_的员工名
#方法一：这个_下划线是普通的符号，不是通配符，所以要加上转义字符/（模糊查询可以用转义字符）
SELECT last_name FROM employees WHERE last_name LIKE'_\_%';
#方法二：用美元符号$，以及用ESCAPE关键字去指定他
SELECT last_name FROM employees WHERE last_name LIKE '_$_%' ESCAPE '$';
#2.between and
①使用between and 可以提高语句的简洁度
②包含临界值
③两个临界值不要调换顺序
#案例1：查询员工编号在100到120之间的员工信息
#方法一：
SELECT * FROM employees WHERE employee_id >= 120 AND employee_id<=100;
#方法二：
SELECT * FROM employees WHERE employee_id BETWEEN 120 AND 100;
#3.in
含义：判断某字段的值是否属于in列表中的某一项
特点：
①使用in提高语句简洁度
②in列表的值类型必须一致或兼容
③in列表中不支持通配符
#案例：查询员工的工种编号是 IT_PROG、AD_VP、AD_PRES中的一个员工名和工种编号
#方法一：
SELECT last_name,job_id FROM employees WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROT' OR job_id = 'AD_VP' OR JOB_ID ='AD_PRES';
#方法二：
SELECT last_name,job_id FROM employees WHERE job_id IN( 'IT_PROT' ,'AD_VP','AD_PRES');
#4、is null
=或<>不能用于判断null值
is null或is not null 可以判断null值
#案例1：查询没有奖金的员工名和奖金率
SELECT last_name,commission_pct FROM employees WHERE commission_pct IS NULL;
#案例2：查询有奖金的员工名和奖金率
SELECT last_name,commission_pct FROM employees WHERE commission_pct IS NOT NULL;
#安全等于 <=>
#案例1：查询没有奖金的员工名和奖金率
SELECT last_name,commission_pct FROM employees WHERE commission_pct IS NULL;
#案例2：查询工资为12000的员工信息
SELECT last_name,salary FROM employees WHERE salary <=> 12000;
#is null pk <=>
IS NULL:仅仅可以判断NULL值，可读性较高，建议使用
<=> :既可以判断NULL值，又可以判断普通的数值，可读性较低
三、排序查询
一、语法
select 查询列表
from 表
where 筛选条件
order by 排序列表 【asc}desc】
二、特点
1、asc ：升序，如果不写默认升序
desc：降序
2、排序列表 支持 单个字段、多个字段、函数、表达式、别名
3、order by的位置一般放在查询语句的最后（除limit语句之外）
#案例1：查询员工信息，要求工资从高到低排序[按单个字段排序]
SELECT * FROM employees ORDER BY salary DESC;
#案例2：查询部门编号>=90的员工信息，并按入职时间的先后进行排序[添加筛选条件再排序]
SELECT * FROM employees WHERE department_id>=90 ORDER BY hiredate ASC;
#案例3：按年薪的高低显示员工的信息和年龄[按表达式排序]
SELECT *,salary*12*(1+IFNULL(commission_pct,0)) 年薪
FROM employees
ORDER BY salary*12*(1+IFNULL(commission_pct,0)) DESC;
#案例4：按年薪的高低显示员工的信息和年龄[按别名排序]
SELECT *,salary*12*(1+IFNULL(commission_pct,0)) 年薪 FROM employees ORDER BY 年薪 DESC;
#案例5：按姓名的长度显示员工的信息和年龄[按按函数排序]
SELECT LENGTH(last_name) 字节长度,last_name,salary FROM employees ORDER BY LENGTH(last_name) DESC;
#案例6：查询员工信息，要求先按工资升序，再按员工编号降序[按多个字段排序]
SELECT *FROM employees ORDER BY salary ASC,employee_id DESC;
案例排序查询
#1.查询员工的姓名和部门号和年薪，按年薪降序 按姓名升序
SELECT last_name,department_id,salary*12*(1+IFNULL(commission_pct,0)) 年薪
FROM employees
ORDER BY 年薪 DESC,last_name ASC;
#2.选择工资不在8000到17000的员工的姓名和工资，按工资降序
SELECT last_name,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary NOT BETWEEN 8000 AND 17000
ORDER BY salary DESC;
#3.查询邮箱中包含e的员工信息，并先按邮箱的字节数降序，再按部门号升序
SELECT *,LENGTH(email)
FROM employees
WHERE email LIKE '%e%'
ORDER BY LENGTH(email) DESC,department_id ASC;
四、常见函数
一、概述
功能：类似于java中的方法
好处：提高重用性和隐藏实现细节
调用：select 函数名(实参列表);
特点：
①叫什么（函数名）
②干什么（函数功能）
二、单行函数
1、字符函数
concat:连接
substr:截取子串
upper:变大写
lower：变小写
replace：替换
length：获取字节长度
trim:去前后空格
lpad：左填充
rpad：右填充
instr:获取子串第一次出现的索引
#1.length 获取参数值的字节个数
SELECT LENGTH('john');
SELECT LENGTH('张三丰hahaha');
SHOW VARIABLES LIKE '%char%'
#2.concat 拼接字符串
SELECT CONCAT(last_name,'_',first_name) 姓名 FROM employees;
#3.upper、lower
SELECT UPPER('john');
SELECT LOWER('joHn');
#示例：将姓变大写，名变小写，然后拼接
