NEAR 智能合约开发

1. 引言

NEAR系列博客有：

• NEAR协议简介
• NEAR共识机制
• NEAR light client
• Aurora与NEAR的关系
• NEAR的storage staking
• Rainbow Bridge：trustless bridge between NEAR and Ethereum
• NEAR Rainbow Bridge代码解析

NEAR官方推荐使用Rust语言来编写智能合约，然后编译为WebAssembly并部署在NEAR链上。

near.dev中有各种合约示例。

Rust工具中需增加wasm支持：

rustup target add wasm32-unknown-unknown

NEAR合约基本架构为：

.
├── Cargo.toml
└── src
   └── lib.rs

在Cargo.toml中引入相应的依赖：

[
dependencies
]
near-sdk = "3.1.0"

[
profile.release
]
codegen-units = 1
# Tell `rustc` to optimize for small code size.
opt-level = "z"
lto = true
debug = false
panic = "abort"
# Opt into extra safety checks on arithmetic operations https://stackoverflow.com/a/64136471/249801
overflow-checks = true

实际合约文件中会引用相关依赖：

use near_sdk::borsh::{self, BorshDeserialize, BorshSerialize};
use near_sdk::{env, near_bindgen};

主要的合约逻辑体现在lib.rs文件中，定义struct并实现相应的function：

#[near_bindgen]
#[derive(Default, BorshDeserialize, BorshSerialize)]
pub struct Counter {
    val: i8, // i8 is signed. unsigned integers are also available: u8, u16, u32, u64, u128
}

#[near_bindgen]
impl Counter {    
  … 

其中

#[near_bindgen]
#[derive(Default, BorshDeserialize, BorshSerialize)]

表示该struct为合约对外主体。

可为合约编写相应的测试用例，测试没问题后，可编译合约：

cargo build --target wasm32-unknown-unknown --release

编译的.wasm文件可部署到NEAR链上。可借助near-cli工具进行部署。

near deploy --wasmFile target/wasm32-unknown-unknown/release/rust_counter_tutorial.wasm --accountId YOUR_ACCOUNT_HERE

合约调用方法可为：

near call YOUR_ACCOUNT_HERE decrement --accountId YOUR_ACCOUNT_HERE

相应结果为：

Scheduling a call: YOUR_ACCOUNT.testnet.decrement()
Receipt: 3HiRrL4fg9Q62VV9aVfAdRk8bQ5nYEYTni9482qjPJ71
    Log [YOUR_ACCOUNT.testnet]: Decreased number to 0
    Log [YOUR_ACCOUNT.testnet]: Make sure you don't overflow, my friend.
Transaction Id 7jVgp677evM7srG697bVWErErzieBWExLvkSiBfvZ8YC

合约查看可为：

near view YOUR_ACCOUNT_HERE get_num --accountId YOUR_ACCOUNT_HERE

相应结果为：

View call: YOUR_ACCOUNT.testnet.get_num()
1

参考资料

[1] NEAR docs Building a Smart Contract in Rust