SELECT CONCAT(UPPER(last_name),LOWER(first_name)) 姓名 FROM employees;
#4.substr、substring
注意：索引从1开始
#截取从指定索引处后面所有字符
SELECT SUBSTR('李莫愁爱上了陆展元',7) out_put;
#截取从指定索引处指定字符长度的字符
SELECT SUBSTR('李莫愁爱上了陆展元',1,3) out_put;
#案例：姓名中首字符大写，其他字符小写然后用_拼接，显示出来
SELECT CONCAT(UPPER(SUBSTR(last_name,1,1)),'_',LOWER(SUBSTR(last_name,2))) out_put
FROM employees;
#5.instr 返回子串第一次出现的索引，如果找不到返回0
SELECT INSTR('杨不殷六侠悔爱上了殷六侠','殷八侠') AS out_put;
#6.trim
SELECT LENGTH(TRIM(' 张翠山 ')) AS out_put;
SELECT TRIM('aa' FROM 'aaaaaaaaa张aaaaaaaaaaaa翠山aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa') AS out_put;
#7.lpad 用指定的字符实现左填充指定长度
SELECT LPAD('殷素素',2,'*') AS out_put;
#8.rpad 用指定的字符实现右填充指定长度
SELECT RPAD('殷素素',12,'ab') AS out_put;
#9.replace 替换
SELECT REPLACE('周芷若周芷若周芷若周芷若张无忌爱上了周芷若','周芷若','赵敏') AS out_put;
2、数学函数
ceil:向上取整
round：四舍五入
mod:取模
floor：向下取整
truncate:截断
rand:获取随机数，返回0-1之间的小数
#round 四舍五入
SELECT ROUND(-1.55);
SELECT ROUND(1.567,2);
#ceil 向上取整,返回>=该参数的最小整数
SELECT CEIL(-1.02);
#floor 向下取整，返回<=该参数的最大整数
SELECT FLOOR(-9.99);
#truncate 截断
SELECT TRUNCATE(1.69999,1);
#mod取余
/*
mod(a,b) ： a-a/b*b
mod(-10,-3):-10- (-10)/(-3)*（-3）=-1
*/
SELECT MOD(10,-3);
SELECT 10%3;
3、日期函数
now：返回当前日期+时间
year:返回年
month：返回月
day:返回日
date_format:将日期转换成字符
curdate:返回当前日期
str_to_date:将字符转换成日期
curtime：返回当前时间
hour:小时
minute:分钟
second：秒
datediff:返回两个日期相差的天数
monthname:以英文形式返回月
#now 返回当前系统日期+时间
SELECT NOW();
#curdate 返回当前系统日期，不包含时间
SELECT CURDATE();
#curtime 返回当前时间，不包含日期
SELECT CURTIME();
#可以获取指定的部分，年、月、日、小时、分钟、秒
SELECT YEAR(NOW()) 年;
SELECT YEAR('1998-1-1') 年;
SELECT YEAR(hiredate) 年 FROM employees;
SELECT MONTH(NOW()) 月;
SELECT MONTHNAME(NOW()) 月;
#str_to_date 将字符通过指定的格式转换成日期
SELECT STR_TO_DATE('1998-3-2','%Y-%c-%d') AS out_put;
#查询入职日期为1992--4-3的员工信息--2种方法
方法一：按年月日进行顺序进行筛选
SELECT * FROM employees WHERE hiredate = '1992-4-3';
方法二：不是按年月日顺序筛选的话，就要用到str_to_date（）函数
SELECT * FROM employees WHERE hiredate = STR_TO_DATE('4-3 1992','%c-%d %Y');
#date_format 将日期转换成字符
SELECT DATE_FORMAT(NOW(),'%y年%m月%d日') AS out_put;
#查询有奖金的员工名和入职日期(xx月/xx日 xx年)
SELECT last_name,DATE_FORMAT(hiredate,'%m月/%d日 %y年') 入职日期
FROM employees
WHERE commission_pct IS NOT NULL;
4、其他函数
version 当前数据库服务器的版本
database 当前打开的数据库
user当前用户
password('字符')：返回该字符的密码形式
md5('字符'):返回该字符的md5加密形式
SELECT VERSION();
SELECT DATABASE();
SELECT USER();
5、流程控制函数
①if(条件表达式，表达式1，表达式2)：如果条件表达式成立，返回表达式1，否则返回表达式2
②case情况1
case 变量或表达式或字段
when 常量1 then 值1
when 常量2 then 值2
...
else 值n
end
③case情况2
case
when 条件1 then 值1
when 条件2 then 值2
...
else 值n
end
#1.if函数： if else 的效果
SELECT IF(10<5,'大','小');
SELECT last_name,commission_pct,IF(commission_pct IS NULL,'没奖金，呵呵','有奖金，嘻嘻') 备注
FROM employees;
#2.case函数的使用一： switch case 的效果
/*
java中
switch(变量或表达式){
case 常量1：语句1;break;
...
default:语句n;break;
}
mysql中
case 要判断的字段或表达式
when 常量1 then 要显示的值1或语句1;
when 常量2 then 要显示的值2或语句2;
...
else 要显示的值n或语句n;
end
*/
/*案例：查询员工的工资，要求
部门号=30，显示的工资为1.1倍
部门号=40，显示的工资为1.2倍
部门号=50，显示的工资为1.3倍
其他部门，显示的工资为原工资
*/
SELECT salary 原始工资,department_id,
CASE department_id
WHEN 30 THEN salary*1.1
WHEN 40 THEN salary*1.2
WHEN 50 THEN salary*1.3
ELSE salary
END AS 新工资
FROM employees;
#3.case 函数的使用二：类似于 多重if
/*
java中：
if(条件1){
语句1；
}else if(条件2){
语句2；
}
...
else{
语句n;
}
mysql中：
case
when 条件1 then 要显示的值1或语句1
when 条件2 then 要显示的值2或语句2
。。。
else 要显示的值n或语句n
end
*/
#案例：查询员工的工资的情况
如果工资>20000,显示A级别
如果工资>15000,显示B级别
如果工资>10000，显示C级别
否则，显示D级别
SELECT salary,
CASE
WHEN salary>20000 THEN 'A'
WHEN salary>15000 THEN 'B'
WHEN salary>10000 THEN 'C'
ELSE 'D'
END AS 工资级别
FROM employees;
#1. 显示系统时间(注：日期+时间)
SELECT NOW();
#2. 查询员工号，姓名，工资，以及工资提高百分之20%后的结果（new salary）
SELECT employee_id,last_name,salary,salary*1.2 "new salary"
FROM employees;
#3. 将员工的姓名按首字母排序，并写出姓名的长度（length）
SELECT LENGTH(last_name) 长度,SUBSTR(last_name,1,1) 首字符,last_name
FROM employees
ORDER BY 首字符;
#4. 做一个查询，产生下面的结果
<last_name> earns <salary> monthly but wants <salary*3>
Dream Salary
King earns 24000 monthly but wants 72000
SELECT CONCAT(last_name,' earns ',salary,' monthly but wants ',salary*3) AS "Dream Salary"
FROM employees
WHERE salary=24000;
三、分组函数
1、分类
max 最大值
min 最小值
sum 和
avg 平均值
count 计算个数
2、特点
①语法
select max(字段) from 表名;
②支持的类型
sum和avg一般用于处理数值型
max、min、count可以处理任何数据类型
③以上分组函数都忽略null
④都可以搭配distinct使用，实现去重的统计
select sum(distinct 字段) from 表;
⑤count函数
count(字段)：统计该字段非空值的个数
count(*):统计结果集的行数
案例：查询每个部门的员工个数
1 xx 10
2 dd 20
3 mm 20
4 aa 40
5 hh 40
count(1):统计结果集的行数
效率上：
MyISAM存储引擎，count(*)最高
InnoDB存储引擎，count(*)和count(1)效率>count(字段)
⑥ 和分组函数一同查询的字段，要求是group by后出现的字段
#1、简单 的使用
SELECT SUM(salary) FROM employees;
SELECT AVG(salary) FROM employees;
SELECT MIN(salary) FROM employees;
SELECT MAX(salary) FROM employees;
SELECT COUNT(salary) FROM employees;
SELECT SUM(salary) 和,AVG(salary) 平均,MAX(salary) 最高,MIN(salary) 最低,COUNT(salary) 个数
FROM employees;
SELECT SUM(salary) 和,ROUND(AVG(salary),2) 平均,MAX(salary) 最高,MIN(salary) 最低,COUNT(salary) 个数
FROM employees;
#2、参数支持哪些类型
SELECT SUM(last_name) ,AVG(last_name) FROM employees;
SELECT SUM(hiredate) ,AVG(hiredate) FROM employees;
SELECT MAX(last_name),MIN(last_name) FROM employees;
SELECT MAX(hiredate),MIN(hiredate) FROM employees;
SELECT COUNT(commission_pct) FROM employees;
SELECT COUNT(last_name) FROM employees;
#3、是否忽略null
SELECT SUM(commission_pct) ,AVG(commission_pct),SUM(commission_pct)/35,SUM(commission_pct)/107 FROM employees;
SELECT MAX(commission_pct) ,MIN(commission_pct) FROM employees;
SELECT COUNT(commission_pct) FROM employees;
SELECT commission_pct FROM employees;
#4、和distinct搭配
SELECT SUM(DISTINCT salary),SUM(salary) FROM employees;
SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT salary),COUNT(salary) FROM employees;
#5、count函数的详细介绍
SELECT COUNT(salary) FROM employees;
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM employees;
SELECT COUNT(1) FROM employees;
效率：
MYISAM存储引擎下 ，COUNT(*)的效率高
INNODB存储引擎下，COUNT(*)和COUNT(1)的效率差不多，比COUNT(字段)要高一些
#6、和分组函数一同查询的字段有限制
SELECT AVG(salary),employee_id FROM employees;
#1.查询公司员工工资的最大值，最小值，平均值，总和
SELECT MAX(salary) 最大值,MIN(salary) 最小值,AVG(salary) 平均值,SUM(salary) 和
FROM employees;
#2.查询员工表中的最大入职时间和最小入职时间的相差天数 （DIFFRENCE）
SELECT MAX(hiredate) 最大,MIN(hiredate) 最小,(MAX(hiredate)-MIN(hiredate))/1000/3600/24 DIFFRENCE
FROM employees;
SELECT DATEDIFF(MAX(hiredate),MIN(hiredate)) DIFFRENCE
FROM employees;
SELECT DATEDIFF('1995-2-7','1995-2-6');
#3.查询部门编号为90的员工个数
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM employees WHERE department_id = 90;
四、分组查询
一、语法
select 分组函数，分组后的字段
from 表
【where 筛选条件】
group by 分组的字段
【having 分组后的筛选】
【order by 排序列表】
二、特点
使用关键字 筛选的表 位置
分组前筛选 where 原始表 group by的前面
分组后筛选 having 分组后的结果 group by 的后面
问题1：分组函数做筛选能不能放在where后面
答：不能
问题2：where——group by——having
一般来讲，能用分组前筛选的，尽量使用分组前筛选，提高效率
3、分组可以按单个字段也可以按多个字段
4、可以搭配着排序使用
#引入：查询每个部门的员工个数
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM employees WHERE department_id=90;
#1.简单的分组
#案例1：查询每个工种的员工平均工资
SELECT AVG(salary),job_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY job_id;
#案例2：查询每个位置的部门个数
SELECT COUNT(*),location_id
FROM departments
GROUP BY location_id;
#2、可以实现分组前的筛选
#案例1：查询邮箱中包含a字符的 每个部门的最高工资
SELECT MAX(salary),department_id
FROM employees
WHERE email LIKE '%a%'
GROUP BY department_id;
#案例2：查询有奖金的每个领导手下员工的平均工资
SELECT AVG(salary),manager_id
FROM employees
WHERE commission_pct IS NOT NULL
GROUP BY manager_id;
#3、分组后筛选--逐步分析
#案例：查询哪个部门的员工个数>5--逐步分析
#①查询每个部门的员工个数
SELECT COUNT(*),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id;
#② 筛选刚才①结果
SELECT COUNT(*),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING COUNT(*)>5;
#案例2：每个工种有奖金的员工的最高工资>12000的工种编号和最高工资
#①查询每个工种有奖金的员工的最高工资
SELECT job_id,MAX(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE commission_pct IS NOT NULL
GROUP BY job_id
#② 根据①结果继续筛选，最高工资>12000
SELECT job_id,MAX(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE commission_pct IS NOT NULL
GROUP BY job_id
HAVING MAX(salary)>12000;
#案例3：领导编号>102的每个领导手下的最低工资大于5000的领导编号和最低工资
#①查询每个领导手下的袁固定最低工资
SELECT manager_id,MIN(salary)
FROM employees
GROUP BY manager_id
#② 添加筛选条件，编号.102
SELECT manager_id,MIN(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE manager_id>102
GROUP BY manager_id
#③添加筛选条件，最低工资>5000
SELECT manager_id,MIN(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE manager_id>102
GROUP BY manager_id
HAVING MIN(salary)>5000;
#按表达式或函数分组
#案例：按员工姓名的长度分组，查询每一组的员工个数，筛选员工个数>5的有哪些
#①添查询每个长度的员工个数
SELECT COUNT(*),LENGTH(last_name) len_name FROM employees GROUP BY LENGTH(last_name);
#②添加筛选条件，员工个数>5
SELECT COUNT(*) c,LENGTH(last_name) len_name FROM employees GROUP BY len_name HAVING c >5 ;
#按多个字段分组
#案例：查询每个部门每个工种的员工的平均工资
SELECT AVG(salary), department_id,job_id FROM employees GROUP BY job_id,department_id;
#4.添加排序
#案例：每个工种有奖金的员工的最高工资>6000的工种编号和最高工资,按最高工资升序
SELECT job_id,MAX(salary) m
FROM employees
WHERE commission_pct IS NOT NULL
GROUP BY job_id
HAVING m>6000
ORDER BY m ;
#5.按多个字段分组
#案例：查询每个工种每个部门的最低工资,并按最低工资降序
SELECT MIN(salary),job_id,department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id,job_id
ORDER BY MIN(salary) DESC;
分组查询案例：
#1.查询各job_id的员工工资的最大值，最小值，平均值，总和，并按job_id升序
SELECT MAX(salary),MIN(salary),AVG(salary),SUM(salary),job_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY job_id
ORDER BY job_id;
#2.查询员工最高工资和最低工资的差距（DIFFERENCE）
SELECT MAX(salary)-MIN(salary) DIFFRENCE
FROM employees;
#3.查询各个管理者手下员工的最低工资，其中最低工资不能低于6000，没有管理者的员工不计算在内
SELECT MIN(salary),manager_id
FROM employees
WHERE manager_id IS NOT NULL
GROUP BY manager_id
HAVING MIN(salary)>=6000;
#4.查询所有部门的编号，员工数量和工资平均值,并按平均工资降序
SELECT department_id,COUNT(*),AVG(salary) a
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
ORDER BY a DESC;
#5.选择具有各个job_id的员工人数
SELECT COUNT(*) 个数,job_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY job_id;
五、连接查询
一、含义
当查询中涉及到了多个表的字段，需要使用多表连接
select 字段1，字段2
from 表1，表2,...;
笛卡尔乘积：当查询多个表时，没有添加有效的连接条件，导致多个表所有行实现完全连接
如何解决：添加有效的连接条件
二、分类
按年代分类：
sql92：
等值
非等值
自连接
也支持一部分外连接（用于oracle、sqlserver，mysql不支持）
sql99【推荐使用】
内连接
等值
非等值
自连接
外连接
左外
右外
全外（mysql不支持）
交叉连接
三、SQL92语法
1、等值连接
语法：
select 查询列表
from 表1 别名,表2 别名
where 表1.key=表2.key
【and 筛选条件】
【group by 分组字段】
【having 分组后的筛选】
【order by 排序字段】
特点：
① 一般为表起别名
②多表的顺序可以调换
③n表连接至少需要n-1个连接条件
④等值连接的结果是多表的交集部分
#案例1.查询员工名、部门名
SELECT last_name,department_name
FROM departments d
JOIN employees e
ON e.`department_id` = d.`department_id`;
#案例2.查询名字中包含e的员工名和工种名（添加筛选）
SELECT last_name,job_title
FROM employees e
INNER JOIN jobs j
ON e.`job_id`= j.`job_id`
WHERE e.`last_name` LIKE '%e%';
#案例3. 查询部门个数>3的城市名和部门个数，（添加分组+筛选）
#①查询每个城市的部门个数
#②在①结果上筛选满足条件的
SELECT city,COUNT(*) 部门个数
FROM departments d
INNER JOIN locations l
ON d.`location_id`=l.`location_id`
GROUP BY city
HAVING COUNT(*)>3;
#案例4.查询哪个部门的员工个数>3的部门名和员工个数，并按个数降序（添加排序）
#①查询每个部门的员工个数
SELECT COUNT(*),department_name
FROM employees e
INNER JOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id`=d.`department_id`
GROUP BY department_name
#② 在①结果上筛选员工个数>3的记录，并排序
SELECT COUNT(*) 个数,department_name
FROM employees e
INNER JOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id`=d.`department_id`
GROUP BY department_name
HAVING COUNT(*)>3
ORDER BY COUNT(*) DESC;
#5.查询员工名、部门名、工种名，并按部门名降序（添加三表连接）
SELECT last_name,department_name,job_title
FROM employees e
INNER JOIN departments d ON e.`department_id`=d.`department_id`
INNER JOIN jobs j ON e.`job_id` = j.`job_id`
ORDER BY department_name DESC;
2、非等值连接
语法：
select 查询列表
from 表1 别名,表2 别名
where 非等值的连接条件
【and 筛选条件】
【group by 分组字段】
【having 分组后的筛选】
【order by 排序字段】
表数据：
CREATE TABLE job_grades
(grade_level VARCHAR(3),
lowest_sal int,
highest_sal int);
INSERT INTO job_grades
VALUES ('A', 1000, 2999);
INSERT INTO job_grades
VALUES ('B', 3000, 5999);
INSERT INTO job_grades
VALUES('C', 6000, 9999);
INSERT INTO job_grades
VALUES('D', 10000, 14999);
INSERT INTO job_grades
VALUES('E', 15000, 24999);
INSERT INTO job_grades
VALUES('F', 25000, 40000);
#案例1：查询员工的工资和工资级别
SELECT salary,grade_level
FROM employees e,job_grades g
WHERE salary BETWEEN g.`lowest_sal` AND g.`highest_sal`
AND g.`grade_level`='A';
3、自连接
语法：
select 查询列表
from 表 别名1,表 别名2
where 等值的连接条件
【and 筛选条件】
【group by 分组字段】
【having 分组后的筛选】
【order by 排序字段】
#案例：查询 员工名和上级的名称
SELECT e.employee_id,e.last_name,m.employee_id,m.last_name
FROM employees e,employees m
WHERE e.`manager_id`=m.`employee_id`;
案例：
#1.显示所有员工的姓名，部门号和部门名称。
USE myemployees;
SELECT last_name,d.department_id,department_name
FROM employees e,departments d
WHERE e.`department_id` = d.`department_id`;
#2.查询90号部门员工的job_id和90号部门的location_id
SELECT job_id,location_id
FROM employees e,departments d
WHERE e.`department_id`=d.`department_id`
AND e.`department_id`=90;
#3. 选择所有有奖金的员工的
last_name , department_name , location_id , city
SELECT last_name , department_name , l.location_id , city
FROM employees e,departments d,locations l
WHERE e.department_id = d.department_id
AND d.location_id=l.location_id
AND e.commission_pct IS NOT NULL;
#4.选择city在Toronto工作的员工的
last_name , job_id , department_id , department_name
SELECT last_name , job_id , d.department_id , department_name
FROM employees e,departments d ,locations l
WHERE e.department_id = d.department_id
AND d.location_id=l.location_id
AND city = 'Toronto';
#5.查询每个工种、每个部门的部门名、工种名和最低工资
SELECT department_name,job_title,MIN(salary) 最低工资
FROM employees e,departments d,jobs j
WHERE e.`department_id`=d.`department_id`
AND e.`job_id`=j.`job_id`
GROUP BY department_name,job_title;
#6.查询每个国家下的部门个数大于2的国家编号
SELECT country_id,COUNT(*) 部门个数
FROM departments d,locations l
WHERE d.`location_id`=l.`location_id`
GROUP BY country_id
HAVING 部门个数>2;
#7、选择指定员工的姓名，员工号，以及他的管理者的姓名和员工号，结果类似于下面的格式
employees Emp# manager Mgr#
kochhar 101 king 100
SELECT e.last_name employees,e.employee_id "Emp#",m.last_name manager,m.employee_id "Mgr#"
FROM employees e,employees m
WHERE e.manager_id = m.employee_id
AND e.last_name='kochhar';
四、SQL99语法
1、内连接
语法：
select 查询列表
from 表1 别名
【inner】 join 表2 别名 on 连接条件
where 筛选条件
group by 分组列表
having 分组后的筛选
order by 排序列表
limit 子句;
特点：
①表的顺序可以调换
②内连接的结果=多表的交集
③n表连接至少需要n-1个连接条件
分类：
等值连接
非等值连接
自连接
#1、等值连接
#案例1.查询员工名、部门名
SELECT last_name,department_name
FROM departments d
JOIN employees e
ON e.`department_id` = d.`department_id`;
#案例2.查询名字中包含e的员工名和工种名（添加筛选）
SELECT last_name,job_title
FROM employees e
INNER JOIN jobs j
ON e.`job_id`= j.`job_id`
WHERE e.`last_name` LIKE '%e%';
#案例3. 查询部门个数>3的城市名和部门个数，（添加分组+筛选）
#①查询每个城市的部门个数
#②在①结果上筛选满足条件的
SELECT city,COUNT(*) 部门个数
FROM departments d
INNER JOIN locations l
ON d.`location_id`=l.`location_id`
GROUP BY city
HAVING COUNT(*)>3;
#案例4.查询哪个部门的员工个数>3的部门名和员工个数，并按个数降序（添加排序）
#①查询每个部门的员工个数
SELECT COUNT(*),department_name
FROM employees e
INNER JOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id`=d.`department_id`
GROUP BY department_name
#② 在①结果上筛选员工个数>3的记录，并排序
SELECT COUNT(*) 个数,department_name
FROM employees e
INNER JOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id`=d.`department_id`
GROUP BY department_name
HAVING COUNT(*)>3
ORDER BY COUNT(*) DESC;
#案例5.查询员工名、部门名、工种名，并按部门名降序（添加三表连接）
SELECT last_name,department_name,job_title
FROM employees e
INNER JOIN departments d ON e.`department_id`=d.`department_id`
INNER JOIN jobs j ON e.`job_id` = j.`job_id`
ORDER BY department_name DESC;
#2、非等值连接
#查询员工的工资级别
SELECT salary,grade_level
FROM employees e
JOIN job_grades g
ON e.`salary` BETWEEN g.`lowest_sal` AND g.`highest_sal`;
#查询工资级别的个数>20的个数，并且按工资级别降序
SELECT COUNT(*),grade_level
FROM employees e
JOIN job_grades g
ON e.`salary` BETWEEN g.`lowest_sal` AND g.`highest_sal`
GROUP BY grade_level
HAVING COUNT(*)>20
ORDER BY grade_level DESC;
#3、自连接
#查询员工的名字、上级的名字
SELECT e.last_name,m.last_name
FROM employees e
JOIN employees m
ON e.`manager_id`= m.`employee_id`;
#查询姓名中包含字符k的员工的名字、上级的名字
SELECT e.last_name,m.last_name
FROM employees e
JOIN employees m
ON e.`manager_id`= m.`employee_id`
WHERE e.`last_name` LIKE '%k%';
2、外连接
语法：
select 查询列表
from 表1 别名
left|right|full【outer】 join 表2 别名 on 连接条件
where 筛选条件
group by 分组列表
having 分组后的筛选
order by 排序列表
limit 子句;
特点：
①查询的结果=主表中所有的行，如果从表和它匹配的将显示匹配行，如果从表没有匹配的则显示null
②left join 左边的就是主表，right join 右边的就是主表
full join 两边都是主表
③一般用于查询除了交集部分的剩余的不匹配的行
#案例1：查询哪个部门没有员工
#左外
SELECT d.*,e.employee_id
FROM departments d
LEFT OUTER JOIN employees e
ON d.`department_id` = e.`department_id`
WHERE e.`employee_id` IS NULL;
#右外
SELECT d.*,e.employee_id
FROM employees e
RIGHT OUTER JOIN departments d
ON d.`department_id` = e.`department_id`
WHERE e.`employee_id` IS NULL;
#全外
USE girls;
SELECT b.*,bo.*
FROM beauty b
FULL OUTER JOIN boys bo
ON b.`boyfriend_id` = bo.id;
3、交叉连接
语法：
select 查询列表
from 表1 别名
cross join 表2 别名;
特点：
类似于笛卡尔乘积
#交叉连接
SELECT b.*,bo.*
FROM beauty b
CROSS JOIN boys bo;
连接查询总结：
#sql92和 sql99pk
/*
功能：sql99支持的较多
可读性：sql99实现连接条件和筛选条件的分离，可读性较高
*/
案例：
#一、查询编号>3的女神的男朋友信息，如果有则列出详细，如果没有，用null填充
SELECT b.id,b.name,bo.*
FROM beauty b
LEFT OUTER JOIN boys bo
ON b.`boyfriend_id` = bo.`id`
WHERE b.`id`>3;
#二、查询哪个城市没有部门
SELECT city
FROM departments d
RIGHT OUTER JOIN locations l
ON d.`location_id`=l.`location_id`
WHERE d.`department_id` IS NULL;
#三、查询部门名为SAL或IT的员工信息
SELECT e.*,d.department_name,d.`department_id`
FROM departments d
LEFT JOIN employees e
ON d.`department_id` = e.`department_id`
WHERE d.`department_name` IN('SAL','IT');
SELECT * FROM departments
WHERE `department_name` IN('SAL','IT');
六、子查询
一、含义
嵌套在其他语句内部的select语句称为子查询或内查询，
外面的语句可以是insert、update、delete、select等，一般select作为外面语句较多
外面如果为select语句，则此语句称为外查询或主查询
二、分类
1、按出现位置--4种情况
select后面：
仅仅支持标量子查询
#案例：查询每个部门的员工个数
SELECT d.*,(
SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM employees e
WHERE e.department_id = d.`department_id`
) 个数
FROM departments d;
#案例2：查询员工号=102的部门名
SELECT (
SELECT department_name,e.department_id
FROM departments d
INNER JOIN employees e
ON d.department_id=e.department_id
WHERE e.employee_id=102
) 部门名;
from后面：
将子查询结果充当一张表，要求必须起别名.
#案例：查询每个部门的平均工资的工资等级
#①查询每个部门的平均工资
SELECT AVG(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
SELECT * FROM job_grades;
#②连接①的结果集和job_grades表，筛选条件平均工资 between lowest_sal and highest_sal
SELECT ag_dep.*,g.`grade_level`
FROM (
SELECT AVG(salary) ag,department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
) ag_dep
INNER JOIN job_grades g
ON ag_dep.ag BETWEEN lowest_sal AND highest_sal;
where或having后面：(重点)
标量子查询（√）
列子查询（√）
行子查询
特点：
①子查询放在小括号内
②子查询一般放在条件的右侧
③标量子查询，一般搭配着单行操作符使用
> < >= <= = <>
列子查询，一般搭配着多行操作符使用
in、any/some、all
④子查询的执行优先于主查询执行，主查询的条件用到了子查询的结果
#1.标量子查询★
#案例1：谁的工资比 Abel 高?
#①查询Abel的工资
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE last_name = 'Abel'
#②查询员工的信息，满足 salary>①结果
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE salary>(
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE last_name = 'Abel'
);
#案例2：返回job_id与141号员工相同，salary比143号员工多的员工 姓名，job_id 和工资
#①查询141号员工的job_id
SELECT job_id
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 141
#②查询143号员工的salary
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 143
#③查询员工的姓名，job_id 和工资，要求job_id=①并且salary>②
SELECT last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = (
SELECT job_id
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 141
) AND salary>(
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 143
);
#案例3：返回公司工资最少的员工的last_name,job_id和salary
#①查询公司的 最低工资
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
#②查询last_name,job_id和salary，要求salary=①
SELECT last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary=(
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
);
#案例4：查询最低工资大于50号部门最低工资的部门id和其最低工资
#①查询50号部门的最低工资
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = 50
#②查询每个部门的最低工资
SELECT MIN(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
#③ 在②基础上筛选，满足min(salary)>①
SELECT MIN(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MIN(salary)>(
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = 50
);
#非法使用标量子查询
SELECT MIN(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MIN(salary)>(
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = 250
);
#2.列子查询（多行子查询）★
#案例1：返回location_id是1400或1700的部门中的所有员工姓名
#①查询location_id是1400或1700的部门编号
SELECT DISTINCT department_id
FROM departments
WHERE location_id IN(1400,1700)
#②查询员工姓名，要求部门号是①列表中的某一个
SELECT last_name
FROM employees
WHERE department_id <>ALL(
SELECT DISTINCT department_id
FROM departments
WHERE location_id IN(1400,1700)
);
#案例2：返回其它工种中比job_id为‘IT_PROG’工种任一工资低的员工的员工号、姓名、job_id 以及salary
#①查询job_id为‘IT_PROG’部门任一工资
SELECT DISTINCT salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG'
#②查询员工号、姓名、job_id 以及salary，salary<(①)的任意一个
SELECT last_name,employee_id,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary<ANY(
SELECT DISTINCT salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG'
) AND job_id<>'IT_PROG';
#或
SELECT last_name,employee_id,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary<(
SELECT MAX(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG'
) AND job_id<>'IT_PROG';
#案例3：返回其它部门中比job_id为‘IT_PROG’部门所有工资都低的员工 的员工号、姓名、job_id 以及salary
SELECT last_name,employee_id,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary<ALL(
SELECT DISTINCT salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG'
) AND job_id<>'IT_PROG';
#或
SELECT last_name,employee_id,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary<(
SELECT MIN( salary)
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG'
) AND job_id<>'IT_PROG';
#3、行子查询（结果集一行多列或多行多列）
#案例：查询员工编号最小并且工资最高的员工信息
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE (employee_id,salary)=(
SELECT MIN(employee_id),MAX(salary)
FROM employees
);
#①查询最小的员工编号
SELECT MIN(employee_id)
FROM employees
#②查询最高工资
SELECT MAX(salary)
FROM employees
#③查询员工信息
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id=(
SELECT MIN(employee_id)
FROM employees
)AND salary=(
SELECT MAX(salary)
FROM employees
);
exists后面（相关子查询）：
标量子查询
列子查询
行子查询
表子查询
语法：
exists(完整的查询语句)
结果：
1或0
#案例1：查询有员工的部门名--2种方式
#in
SELECT department_name
FROM departments d
WHERE d.`department_id` IN(
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
)
#exists
SELECT department_name
FROM departments d
WHERE EXISTS(
SELECT *
FROM employees e
WHERE d.`department_id`=e.`department_id`
);
#案例2：查询没有女朋友的男神信息--2种方式
#in
SELECT bo.*
FROM boys bo
WHERE bo.id NOT IN(
SELECT boyfriend_id
FROM beauty
)
#exists
SELECT bo.*
FROM boys bo
WHERE NOT EXISTS(
SELECT boyfriend_id
FROM beauty b
WHERE bo.`id`=b.`boyfriend_id`
);
2、按结果集的行列
标量子查询（单行子查询）：结果集为一行一列
列子查询（多行子查询）：结果集为多行一列
行子查询：结果集为多行多列
表子查询：结果集为多行多列
三、示例
where或having后面
1、标量子查询
案例：查询最低工资的员工姓名和工资
①最低工资
select min(salary) from employees
②查询员工的姓名和工资，要求工资=①
select last_name,salary
from employees
where salary=(
select min(salary) from employees
);
2、列子查询
案例：查询所有是领导的员工姓名
①查询所有员工的 manager_id
select manager_id
from employees
②查询姓名，employee_id属于①列表的一个
select last_name
from employees
where employee_id in(
select manager_id
from employees
);
案例：
#1. 查询和Zlotkey相同部门的员工姓名和工资
#①查询Zlotkey的部门
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
WHERE last_name = 'Zlotkey'
#②查询部门号=①的姓名和工资
SELECT last_name,salary
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = (
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
WHERE last_name = 'Zlotkey'
)
#2.查询工资比公司平均工资高的员工的员工号，姓名和工资。
#①查询平均工资
SELECT AVG(salary)
FROM employees
#②查询工资>①的员工号，姓名和工资。
SELECT last_name,employee_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary>(
SELECT AVG(salary)
FROM employees
);
#3.查询各部门中工资比本部门平均工资高的员工的员工号, 姓名和工资
#①查询各部门的平均工资
SELECT AVG(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
#②连接①结果集和employees表，进行筛选
SELECT employee_id,last_name,salary,e.department_id
FROM employees e
INNER JOIN (
SELECT AVG(salary) ag,department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
) ag_dep
ON e.department_id = ag_dep.department_id
WHERE salary>ag_dep.ag ;
#4. 查询和姓名中包含字母u的员工在相同部门的员工的员工号和姓名
#①查询姓名中包含字母u的员工的部门
SELECT DISTINCT department_id
FROM employees
WHERE last_name LIKE '%u%'
#②查询部门号=①中的任意一个的员工号和姓名
SELECT last_name,employee_id
FROM employees
WHERE department_id IN(
SELECT DISTINCT department_id
FROM employees
WHERE last_name LIKE '%u%'
);
#5. 查询在部门的location_id为1700的部门工作的员工的员工号
#①查询location_id为1700的部门
SELECT DISTINCT department_id
FROM departments
WHERE location_id = 1700
#②查询部门号=①中的任意一个的员工号
SELECT employee_id
FROM employees
WHERE department_id =ANY(
SELECT DISTINCT department_id
FROM departments
WHERE location_id = 1700
);
#6.查询管理者是King的员工姓名和工资
#①查询姓名为king的员工编号
SELECT employee_id
FROM employees
WHERE last_name = 'K_ing'
#②查询哪个员工的manager_id = ①
SELECT last_name,salary
FROM employees
WHERE manager_id IN(
SELECT employee_id
FROM employees
WHERE last_name = 'K_ing'
);
#7.查询工资最高的员工的姓名，要求first_name和last_name显示为一列，列名为 姓.名
#①查询最高工资
SELECT MAX(salary)
FROM employees
#②查询工资=①的姓.名
SELECT CONCAT(first_name,last_name) "姓.名"
FROM employees
WHERE salary=(
SELECT MAX(salary)
FROM employees
);
七、分页查询
一、应用场景
当要查询的条目数太多，一页显示不全
二、语法
select 查询列表
from 表
【join type join 表2
on 连接条件
where 筛选条件
group by 分组字段
having 分组后的筛选
order by 排序的字段】
limit 【offset,】size;
注意：
offset代表的是起始的条目索引，默认从0卡死
size代表的是显示的条目数
特点：
①limit语句放在查询语句的最后
公式：
假如要显示的页数为page，每一页条目数为size
select 查询列表
from 表
limit (page-1)*size,size;
#案例1：查询前五条员工信息
SELECT * FROM employees LIMIT 0,5;
SELECT * FROM employees LIMIT 5;
#案例2：查询第11条——第25条
SELECT * FROM employees LIMIT 10,15;
#案例3：有奖金的员工信息，并且工资较高的前10名显示出来
SELECT
*
FROM
employees
WHERE commission_pct IS NOT NULL
ORDER BY salary DESC
LIMIT 10 ;
子查询经典案例
# 1. 查询工资最低的员工信息: last_name, salary
#①查询最低的工资
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
#②查询last_name,salary，要求salary=①
SELECT last_name,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary=(
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
);
# 2. 查询平均工资最低的部门信息--2种
#方式一：
#①各部门的平均工资
SELECT AVG(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
#②查询①结果上的最低平均工资
SELECT MIN(ag)
FROM (
SELECT AVG(salary) ag,department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
) ag_dep
#③查询哪个部门的平均工资=②
SELECT AVG(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING AVG(salary)=(
SELECT MIN(ag)
FROM (
SELECT AVG(salary) ag,department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
) ag_dep
);
#④查询部门信息
SELECT d.*
FROM departments d
WHERE d.`department_id`=(
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING AVG(salary)=(
SELECT MIN(ag)
FROM (
SELECT AVG(salary) ag,department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
) ag_dep
)
);
#方式二：
#①各部门的平均工资
SELECT AVG(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
#②求出最低平均工资的部门编号
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
ORDER BY AVG(salary)
LIMIT 1;
#③查询部门信息
SELECT *
FROM departments
WHERE department_id=(
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
ORDER BY AVG(salary)
LIMIT 1
);
# 3. 查询平均工资最低的部门信息和该部门的平均工资
#①各部门的平均工资
SELECT AVG(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
#②求出最低平均工资的部门编号
SELECT AVG(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
ORDER BY AVG(salary)
LIMIT 1;
#③查询部门信息
SELECT d.*,ag
FROM departments d
JOIN (
SELECT AVG(salary) ag,department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
ORDER BY AVG(salary)
LIMIT 1
) ag_dep
ON d.`department_id`=ag_dep.department_id;
# 4. 查询平均工资最高的 job 信息
#①查询最高的job的平均工资
SELECT AVG(salary),job_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY job_id
ORDER BY AVG(salary) DESC
LIMIT 1
#②查询job信息
SELECT *
FROM jobs
WHERE job_id=(
SELECT job_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY job_id
ORDER BY AVG(salary) DESC
LIMIT 1
);
# 5. 查询平均工资高于公司平均工资的部门有哪些?
#①查询平均工资
SELECT AVG(salary)
FROM employees
#②查询每个部门的平均工资
SELECT AVG(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
#③筛选②结果集，满足平均工资>①
SELECT AVG(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING AVG(salary)>(
SELECT AVG(salary)
FROM employees
);
# 6. 查询出公司中所有 manager 的详细信息.
#①查询所有manager的员工编号
SELECT DISTINCT manager_id
FROM employees
#②查询详细信息，满足employee_id=①
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id =ANY(
SELECT DISTINCT manager_id
FROM employees
);
# 7. 各个部门中 最高工资中最低的那个部门的 最低工资是多少
#①查询各部门的最高工资中最低的部门编号
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
ORDER BY MAX(salary)
LIMIT 1
#②查询①结果的那个部门的最低工资
SELECT MIN(salary) ,department_id
FROM employees
WHERE department_id=(
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
ORDER BY MAX(salary)
LIMIT 1
);
# 8. 查询平均工资最高的部门的 manager 的详细信息: last_name, department_id, email, salary
#①查询平均工资最高的部门编号
SELECT
department_id
FROM
employees
GROUP BY department_id
ORDER BY AVG(salary) DESC
LIMIT 1
#②将employees和departments连接查询，筛选条件是①
SELECT
last_name, d.department_id, email, salary
FROM
employees e
INNER JOIN departments d
ON d.manager_id = e.employee_id
WHERE d.department_id =
(SELECT
department_id
FROM
employees
GROUP BY department_id
ORDER BY AVG(salary) DESC
LIMIT 1) ;
作业讲解：
#一、查询每个专业的学生人数
SELECT majorid,COUNT(*)
FROM student
GROUP BY majorid;
#二、查询参加考试的学生中，每个学生的平均分、最高分
SELECT AVG(score),MAX(score),studentno
FROM result
GROUP BY studentno;
#三、查询姓张的每个学生的最低分大于60的学号、姓名
SELECT s.studentno,s.`studentname`,MIN(score)
FROM student s
JOIN result r
ON s.`studentno`=r.`studentno`
WHERE s.`studentname` LIKE '张%'
GROUP BY s.`studentno`
HAVING MIN(score)>60;
#四、查询每个专业生日在“1988-1-1”后的学生姓名、专业名称
SELECT m.`majorname`,s.`studentname`
FROM student s
JOIN major m
ON m.`majorid`=s.`majorid`
WHERE DATEDIFF(borndate,'1988-1-1')>0
GROUP BY m.`majorid`;
#五、查询每个专业的男生人数和女生人数分别是多少
SELECT COUNT(*),sex,majorid
FROM student
GROUP BY sex,majorid;
#六、查询专业和张翠山一样的学生的最低分
#①查询张翠山的专业编号
SELECT majorid
FROM student
WHERE studentname = '张翠山'
#②查询编号=①的所有学生编号
SELECT studentno
FROM student
WHERE majorid=(
SELECT majorid
FROM student
WHERE studentname = '张翠山'
)
#②查询最低分
SELECT MIN(score)
FROM result
WHERE studentno IN(
SELECT studentno
FROM student
WHERE majorid=(
SELECT majorid
FROM student
WHERE studentname = '张翠山'
)
)
#七、查询大于60分的学生的姓名、密码、专业名
SELECT studentname,loginpwd,majorname
FROM student s
JOIN major m ON s.majorid= m.majorid
JOIN result r ON s.studentno=r.studentno
WHERE r.score>60;
#八、按邮箱位数分组，查询每组的学生个数
SELECT COUNT(*),LENGTH(email)
FROM student
GROUP BY LENGTH(email);
#九、查询学生名、专业名、分数
SELECT studentname,score,majorname
FROM student s
JOIN major m ON s.majorid= m.majorid
LEFT JOIN result r ON s.studentno=r.studentno
#十、查询哪个专业没有学生，分别用左连接和右连接实现
#左
SELECT m.`majorid`,m.`majorname`,s.`studentno`
FROM major m
LEFT JOIN student s ON m.`majorid` = s.`majorid`
WHERE s.`studentno` IS NULL;
#右
SELECT m.`majorid`,m.`majorname`,s.`studentno`
FROM student s
RIGHT JOIN major m ON m.`majorid` = s.`majorid`
WHERE s.`studentno` IS NULL;
#十一、查询没有成绩的学生人数
SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM student s
LEFT JOIN result r ON s.`studentno` = r.`studentno`
WHERE r.`id` IS NULL
八、联合查询
一、含义
union：合并、联合，将多次查询结果合并成一个结果
二、语法
查询语句1
union 【all】
查询语句2
union 【all】
...
三、意义
1、将一条比较复杂的查询语句拆分成多条语句
2、适用于查询多个表的时候，查询的列基本是一致
四、特点
1、要求多条查询语句的查询列数必须一致
2、要求多条查询语句的查询的各列类型、顺序最好一致
3、union 去重，union all包含重复项
五、应用场景：
要查询的结果来自于多个表，且多个表没有直接的连接关系，但查询的信息一致时。
#引入的案例：查询部门编号>90或邮箱包含a的员工信息
SELECT * FROM employees WHERE email LIKE '%a%' OR department_id>90;;
SELECT * FROM employees WHERE email LIKE '%a%'
UNION
SELECT * FROM employees WHERE department_id>90;
#案例：查询中国用户中男性的信息以及外国用户中年男性的用户信息
SELECT id,cname FROM t_ca WHERE csex='男'
UNION ALL
SELECT t_id,tname FROM t_ua WHERE tGender='male';
九、查询总结
语法：
select 查询列表 ⑦
from 表1 别名 ①
连接类型 join 表2 ②
on 连接条件 ③
where 筛选 ④
group by 分组列表 ⑤
having 筛选 ⑥
order by排序列表 ⑧
limit 起始条目索引，条目数; ⑨
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